energy efficient heating ventilating and air conditioning
TRANSCRIPT
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Energy Efficient Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning
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Facility Energy Balance
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Fundamental Equation
Qf = [(A/R + V pcp) (Tia – Toa) – Qint] / Eff
• A = area of envelope• R = thermal resistance of envelope• V = air flow rate• pcp = product of air density and specific heat• Tia = inside air temperature• Toa = outside air temperature• Qint = internal heat gain• Eff = efficiency of heating equipment
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Energy Saving Opportunities
Increase insulation: R Decrease outdoor air flow rate: V Decrease inside air temperature: Tia Maximize utilization of internal heat: Qint Increase efficiency: Eff
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Increase Insulation
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Insulate Un-insulated Walls/Ceilings
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Initial R-Value
Sav
ing
s (B
tu/f
t2-y
r)
Diminishing return of increasing insulationAdding R=10 hr-ft2-F/Btu and (Tia – Toa) = 35 F
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Insulate Metal Walls
Insulate walls with spray-on cellulose or closed-cell foam
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Cover Single-pane Glass with Double-Wall Polycarbonate Sheets
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Replace Single Pane Skylights with Double-Wall Polycarbonate
R = 1 to R = 4Heating Cost Saving = $0.90 / ft2-yr
Cost = $2 / ft2
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Insulate Dock Doors
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Reduce Air Flow
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Air Flow Fundamentals
MAU
VMAU = 50 cfm
VEXAUST = 100 cfm
VLEAK = 50 cfm
• Air flow in = Air flow out• Most plants exhaust more air than MAUs supply• Causes negative pressure and infiltration• Infiltration air reduces comfort, and heating energy
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Close Doors and Openings
Install garage-door openers on lift-trucks to close shipping doors!
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Close Doors and Openings
Install garage-door openers on lift-trucks
Observation: Heating energy varies by 3X at same temp!
Discovery: Didn’t close shipping doors!
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Seal Unused Exhaust Fans
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Reduce Stack-Driven Infiltration
Roof Louver
Annealing Furnace
Storage Yard
Plant
Unit Heater
Unit Heater
Closed Door
Stack Effect
240 ft
Roof Louver
Annealing Furnace
Storage Yard
Plant
Unit Heater
Unit Heater
Stack Effect
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Turn Off Excess Exhaust/Ventilation
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Turn Off Dust Collectors When Not In Use
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Shut Blast Gates to Dust Collectors When Not In Use
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Filter and Return Clean Air to Plant
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Filter and Return Clean Air to Plant
Scrap Paper Collector
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Install VFDs on Vent Hoods
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Supply Outside Air to Exhaust Air Locations
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Supply Outside Air to Exhaust Air Locations
Scrap Transport System
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Reverse Exhaust Fan Direction to Utilize Heat from Equipment
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Balance Plant Air Pressure with Differential Pressure Controlled MAUs
dP
VFD
Vmau = 100 cfm MAU
Vexhaust = 100 cfm
Vleak = 0 cfm
Manometer measures pressure difference and adjusts MAU air flow Good choice if ventilation requirements change frequently (paint
booths, etc.) Minimizes infiltration and facilitates lower inside air temperature
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Use Indoor Heaters For Envelope Loss and Make-up Air Units to Heat Outside Air
Unit/IR/air rotation heaters– Reheat indoor air/space– 80% efficient since exhaust combustion gasses
Direct-fire make-up air units– Bring in and heat outside air– 100% efficient since combustion gasses added to
outside air Selection:
– Heating outside air, even at 100% efficiency, requires more energy than re-heating inside air at 80% efficiency.
– Use unit/IR heaters to make up envelope losses– Use make-up air units to heat outside air
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Reduce Indoor Air Temperature
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Move Thermostat Off Exterior Walls
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Use Programmable Thermostats
• Lower/increase interior set-point temp during unoccupied periods
• Important because heating/cooling load proportional to (Tia – Toa)
• Example: If Toa = 50 F, then reducing Tia from 70 F to 60 F decreases heating load by 50%
• However, thermal mass limits temperature drop and reduces savings
50
55
60
65
70
75
0 5 10 15 20 25
Hour of Day
T (
F)
Tia (F) Tsetpoint (F)
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Reduce Temperature Stratification With High-Volume Low-Velocity Fans
Problem– Excess
temperature stratification
Solution– Install
destratification fans
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Reduce Temperature Stratification With Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters
Problem– Warm air removed by
exhaust fans or openings
– Excess temperature stratification (warm air near ceiling)
Solution– Install radiant heaters
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Decrease Space Cooling Energy
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Replace Dark Roof with White Roof
White roofs reflect sunlight and reduce roof cooling load by over 50%
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Use Economizer For Year-round Cooling
Economizers vary positions of dampers to use outdoor air when Toa < Treturn
Qload
Qcooling coil
Return Air
Outdoor Air
Building Zone
Damper
Return Air Damper
Outside Air Damper
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Identify Economizer Failure with LEA
Cooling slope should flatten at low temps Broken and missing damper gears
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Verify Economizer Savings
In year-round cooling, can reduce cooling electricity use by ~40%
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Increase Cooling Air Set-point Temperature During Cool Weather
Higher cooling air set-point temperature: Increases cooling load offset by economizer Decreases re-heat (if any) Decreases compressor load.
Qload
Qcooling coil
Return Air
Outdoor Air
Building Zone
Damper
Return Air Damper
Outside Air Damper
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Purchase High-Efficiency Roof-top Units
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Case Study 1
• Reduce winter ventilation & balance air pressure • Weather-adjusted gas use reduced by 51%.
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Case Study: Reduce Winter Ventilation & Balance Air Pressure
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Case Study: Reduce Winter Ventilation & Balance Air Pressure
• Reduce Winter Ventilation & Balance Air Pressure
• Weather-adjusted baseline gas use reduced
by 51%.