energy efficient buildings (2), by ien...

SB07, KLCC, Malaysia

6 November 2007

Energy Efficiency in New Buildings

BUILDING SECTOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT

BSEEP SeminarEnergy Efficiency in New Buildings

Gregers Reimann

BSEEP Consultant / IEN Consultants

www.jkr.gov.my/bseep

Kuala Lumpur

14 December 2011

Typical Cross

Section

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Energy Efficiency Index (kWh/m2/year)

Cu

mula

tive

pe

rce

ntile

Malaysia

(41 officebuildings)

Singapore(95 officebuildings)

ST Diamond (2010)

75 kWh/m2 year

GEO (2007)

30 kWh/m2 year

Source of chart: EAEF Project 64

Project leader: Energy Sustainabilty Unit, Singapore, 2006


6 November 2007

Overview

• Terminology

• The Case for

Energy Efficiency

• Case studies +

video

SGBC, Sands, Singapore

15 September 2010

Energy Rating of Buildings

Kuala Lumpur

14 December 2011

BSEEP: Energy Efficient Buildings

IEN ConsultantsKuala Lumpur

14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Building Terminology

“Tropical Daylighting” (CK Tang & G Reimann)

IEN Consultants, www.ien.com.my

Energy Rating of Buildings

EnergyEfficiency (EE)

Green Buildings

EE is a sub-set of Green Buildings

RenewableEnergy (RE)

Solar PV roof (example)

Low

Carbon

Emissions





14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Energy Efficiency vs. GreenEnergy efficiency is an important sub-set of Green Building Rating Schemes



35 35

7910 10

14

2616

14

11

32

15

21

8

67

7

20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

LEED GBI Green Mark

Bonus: Renewable Energy

Innovation

Indoor Environmental Quality

Environmental Protection

Materials & Resources

Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency

Energy Efficiency

Total of

100 pts

Total of

106 pts

Min 30 pts/

Max 50 Pts

Min 20 pts/

Max 50 Pts

Bonus of 20

pts

Total of

120 pts

Point allocation under three Green Building Rating Schemes



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

The CO2 Emission Goal

7

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Average Malaysian

Sustainable Level by 2050

Ton CO2 emissions per

person per year

World average (2010):5 ton CO2 per person



14 December 2011



1 ton CO2 emission challenge at COP15, Copenhagen, 2009

Energy Efficiency plays a key role in achieving this goal


6 November 2007

Most cheap CO2 savings in building sector

Cost of CO2 savingsUS dollars / ton CO2 equivalents

Gig

a-t

on

of

CO

2

eq

uiv

ale

nts

per

year

CO2 savings

Source: IPCC

“Low Energy Buildings: GEO and ST Diamond Building”

IEN Consultants, www.ien.com.mySGBC, Sands, Singapore

15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 20079 NIRAS

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

0 5 10 15 20 25

mill. toe (Estimated Avoided Fossil Fuel Consumption in 2020 / For NGV Gasoline is Replaced by Natural Gas)

Ty

pic

al

EIR

R f

or

Se

lec

ted

Te

ch

no

log

y O

pti

on

3.1 Electricity savings in new and existing commercial buildings (30%/15% electricity savings)

1.1 Palm-diesel in transportation (B20)

2.1 Electricity and fuel savings in manufacturing (mainly cement, food, iron&steel, rubber, wood)

2.4 NG-fired CHP in iron&steel/non-metallic/textile (10%) (replacing 10% of process heat)

5.2 BioGen Small-Scale (120 MW)

2.2 Biomass boilers in manufacturing (Coal Substitution w/PKS)

5.1 Co-firing of coal and PKS

2.4 NG-fired CHP in paper (replacing 10% of process heat)

2.4 NG-fired CCP in education/"other" (replacing 25% of el. for cooling)

2.4 Biomass-fired CHP Large-Scale

100% or above

0% or below

3.1 Electricity savings in new and existing residential buildings (30%/15% electricity savings)

1.2 NGV in transportation (20% of gasoline)

2.2 Biomass boilers in manufacturing (Coal Substitution w/PKS)

2.4 NG-fired CHP in machinery (replacing 10% of process heat)

2.1 LPG savings in manufacturing (mainly cement, food, iron&steel, rubber, wood)

2.5 Solar dryer in manufacturing, 4.1, 4.2 waste-to-energy (w/CDM)

2.4 NG-fired CHP in rubber/food (replacing 10% of process heat)

2.1 NG savings in manufacturing (mainly cement, food, iron&steel, rubber, wood)

5.1 Co-firing of coal and EFB-bales, POFF

Energy Efficiency has a good Economic Internal Rate of Return (Input to 9th Malaysian Plan by Danida, 2005)

EE in

Commercial Buildings

EE in

Residential Buildings

Everything above this 10% line is a good investment


6 November 2007



Energy Efficiency in Buildings has Zero or Negative Abatement Cost

Kuala Lumpur

14 December 2011



Study for India


6 November 2007

Good Economy in

Energy Efficient BuildingsMalaysia

• 5% extra construction cost

• 50% reduction in energy use

• 60% reduction in water use

• 5 year payback

United States

• 2-7% extra construction cost

• 64% higher sales price

• 36% higher rental rates

• 5% higher occupancy rates

Source:

US National Study, EnergyStar

and LEED buildings, 2008NB: Building location skews numbers

Source:

IEN Consultants, 2010

Conclusion:

Expensive not to be energy efficient



15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Cost of Sustainable Buildings(Example: Low Energy Office building)

Key data:

• Gross Floor Area: 20,000 m²

• Energy Index: 114 kWh/m²/year

• Additional EE construction cost: 5%

• Payback: 5 years

• Annual energy savings: ~ RM 600,000

Energy Efficiency

(EE) Features:

- Daylighting

- EE lighting- EE office equipment

- EE ventilation

- Controls & Sensors- Orientation

- Insulation- Energy management

2006 Winner of:

ASEAN Building Energy Award

Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Putrajaya, Malaysia

Energy bill comparison (RM/m² year)

8 neighbouring office buildings

LEO

Average

Ele

ctr

icity +

dis

tric

t coo

ling b

ills (R

M /

m²

/ yea

r)

Two tenderso without energy efficient features

o with energy efficient features

Findingso 5% extra cost

o 50% energy savings

o 5 year payback



15 September 2010



14 December 2011



Year of completion: 2004


6 November 2007

No / Low Cost for Energy Efficiency



0

50

100

150

200

250

90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110

En

erg

y C

on

sum

pti

on

, B

EI

(kW

h/

m2

ye

ar)

Tender price index

BEI vs. Tender Price

(Final 10 tenders for KKR HQ project)

Public tender for Government Office Tower in Kuala Lumpur



15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

No / Low Cost for Energy Efficiency



Public tender for Government Office Tower in Kuala Lumpur

0

50

100

150

200

250

90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110

En

erg

y C

on

sum

pti

on

, B

EI

(kW

h/

m2

ye

ar)

Tender price index

BEI vs. Tender Price

(Final 10 tenders for KKR HQ project)



15 September 2010



14 December 2011



Another

example:

LEED Platinum

projects can be2% cheaper

Bill Odel, HOK Group (WGBC, 2010)


6 November 2007

How to Design Energy Efficient Buildings?

Energy supply

Too hot

Too humid

Comfort zone

(air-con) Comfort zone

(natural ventilation)

Tropical

weather

DESIGN WITH THE CLIMATE

Energy wastage

FIRST ENERGY EFFICIENCY,THEN RENEWABLE ENERGY

(“plug the holes”)



15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Where is the building energy consumed?(energy-breakdown of low, medium and high energy consuming office buildings)

Energy Index

-30.0

-10.0

10.0

30.0

50.0

70.0

90.0

110.0

130.0

150.0

Fa

n E

ne

rgy

Sm

all

Po

we

r

Lig

hti

ng

Ch

ille

rE

ne

rgy

Fan G

ain

Lig

hting

Gain

Sm

all

Po

wer

Gain

So

lar

Gain

Ext

Co

nductio

n

Gain

Ppl G

ain

Dehum

id

Ppl L

ate

nt

Gain

Dehum

id

Fre

sh A

ir

Fre

sh A

ir

Gain

kW

h/m

2y

ea

r

Worst

Base

mewc

Chiller Energy Breakdown

Good

Low Energy Office building

(Malaysia)



15 September 2010

Focus areas

Comment:

Unfortunately, little/no focus on ”Small power” in green building certification schemes

Building cases



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Nega-Watts (not Mega-Watts)

Saving new power plants



15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Energy Index of Office Buildings

in Malaysia

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

kWh/m2 year

Stop the leaks

Leaks stopped



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Advertising against Energy Efficiency

New Straits Times

January 2002, Malaysia



15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

New and Energy Efficient Approach

New Straits Times

January 2002



15 September 2010



14 December 2011



Energy Efficiency Label for:o Air cono Fridges

o TVso Fanso Motors

Suruhanjaya Tenaga, 2010


6 November 2007

How to Dress in the Tropics

“We live in the tropics. It is hot and humid even without stiff

collars, bow-ties, cummerbands, the various studs, links, patent

leather shoes and black silk socks.

In temperate countries a point can be made for such a dress

code. You feel warm and comfortable during spring, autumn

and winter. In Singapore, we perspire even in casual dress.

Perhaps the unwritten dress code in every invitation should be:

Dress in decorum and comfortably.”

Wee Kim Wee(The late president of Singapore)

“Glimpses and Reflections”, page 99



15 September 2010

He knew what he was talking about

(Always in suit on Google Images)



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Energy Consumption Breakdown (ST Diamond Building)

49%

19%

16%

16%

Cooling System

Lighting

Small Power

Others

Electricity consumption percentages

Note:

o District cooling has been converted to electricity using SCOP of only 3.8 (close to real figure)

FuturArc Forum 2011

7 Oct 2011, Singapore

IEN Consultants

www.ien.com.myFuturArc Forum 2011

13 Oct 2011, Bangkok



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Typical Cross

Section

Building Energy Index (without Solar PV)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450


Cu

mu

lative

pe

rce

ntil

eMalaysia(41 officebuildings)


ST Diamond (2010)

85 kWh/m2 year

LEO (2004)

100 kWh/m2 year

GEO (2007)

65 kWh/m2 year





15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Typical Cross

Section

Building Energy Index (with Solar PV)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450


Cu

mu

lative

pe

rce

ntil



ST Diamond (2010)

75 kWh/m2 year

LEO (2004)

100 kWh/m2 year

GEO (2007)

30 kWh/m2 year





15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Cooling transport (Focus item 1)

o Shift cooling transport from air to water(GEO and ST Diamond have floor slab cooling)

o Key things to do- reduce pressure losses

- use efficient pumps, fans and motors

- use VSD

Energy Index

-30.0

-10.0

10.0

30.0

50.0

70.0

90.0

110.0

130.0

150.0

Fa

n E

ne

rgy

Sm

all

Po

wer

Lig

htin

g

Ch

ille

rE

ne

rgy

Fa

n G

ain

Lig

htin

gG

ain

Sm

all

Pow

er

Ga

in

Sol

ar G

ain

Ex

tC

ond

uctio

n

Ga

in

Ppl

Gai

n

De

hum

id

Pp

l Lat

ent

Gai

n

Deh

um

idF

resh

Air

Fre

sh A

ir

Gai

n

kW

h/m

2yea

r

Worst

Base

mewc


Good

Low Energy Of f ice build ing

(Malaysia)

Building cases



15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Small Power (Focus item 2)

o Use efficient office equipment(GEO and ST Diamond have efficient IT purchasing policies)

o Key things to do- laptops / thin clients

- efficient printers (shared)

- efficient task lights

Energy Index

-30.0

-10.0

10.0

30.0

50.0

70.0

90.0

110.0

130.0

150.0

Fa

n E

ne

rgy

Sm

all

Po

wer

Lig

htin

g

Ch

ille

rE

ne

rgy

Fa

n G

ain

Lig

htin

gG

ain

Sm

all

Pow

er

Ga

in

Sol

ar G

ain

Ex

tC

ond

uctio

n

Ga

in

Ppl

Gai

n

De

hum

id

Pp

l Lat

ent

Gai

n

Deh

um

idF

resh

Air

Fre

sh A

ir

Gai

n

kW

h/m

2yea

r

Worst

Base

mewc


Good


(Malaysia)

Building cases



15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Lighting (Focus item 3)

o Use efficient lighting and efficient controls(GEO and ST Diamond have efficient daylight responsive lighting and

task lights for all occupants)

o Key things to do- design for daylighting (diffuse light)

- ID design to follow daylight design

- no glare from daylight windows

- manual blinds for viewing windows

- daylight sensors

- task lights to people in daylit zones

Energy Index

-30.0

-10.0

10.0

30.0

50.0

70.0

90.0

110.0

130.0

150.0

Fa

n E

ne

rgy

Sm

all

Po

wer

Lig

htin

g

Ch

ille

rE

ne

rgy

Fa

n G

ain

Lig

htin

gG

ain

Sm

all

Pow

er

Ga

in

Sol

ar G

ain

Ex

tC

ond

uctio

n

Ga

in

Ppl

Gai

n

De

hum

id

Pp

l Lat

ent

Gai

n

Deh

um

idF

resh

Air

Fre

sh A

ir

Gai

n

kW

h/m

2yea

r

Worst

Base

mewc


Good


(Malaysia)

Building cases



15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Air-conditioning (Focus item 4)

o Design for high cooling system efficiency(ST Diamond has district cooling. GEO building designed with innovative

river roof cooling tower)

o Key things to do- high chiller COP

- reduce head on pumps and use VSD

- VSD on both sides of chiller

- air-tightness

- energy recovery

- Liquid desiccant dehumidification

(promising technology)

Energy Index

-30.0

-10.0

10.0

30.0

50.0

70.0

90.0

110.0

130.0

150.0

Fa

n E

ne

rgy

Sm

all

Po

wer

Lig

htin

g

Ch

ille

rE

ne

rgy

Fa

n G

ain

Lig

htin

gG

ain

Sm

all

Pow

er

Ga

in

Sol

ar G

ain

Ex

tC

ond

uctio

n

Ga

in

Ppl

Gai

n

De

hum

id

Pp

l Lat

ent

Gai

n

Deh

um

idF

resh

Air

Fre

sh A

ir

Gai

n

kW

h/m

2yea

r

Worst

Base

mewc


Good


(Malaysia)

Building cases



15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Solar Geometry

SITETilted 16° from North

Solar Path for MalaysiaLatitude 3.1° North

25° Façade Tilt Angle

Solar GeometryThe solar path was used to sculpt the building geometry. The 25° tilt angle of the facades ensures that North and

South facades are fully self-shaded during the hottest mid-day hours. For the East and the West facades, the tilting façade

helps to reduce the solar impact by 41%. The tilted glazing admits more of the desirable diffuse

light reflected off the landscape for glare free

daylighting use in the building

EastWest


6 November 2007

Typical Cross Section

Mirror

lightshelf

Fixed

blinds for glare

control

Daylight

reflected onto

ceiling

Facade Daylighting System

Energy efficient lighting controls:Light sensor (automatic off), manual wall switch (on)

+ individual table lamps



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Self-shaded facade from direct sun

Diffuse light deflected into room by lightshelfand window sill

LIGHT REFLECTIONS FROM:Lightshelf + Window sill

Lightshelf only

Window sill only

Mirror lightshelf with fixed louver

Façade Daylight DesignThe building is 50% daylit. The façade daylighting system consists of a mirror lightshelf and a white painted window sill.

Both deflect daylight onto the white ceiling for improved daylight distribution until 5 meters from the façade + 2 additionalmeters of corridor space. Fixed white louvres with top surface mirror finish on the top side are mounted with a 30° tilt angle above the lightshelf for glare protection while still allowing daylight to be deflected onto the ceiling. To increase daylight throw into the rooms, the suspended ceiling was omitted giving a floor to ceiling height of 3.7 m.

FACADE


6 November 2007

Zoning & control of

daylight responsive

lighting

Daylight responsive lighting control + use of task lighting

Daylight responsive lighting:

o Zone lights parallel to façade

o Lights off (automatic by sensor)

o Light on (manual by switch)


6 November 2007

Tannenbaum

reflector panel on levels 4 and 5Atrium Daylight Design

The atrium has been carefully designed optimize daylight utilization for each floor employing the combination of the

following three strategies:1. Automated blind with six different configuration to maintain the appropriate daylighting levels at all times. The blinds with 30% light

transmittance are adjusted every 15 minutes and follow a three different control strategies for morning, mid-day and evening

2. The windows size becomes larger deeper into the atrium to cater for lower daylight levels3. A band of Tannenbaum reflector panels are applied to 4th and 5th floor to deflect daylight across the atrium to 1st and 2nd floor where daylight

levels are the lowest. The ‘christmas tree’ profile reflectors have an inclination of 10° and reflect about 85% of the light in semi-diffuse manner, hence, avoiding visual glare issues for the building occupants.


6 November 2007

Light Trough

Pleasant daylight in the deepest part of the building

Roof top

7th floor


6 November 2007

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Corridor

Table atrium

Useful range for office work

(100 – 2000 lux)

Measured

Lux meter ILux meter IILux meter IIILux meter IIILux meter IVLux meter V

Bright sunOvercast

Lux meter V


6 November 2007

Step-in Design (Self-Shading, GEO building)

NN



15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Direct Sunlight Cut Off, Only Diffuse Light Enters Rooms

Photo taken on 12 June 2007 (North facade)



15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Roof Lights



15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Daylight Responsive Lighting

Lighting Control• Automatic off (light sensor and/or occupancy sensor)

• Manual on (people press the wall switch)• Use task light (table lamp)

Lighting Zone 1 Lighting Zone 2

Measured lighting: 0.56 W/m2(factor 25 below building code)



15 September 2010



14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Manifold for pipes coming out of RC slabFloor slab cooling pipes laid before pouring concrete Suspended ceiling omitted not to restrict slab cooling

Floor Slab CoolingFlexible 22 mm PERT pipes are embedded in the RC slabs during

construction to make the building structure function as a thermal storage system. At night 18°C cold water is circulated in the slabs cooling them down to about 21°C. During the day-time, the system

is shut off, and floor slab passively absorbs heat gains from people, computers, solar gains etc. The advantages of the floor

slab cooling system are:• Reduces cooling transport energy by 64% because it is more efficient to transport cooling with water than with air

• Shifts much of the cooling to the slabs, so the AHU system can be down-sized about 30%

• Shifts 30-40% of the cooling to night time, so building can save cost from the lower off-peak energy rates and from reduced maximum demand charge

One week temperature

data(simulated by Transsolar)


6 November 2007

Insulated Green Roof

NAME Material Thickness (m)

Thermal

conductance (W

/ m K)

Thermal

resistance

(m2 K / W)

U-value

(W/m2

K)

Green roof Air film, outdoors 0.055

(Ar2) Turf (Zoysia matrella) 0.360

Sand bedding 20 mm (a: sand stone) 0.02 1.298 0.200

Soil mixture 100 mm 0.1 0.375 0.267

Geotextile 10 mm (vermiculite loose granules) 0.01 0.065 0.154

Gravel 30 mm (stone granite) 0.03 2.927 0.010

Screed 50 mm (lightweight) 0.05 0.303 0.165

Waterproofing 5 mm (asphalt roofing) 0.005 1.226 0.004

Insulation 50 mm (spray foam) 0.050 0.0272 1.838


RC slab (200 mm) 0.2 1.442 0.139

Air film, indoors (flat roof) 0.162

0.29


6 November 2007

Roof Insulation Studies(Using steady-state finite element simulation to optimize insulation designs of upstand beams on roof)

Option A

Not insulated

Option B

50 mm thick rim insulation

Option C

50 mm thick full insulation

FuturArc Forum 2011


IEN Consultants





14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Insulated Concrete Roof

NAME Material

Thickness

(m)

Thermal

conductance

(W / m K)

Thermal

resistance

(m2 K / W)

U-value

(W/m2 K)

Concrete roof Air film, outdoors 0.055

(Ar1) Screed 50 mm (lightweight) 0.05 0.303 0.165

Waterproofing 5 mm (asphalt roofing) 0.005 1.226 0.004

Insulation 100 mm (styrofoam) 0.10 0.028 3.571


RC slab (200 mm) 0.2 1.442 0.139

Air film, indoors (flat roof) 0.162

0.24

NB. To minimise cold-bridging through the roof slab, all concrete plinths, columns and walls were insulated with a 25 mm thick layer of

spray-foam up until 400 mm height above the RC slab

FuturArc Forum 2011


IEN Consultants





14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Greenery – cooling the surroundings

GROUND LEVELLandscape all around the building

ROOF LEVELGrass turf on much of the roof

Concrete roof Grass roof

35.1°C 30.6°C

FuturArc Forum 2011


IEN Consultants





14 December 2011




6 November 2007

Typical Cross

Section

Final Slide

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450


Cu

mu

lative

pe

rce

ntil



ST Diamond (2010)

85 kWh/m2 year

LEO (2004)

100 kWh/m2 year

GEO (2007)

65 kWh/m2 year

“Stamp of approval”Post Malaysia green building stamp series 2009



15 September 2010

Thank you



14 December 2011



energy efficient buildings (2), by ien...

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