Energy Efficient Breakfasts

Energy Management Training for Small and Medium Size Enterprises

Cliff Bassett

13th March 2012

Introductions – About the Carbon Trust

The Carbon Trust was set up by government as an independent company in 2008. Our mission is to accelerate the move to a low carbon economy.

To date, we have helped our customers save around 29.5 million tonnes of carbon and around £2.6 billion in energy costs.As a Company Limited by Guarantee any profits we make are reinvested to help deliver our mission.

We cut carbon emissions now;• By providing specialist advice and finance to help

organisations cut carbon • By setting standards for carbon reduction

Outputs from this Briefing – The Energy Management Action Plan

The Energy Management Action Plan

You have been provided with an Action PlanThe following sections discuss opportunities which are relevant to the SME sectorPlease complete each part of the Action Plan at the conclusion of each sectionUse your own data if you have it, or the sample data providedCalculate the total potential savingTake your Action Plan back to your business and Take Action!Please leave the duplicate copy with us when you leave

Why Manage Energy?

Drivers for energy management

Rising energy costs

Complying with relevant standards and regulations

Environmental concerns

Barriers to Energy Management

Barriers to energy management:

– Time

– Resources

– “Just another job to do”

– Lack of expertise

– Lack of capital

– Landlord/tenant relationships

Energy Management Basics

Energy and Power

Energy and Power

Power is the capacity of a device to transform energy from one form to anotherE.g. a boiler transforms stored chemical energy (gas) into thermal energy (heat)Power measured in Watts: 1,000 Watts = 1 kilo Watt kW

Energy = Power x Time

Energy measured in kWh

Units and Conversions

Electricity– Kilowatt hours (kWh) – sometimes “units”

Gas – cubic feet (ft3)– hundreds of cubic feet (100 ft3)– Cubic metres (m3)

Oil– litres

Units and Conversions

Fuel Units Conversion to kWh (multiply units by)

Electricity - kWh

1

Gas – ft3 0.32

Gas – 100 ft3 31.72

Gas – m3 11.20

Gas oil – litres 10.60

LPG - litres 7.08

LPG - kg 13.67

Aim to convert all units to a common “currency” – usually kWh

See Carbon Trust Fact Sheet “Conversion Factors” for further details

Units and Conversions:Energy to Carbon (CO2)

Fuel Units Conversion to kgCO2

(multiply units by)

Electricity kWh 0.545

Natural Gas kWh 0.185

Gas Oil kWh 0.275

LPG kWh 0.214

Source: DECC Greenhouse Gas Reporting Guidelines 2010

Divide by 1,000 to get tCO2

See Carbon Trust Fact Sheets “Conversion Factors” and “Carbon Footprinting” for further details

Example Calculation – Lighting

How much energy do the lights in this room use?What is the cost?What are the emissions?

Example Calculation - Lighting

1. How many Watts do the lamps use each?2. How many lamps?3. Multiply together to give power demand in Watts4. Divide by 1000 to give kilo Watts (kW)5. How many hours per day, days per week, weeks

per year?6. Calculate hours per year and multiply by power

demand to give energy use in kWh/year7. Convert to cost (x p/kWh) and carbon (x

kgCO2/kWh)

Electricity Metering

Electricity Meters

– Analogue dial

– Analogue

– Digital

– HHM or Smart

Constructing a Basic Energy Management Spreadsheet

MetricDay kWh Night kWh Total kWh Cost, £ 100 ft3 kWh Cost, £ kWh Cost, £ kWh/m2

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecTotal

Electricity Gas TotalYear Month

2011

© Carbon Trust 2008. All rights reserved.

Apr03

Jun03

Aug03

Oct03

Dec03

Feb04

Apr04

Jun04

Aug04

Oct04

Dec04

Feb05

Apr05

Jun05

Aug05

Oct05

Dec05

Feb06

Apr06

Trends in Site Electricity Consumption

© Carbon Trust 2008. All rights reserved. 19

Thermal Energy Use

Jan Feb Mar Apr May

Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

kWh

MONTH

Baseload = process or domestic hot water load

© Carbon Trust 2008. All rights reserved. 20

Electricity – Half-hourly Metering for an Office

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Typical Day

Ele

ctr

icit

y L

oad (

kW

)

© Carbon Trust 2008. All rights reserved. 21

Electricity – Half-hourly Metering for a Manufacturer

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

00:00

12:00

00:00

12:00

00:00

12:00

00:00

12:00

00:00

12:00

00:00

12:00

00:00

12:00

Typical Week (Mon - Sun)

Ele

ctri

city

Load (

kW

)

Identifying the Opportunities

Boilers, Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water

Check Time and Temperature Controls

Time Controls:– Match start and stop time to

occupancy– Adjust to match Summer/Winter

time – do not allow 1 hour float to cover both

– Avoid excessive start up times - adjust throughout the season

– Check controls regularly – ensure that they cannot be over-ridden

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Top tip: Time Control

Reducing the heating time by 1 hour per day saves around

10% in running costs

Check Time and Temperature Controls

Check location and condition of thermostats

Are they tamperproof? Are they representative of the actual

temperature?– Thermostats should not be near heat sources

(inside or outside)– Avoid draughts/near windows etc.– Locate internal optimum start sensors in

coldest part of building/heating zone– Check location for local unrepresentative

activities

Check Time and Temperature Controls

Temperature – what is appropriate? Is 230C really the right thing to do? UK guidelines for heating workplaces:

– Heavy work 130C– Light work 160C– Sedentary (sitting) work 190C– Offices 200C

Thermostatic Radiator Valves (TRVs)

TRVs provide basic, local control of temperatureCan be used to set a comfortable working temperature for staffMake sure staff know what they are and how they are usedEnsure valves are not obstructed

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Top tip: Temperature Control

Reducing the temperature by 1oC saves around 10% in

running costs

Carbon / Cost Alert!!!

Look out for the use of portable electric heatersThese are symptomatic of wider problems with the heating systemThey cost you money and have high carbon emissionsThey upset heating system controls and make problems worseFix the root cause of the problem

© Carbon Trust 2008. All rights reserved. 31

Boiler & PipeworkInsulation

Effective insulation can save 1 to 3% of heating energy costsInsulation is cheap and easy to applyCheck boilers, hot water tanks and pipework for insulation thickness and conditionDon’t forget valves and other fittings

Upgraded Heating System Controls

Optimum Start Control (or “Optimiser”)– Think of it as a “weather-dependent

timeswitch”– Reduces heat up times in mild weather– Optimum stop facilities also available –

will switch off the heating early if possible

– Easy to retrofit, but requires additional sensors

Upgraded Heating System Controls

Weather Compensation Controls - vary system flow temperature in response to outside air temperatureRequires modifications to pipework and additional sensors

Time control Optimum safe storage/delivery temperature

– 600C is the optimum in most cases Minimisation of standing losses – better

insulation Direct fired heaters – better for high volume all

year round Local electric heaters - can be appropriate in

some circumstances

Domestic Hot Water Services

Boiler Plant, Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water – Summary and Action PlanOpportunity Description

Typical savings

Please tick

√

Proposed Action

Action by

whom?

Your Savings Capital Cost

% £/year

tCO2/year

Are boiler and heating time controls set correctly?

10 to 30% None

Is the heating setpoint appropriate to the use?

10% None

Is the domestic hot water setpoint appropriate?

2% None

Are boilers, domestic hot water cylinders and pipework well-insulated?

1 to 3% Low

Can timeswitches be upgraded to optimiser controls?

10% Medium

Can weather compensation controls be installed?

10% Medium

Sub-Total Boiler Plant, Space Heating & DHW

Lighting and Lighting Controls

Use of Lighting

Is lighting being used appropriately?

Use of Lighting

Are the lights switched off when people leave?

Lighting Controls

Time schedulesDimming controls– Can be used on fluorescent lighting when specified

with dimmable ballasts

Occupancy-sensing– Passive infra red– Microwave

Daylight-linked – Photocell

Lamp Efficiency

Measured in lumens/watt (“efficacy”)Higher efficacy = more light for less energyChoose efficient lamps and fittings, appropriate to the applicationAvoid over-lighting. Insist on an engineered solution, with light levels appropriate to the use.Consider the efficiency of the fitting itself – some lose over half of the light by directing it the wrong way! Upgrades can give savings of 20% to 80%!!

Lamp Efficiency

Less Efficient– Tungsten filament (GLS)– Low voltage tungsten

halogen– Older T12 (38 mm

diameter) fluorescent tubes

– Mercury vapour lamps

More Efficient– Compact fluorescent

lamps– T5 or T8 fluorescent +

high frequency controls– LEDs (still a developing

technology)– Metal halide– Low and high pressure

sodium

Lighting – Summary and Action Plan

Opportunity Description

Typical savings

Please tick

√

Proposed Action

Action by whom?

Your Savings Capital Cost

% £/year

tCO2/year

Are lights being used effectively?

1 to 5% None

Do staff switch off lights when not needed?

5 to 10% None

Are lamps and fittings efficient - can they be upgraded?

20 to 80% Medium/ High

Can occupancy-linked controls be installed?

10% to 20% Low/ Medium

Can daylight-linked controls be installed?

10% to 20% Low/ Medium

Sub-Total Lighting and Controls

Ventilation and Air Conditioning

Air Conditioning Controls

Basic controls:– Time– Temperature

Local systems (splits or “cassette-type”) have local controlsUsually more complex controls for larger systems– Stand-alone controls or building management

systems (BMS)

Check Air Conditioning Controls

Similar rules to heating:– Reducing operating hours by one hour/day may

save up to 10%– Avoid over-cooling by increasing cooling

setpoints as high as possible:– A 10C increase in temperature can save around 10%

in cooling energy

Upgrade Air Conditioning Controls

Complex systems need specialist advice, but there are good savings available through:– Use of “free cooling”– Installation of variable speed

drives on fans– Demand control systems

Ventilation, Cooling and Air Conditioning – Summary and Action Plan

Opportunity Description

Typical savings

Please tick

√

Proposed Action

Action by

whom?

Your Savings Capital Cost

% £/year

tCO2/year

Are air conditioning time controls set correctly?

10% to 30%

None

Is the cooling setpoint appropriate to the use?

5 to 20% None

Can air conditioning controls be upgraded?

10 to 30% Medium/ High

Sub-Total Air Conditioning and Ventilation

Office Equipment

Typical Power Use by Office Equipment

Equipment Estimated Power Use (Watts)

PC – Base Unit 80 W

PC – 17” LCD Monitor 15 W

PC – 17” CRT Monitor 70 W

Laptop 50 W

Inkjet Printer 40 to 80 W

Laser Printer 90 to 130 W

Multi-function Printer 150 to 250 W

Fax 30 to 40 W

Mobile Phone Charger 5 to 15 W

42” LCD TV 250 W

Office Equipment – Behavioural Change

Raise staff awarenessChallenge myths– Logging off is not the same as switching off– Screensavers don’t save energy– Does the IT department really require all

equipment left on overnight?– Does the server room need to be kept at

16oC?Audit work areas after hours – scoring system?Enable power management features on equipment

© Carbon Trust 2008. All rights reserved. 51

Technology, Rationalisation & Upgrades

Consider power management softwareRemove redundant/rarely-used equipmentRationalise printersUpgrade CRT to flat screens (60% saving)Upgrades generally (30% saving)

Other Equipment

Vending Machines – non-perishable– Fit timer to switch off at night

Vending Machines – perishable– Switch off lights at night if possible

Water coolers– Fit timer to switch off at night

Cooling fans– Avoid if possible – these add heat!

Office Equipment – Summary and Action Plan

Opportunity Description

Typical savings

Please tick

√

Proposed Action

Action by

whom?

Your Savings Capital Cost

% £/year

tCO2/year

Are PCs and office equipment switched off at the end of the working day?

10 to 20% None

Can timers be fitted to water coolers, vending machines and other equipment?

10% Low

Can office equipment be rationalised?

10% Low

Can equipment be upgraded?

30% Medium/ High

Sub-Total Office Equipment

Conducting an Energy Walkround

Energy Walkround Guidelines

Try to focus on the main areas of energy useAim to identify:– “Quick wins” – mainly around behavioural change

or control settings– Technical areas where capital may be required, e.g.

improved controls– Technical areas requiring expert advice, e.g.

replacement plant, or systems obviously not functioning correctly

Try to quantify savings:– Look at easily quantifiable uses, e.g. lighting or IT– What can you tell from energy data?

Quick Wins

No.1 - Check the control settings!– If you have half-hourly electricity data – look at it!– Are there any controls? Do they work?– Do the time settings match the occupancy?– Check all days – do you have a 24-hour or 7-day

timer?– Are the temperatures appropriate?– Do staff complain? Too hot/cold? Too draughty?– Is there evidence of portable heaters or coolers in

use?– Do thermostatic radiator valves work correctly? Do

staff know what they are and how to use them?

Quick Wins

Look at staff behaviour:– Are lights left on when there’s no one around?– Do staff know what is the right thing to do?– Would lighting controls solve the problem, or would a

“switch off” campaign be enough?– Do staff leave PCs and printers on after hours?– Can staff be asked to switch off monitors when on

breaks?– Are windows opened when the heating is on?– Are heating and cooling used at the same time?– What can we do to help?

Questions?

Constructing Your Action Plan

The Energy Management Action Plan

Did you complete each part of the Action Plan at the conclusion of each section?Use your own data if you have it, or the sample data providedCalculate the total potential savingTake your Action Plan back to your business and Take Action!Please leave us a copy of the Action Plan at the end of the Briefing

Feedback Form

Please leave your Feedback Form on your table or hand in on exit

Summary and Close

Recognition for real carbon reduction

Gain recognition for your carbon reductionCommunicate your carbon credentials with integrityRobust certification based on strict criteria and detailed assessor audit

“The experience of striving for carbon accreditation…was hugely beneficial – from a financial, ethical, operational and reputational point of view and demonstrated the value of applying for the Carbon Trust Standard”

- Richard Pamenter, Head of Sustainability, GlaxoSmithKline

Certify

Measure Manage

Reduce

Visit www.carbontruststandard.com/SME or call 0800 019 1443 for more information

The Carbon Trust Standard:

Sources of Funding

Finance for energy saving projects; Carbon Trust and Siemens have joined forces to offer flexible financing from £1k upwards. www.energyefficiencyfinancing.co.uk

Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs) are a straightforward way for a business to improve its cash flow through accelerated tax relief. www.eca.gov.uk/etl

Carbon Trust Implementation Services

Many UK businesses need support to implement energy efficient equipment. Often there is a challenge to establish the business case, source first class suppliers and obtain a robust set of proposals for projects.We help you meet these challenges and make it easy to find high quality suppliers and projects.

Download our service guide

PFL043 or call us now on

0845 6008683 to find out more.

66

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Thank you for coming!

The Carbon Trust receives funding from Government including the Department of Energy and Climate Change, the Departmentfor Transport, the Scottish Government, the Welsh Assembly Government and Invest Northern Ireland.

Whilst reasonable steps have been taken to ensure that the information contained within this publication is correct, the authors,the Carbon Trust, its agents, contractors and sub-contractors give no warranty and make no representation as to its accuracyand accept no liability for any errors or omissions. Any trademarks, service marks or logos used in this publication, and copyrightin it, are the property of the Carbon Trust. Nothing in this publication shall be construed as granting any licence or right to useor reproduce any of the trademarks, service marks, logos, copyright or any proprietary information n any way without theCarbon Trust’s prior written permission. The Carbon Trust enforces infringements of its intellectual property rights to the fullextent permitted by law.

The Carbon Trust is a company limited by guarantee and registered in England and Wales under Company number 4190230with its Registered Office at: 6th Floor, 5 New Street Square, London EC4A 3BF.Published in the UK: March 2011.

© The Carbon Trust 2011. All rights reserved.