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Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 1
Energy Efficiency trends and policies in Greece
July 2018
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 2
Contact persons:
Minas Iatridis, Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES), Greece
Argyro Giakoumi, Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES), Greece
Fotini Karamani, Centre for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving (CRES), Greece
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 3
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................................3
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................6
1. ECONOMIC AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY CONTEXT ...................................................................8
1.1. Economic context ........................................................................................................................... 8
1.2. Total Energy consumption and intensities ..................................................................................... 9
1.3. Energy efficiency policy background ............................................................................................ 15
1.3.1. Energy efficiency targets .............................................................................................................. 15
2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS ....................................................................................... 21
2.1. Energy efficiency trends ............................................................................................................... 21
2.1.1 Residential sector.............................................................................................................................. 21
2.1.2 service sector .................................................................................................................................... 26
2.2. Energy efficiency policies ............................................................................................................. 27
3. ENERGY EFFIENCY IN TRANSPORT ........................................................................................ 35
3.1. Energy efficiency trends ............................................................................................................... 35
3.2. Energy efficiency policies ............................................................................................................. 39
4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRY ........................................................................................ 45
4.1. Energy efficiency trends ............................................................................................................... 45
4.2. Energy efficiency policies ............................................................................................................. 48
5. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN AGRICULTURE ................................................................................ 51
5.1. Energy efficiency trends ............................................................................................................... 51
5.2. Energy efficiency policies ............................................................................................................. 51
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 52
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 4
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: GDP and VA GREECE 2000-2016 .............................................................................................................. 8
Figure 2: Yearly variation of GDP and VA GREECE 2000-2016 ................................................................................ 9
Figure 3: Final energy consumption in Greece 2000-2016 ................................................................................... 10
Figure 4: Yearly variation of Final energy consumption in Greece 2000-2016 ..................................................... 10
Figure 5: Final energy consumption per fuel in Greece 2000-2016 ...................................................................... 11
Figure 6: Share per fuel in final energy consumption mix in Greece 2000-20016 ................................................ 12
Figure 7: Final Energy Consumption by sector in Greece 2000-20016 ................................................................. 12
Figure 8: Share per sector in final energy consumption in Greece 2000-2016 ..................................................... 13
Figure 9: Primary and Final Energy Intensity Greece 2000-2016 .......................................................................... 14
Figure 10: Global Energy efficiency index-ODEX, in Greece 2000-2016 ............................................................... 14
Figure 11: Final Energy Consumption in Residential 2000-2016 ........................................................................... 22
Figure 12: Final Energy Consumption by fuel, Residential 2000-2016 .................................................................. 22
Figure 13: Share in final Energy Consumption by fuel in Residential 2000-2016 ................................................. 23
Figure 14: Final Energy Consumption by End Use in Residential 2000-2015 ........................................................ 24
Figure 15: Share of Final Energy Consumption by Energy Use in Residential 2000-2016 ..................................... 24
Figure 16: Residential Energy Efficiency Index-ODEX, in Greece 2000-2016 ........................................................ 25
Figure 17: Final Energy Consumption in Services in Greece 2000-2016 ............................................................... 26
Figure 18: Final Energy Consumption by Fuel in Services in Greece 2000-2016 ................................................... 26
Figure 19: Share of Final Energy Consumption by Fuel in Services in Greece 2000-2016 .................................... 27
Figure 20: Final Energy Consumption in Transport in Greece 2000-2016 ............................................................ 35
Figure 21: Final Energy Consumption by fuel in Transport in Greece 2000-2016 ................................................. 36
Figure 22: Share of Final Energy Consumption by Fuel in Transport, Greece 2000-2016 ..................................... 36
Figure 23: Final Energy Consumption by mode in Transport 2000-2016 .............................................................. 37
Figure 24: Share by mode in Transport 2000-2016 ............................................................................................... 37
Figure 25: Share by vehicle in road transport in Greece 2000-2016 ..................................................................... 38
Figure 26: Energy Efficiency Index in Transport 2000-2016 .................................................................................. 38
Figure 27: Final Energy Consumption in Industry 2000-2016 ............................................................................... 45
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 5
Figure 28: Final Energy Consumption by fuel in Industry 2000-2016 ................................................................... 46
Figure 29: Share of Final Energy Consumption by Fuel in Industry in Greece 2000-2016 .................................... 46
Figure 30: Final Energy Consumption by Branch in Industry in Greece 2000-2016 .............................................. 47
Figure 31: Energy Efficiency Index-ODEX in Industry 2000-2016 .......................................................................... 47
Figure 32: Final Energy consumption of agriculture sector 2000-2016 ................................................................ 51
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report represents the case study of Greece for the HORIZON 2020 project “ODYSSEE-MURE, a
decision support tool for energy efficiency policy evaluation – ODYSSEE - MURE”. It introduces an
analysis of energy efficiency trends for Greece over the period 2000 – 2016. It gives an overview of
energy efficiency trends on the basis of indicators extracted from the ODYSSEE database. Moreover,
it gives an overview of energy efficiency policies and measures based on MURE database.
Overall Trends
During the period 2000-2007, the total final energy consumption was increased by 18% with a 3%
average yearly increasing. However, both the implementation of measures to improve energy end-
use efficiency and the economic recession, have resulted in a significant reduction of final energy
consumption in 2007-2013. The total final energy consumption during this period follows an average
decreasing trend of 6% per year, that lead to a significant reduction of final energy consumption by
31% during this period. In the period 2013-2016 a slight increase is observed by 9%. The energy
efficiency index (ODEX) for all sectors in Greece decreased regularly by 33%, between the years 2000
and 2016.
Industry
Since 2000 to 2016, the final energy consumption in industry has significant decreased by 30%.
Although until 2007 the industry’s final energy consumption was almost stable, the industry sector
was one of the first sectors which sustain the effects of the economic recession in final energy
consumption. This fact led to the decrease of final energy consumption of industry, over the last
years. The energy consumption has reduced almost in all industrial branches. The energy efficiency
index (ODEX) has improved by 29% in 2016 compared to 2000 (Figure 33). This improvement in the
energy efficiency index was the result of major decreases in chemical (41%), steel (42%) and paper
(46%) industry sectors.
Buildings
The building sector, which is consisting of the residential and tertiary sector, consumes 33% of the
final energy in Greece. Since 2000 to 2013, the final energy consumption in households has
decreased by 16%, while in the period 2013-2016 an increase of 14% is observed. Although until
2006 the households’ final consumption was steadily increasing, the households sector was one of
the sectors which sustain the effects of the economic recession in final energy consumption. This
fact, in combination with the energy efficiency measures that have been implemented since 2007,
led to the decrease of final energy consumption of household sector. Although until 2008 the service
sector final energy consumption had steadily increased by 7% average per year, the service sector
was also one of the sectors which sustain the effects of the economic recession in final energy
consumption. The residential energy efficiency index (ODEX) for Greece has decreased by 28%,
between the years 2000 and 2016.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 7
Transport
Since 2000 to 2009, the final energy consumption in transport has increased by 26%. This steadily
increase of final energy consumption until 2009, has reversed after this year. The total energy
consumption of the sector had been reduced in the period 2009-2013 by 32%, mainly because of the
reduction of petroleum products consumption by 31%. The energy consumption in all transport
modes has decreased following the trends of the total sector. In the period 2013-2016 a slight
increase of 7% is observed in the sector. In 2016, the overall energy efficiency of the transport sector
has improved by 40% compared to 2000. The measures that contributed to the significant energy
savings that seem to be achieved in the transport sector are mainly related to the linking of the
taxation of vehicles with CO2 emissions, information, public awareness and education measures to
increase use of public transport and promotion of economical driving (Eco-Driving).
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 8
1. ECONOMIC AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY CONTEXT
1.1. ECONOMIC CONTEXT
During the period 2000-2007, GDP in Greece increased by 32%, following an average annual growth
rate of 4%. In the same period, the increase of added value almost in all sectors was also substantial
(Figure 1). This increase is mainly due to the boost for major investments and infrastructure
constructions for the Olympic Games and the inflow from EU structural funds which contributed to
this economic performance, during the period 2000-2007.
The official data from ELSTAT and Eurostat demonstrate the clear impact of the economic recession
on the Greek economy during the period 2007-2016. All sectors of economic activity show a decrease
in Gross Value Added, particularly for the period 2009-2013, where the impact of the economic
recession was being felt in the real economy.
Despite the increase in the service sector for the year 2008 which was 8.3% compared to 2007, in the
following period 2008-2013 there was a decreasing trend with an average decreasing rate of 5%,
while in the period 2013-2016 the Added Value of the service sector stays almost stable. The total
decrease for the period 2008-2016 was 26% (Figure 1).
The industrial sector shows an overall decline in Gross Value Added for the period 2007-2016 of 50%,
with a yearly average declining rate of 6% (Figure 1).
Figure 1: GDP and VA GREECE 2000-2016
* at current prices
Source: Eurostat
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 9
Figure 2: Yearly variation of GDP and VA GREECE 2000-2016
* at current prices
Source EUROSTAT
1.2. TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND INTENSITIES
The trend of final energy consumption in Greece has changed during the period 2000-2016 (Figure
4). During the period 2000-2007, a yearly average increasing by 3% in the final energy consumption,
led to a total increase of final energy consumption by 18%, from 18.7 Mtoe in 2000 to 22.1 Mtoe in
2007. This increase is occurred mainly because of the economic growth of the country and the new
habits that were adopted by final consumers, during this period. This growing trend mainly came
from the increase of oil consumption by 15% (10.7 Mtoe in 2000 to 14.7 Mtoe in 2007) and a major
increase in electricity consumption by 28% (3.7 Mtoe in 2000 to 4.7 Mtoe in 2007), as this products
are the basic energy sources that participate in the final energy mix in Greece (Figure 6).
However, both the implementation of measures to improve energy end-use efficiency and the
economic recession, have resulted in a significant reduction of final energy consumption in 2008-
2013. The total final energy consumption during this period follows an average decreasing trend of
6% per year and this subsequently led to a significant reduction of final energy consumption by 30%
during this period, from 22.1 Mtoe in 2007 to 15.3 Mtoe in 2013. This significant decrease was
caused mainly due to the reduction of both petroleum products and electricity by 41% and 12%,
respectively.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 10
In the period 2014-2016 a total increase in the final energy consumption by 8% is observed, from
15.5Mtoe in 2014 to 16.7Mtoe in 2016. The average increasing trend of this period is 3% per year.
This significant increase was caused mainly due to the increase of both petroleum products and
electricity by 8%.
Figure 3: Final energy consumption in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Figure 4: Yearly variation of Final energy consumption in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 11
Figure 5: Final energy consumption per fuel in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
During the period 2000-2016 the energy mix of the final consumption has changed. The introduction
of Natural Gas in 1998 led to the increase of the share of natural gas in the energy mix of the country
from 1% in 2000 to 6% in 2016 (Figure 6).
Moreover, the final energy consumption of renewable energy sources has also increased by 26% over
this period, mainly because of the implemented measures to promote the renewable energy sources
in all sectors which resulted to the increasing of the participation of renewables in the final energy
consumption from 6% in 2000 to 8% in 2016.
Finally, mainly because of the increasing cost of heating oil in the last years, the share of electricity
consumption in the final consumption has increased from 20% in 2000 to 27% in 2016, leading to the
reduction of the share of oil products in the final energy mix of the country. However, oil products
remain the dominant energy source of final consumers in Greece (Figure 6).
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 12
Figure 6: Share per fuel in final energy consumption mix in Greece 2000-20016
Source: ODYSSEE
The transport sector consumes the biggest part of final energy consumption in Greece with 6.8 Mtoe
in 2016 (Figure 7). Since 2008 to 2013, there was a reduction in consumption specifically in the
industrial, residential and agriculture sector, which is possibly due to the fact that these sectors were
the first ones which were affected by the economic recession. This fact had an influence in the final
energy consumption, which was further enhanced by the increase in energy prices. In the period
2014-2016 an increase in the consumption is observed.
Figure 7: Final Energy Consumption by sector in Greece 2000-20016
Source: ODYSSEE
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 13
The energy share of residential and transport sectors have been increased by 1% and 2%
correspondingly (Figure 8) comparing 2000 and 2016. On the other hand, the energy share of
industry and agriculture has decreased by 5% and 4% respectively for the same years. This is due to
the significant increase by 5% in the contribution of the tertiary sector in Greece's final energy
consumption, which is consistent with the orientation of the Greek economy, which is increasingly
evolving into a service economy, where the tertiary sector is gaining an ever increasing market share.
In the following chapters of this report a detailed analysis of all sectors is presented.
Figure 8: Share per sector in final energy consumption in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Concerning the overall energy intensities, two general indicators are generally used to characterize
the overall energy efficiency trends: the primary energy intensity (i.e. the ratio primary consumption
over GDP), and the final energy intensity (ratio final consumption over GDP). The primary intensity
provides an assessment of the energy productivity of the whole economy. The final intensity
characterizes the energy productivity of final consumers only. The final consumption, according to
the ODYSSEE definitions, excludes non-energy uses.
In 2016, primary and final energy intensity has decreased by 13% and 9% respectively compared to
2000 (Figure 9).
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 14
Figure 9: Primary and Final Energy Intensity Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
The Global energy efficiency index (ODEX) for Greece decreased regularly by 33%, between the years
2000 and 2016 mainly because of the energy efficiency measures that started to apply since 2008
and the economic crisis, leading to a total improvement in energy efficiency by 33% over these years
(Figure 10).
Figure 10: Global Energy efficiency index-ODEX, in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 15
1.3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY BACKGROUND
The main pillar of all the efforts towards achieving the EU target of improving energy efficiency was
Directive 2006/32/EC, transposed into Greek legislation by means of Law 3855/2010. Under this
Directive, and by extension the aforementioned Law, the National Energy Efficiency Action Plans
(NEEAPs) provide a framework for the development of a strategy at national level, to further improve
energy end-use efficiency through the implementation of concrete measures and policies in the
various energy end-use sectors.
In this context, national EEAPs consist of useful policy tool not only for meeting the obligation of
reporting to the EU on the applied and planned measures for energy end-use and savings achieved,
but also as a national energy policy tool focusing on the improvement of energy efficiency.
Moreover, they can also be used as an energy policy tool both at Community level, to help extract
aggregate and comparative results at EU level, and will contribute to developing a common European
energy policy.
In October 2012, the European Commission adopted the new Directive 2012/27/EU on energy
efficiency with clear focus on achieving the overall energy efficiency target of reducing primary
energy consumption by 20% by 2020. The requirement to amend Directive 2006/32/EC on energy
services and to adopt the new Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency was the result of the signs
of divergence in achieving the target of Directive 2006/32/EC which were apparent from the National
Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAP I & II) already submitted by the Member States, and the need
to update the legal framework for energy efficiency in the EU.
Directive 2012/27/EC came into force on 4 December 2012, repealing Directive 2006/32/EC and
Directive 2004/8/EC on cogeneration, with a deadline for compliance of 5 June 2014. Progress
towards the indicative energy savings target of 9% by 2016 under Directive 2006/32/EC is a
benchmark in the context of Directive 2012/27/EU and is part of this National Energy Efficiency
Action Plan (NEEAP).
The Directive 2012/27/EC was transposed into Greek legislation by the Law 4342/2015.
Thus, increasing energy efficiency is a key factor in meeting future challenges at both national and
European level. Reducing energy demand and focusing on improving energy efficiency are a key goal
of Greece in fulfilling its European commitments.
1.3.1. ENERGY EFFICIENCY TARGETS
The new Law 4342/2015 on energy efficiency sets several milestones demonstrating the trend of
compliance with the recommendations of the 2012/27/EU Directive.
The first milestone was the definition of the national energy efficiency target, as provided for in
Article 4 of the Law. The target was determined initially in the annual report on the implementation
of Directive 2012/27/EU, which was submitted in April 2013. However, under this NEEAP, this target
was updated to be consistent with the recently revised national energy strategy of the country up to
2030.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 16
More specifically, the energy efficiency target set for 2020 is to achieve final energy consumption
levels of 18.4 Mtoe. It was decided to base the target on final energy consumption taking account of
the fact that this determines the requirements and demand for energy and, at the same time, the
calculation models for predicting the development and evolution of the energy system used simulate
final energy consumption more effectively.
Moreover, primary energy consumption in 2020 will amount to 24.7 Mtoe, whereas the energy
intensity of primary energy consumption and the energy intensity of final energy consumption in the
Greek economy in 2020 will be equal to 0.109 and 0.081 koe/€ respectively. The target for 2020 is
derived from estimates of the development of both the Greek economy, and the implementation of
measures, actions and programmes for improving energy efficiency, penetration of RES and
achieving energy savings in final consumption and primary energy production.
Furthermore, the energy savings target for the period 2014-2020, as calculated under Article 9 of the
Law 4342/2015 concerning the adoption of energy efficiency obligation schemes, is 3,332.7 ktoe
(38.8 TWh) in total, out of which the total for all new annual savings is 902.1 ktoe (10.5 TWh). The
intermediate periods for monitoring progress towards reaching the total energy savings target, as
well as the new savings, are defined as the following periods:
a) (2014-2015, during which the intermediate total energy savings target will be 300.7 ktoe (3.5
TWh), and
b) 2016-2018, during which the intermediate total energy savings target will be 1.678.9 ktoe
(19.5 TWh).
Firstly, it was decided to meet the energy savings target exclusively by adopting appropriate
equivalent policy measures to ensure energy savings among final consumers, without setting up an
energy efficiency obligation scheme for obligated parties (retail energy sales companies and energy
distributors). Thus, alternative policy measures were established to achieve energy savings among
final consumers. The bodies which are responsible for implementing these measures are the
competent public authorities, and their final beneficiaries are central and the general government,
public and private sector businesses, as well as final consumers. Later on, the adoption and
implementation of the energy efficiency obligation scheme was decided and established under a
Ministerial Decision (No 174063 / 11.04.2017). Thus, from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2020 an
energy efficiency obligation scheme is in place which ensures that energy distributors and/or
retailers defined as obligated parties operating in the Greek territory will achieve a specific
cumulative end-use energy savings target.
Under Article 5 on the exemplary role of public bodies’ buildings, it was decided to renovate 3% of
the total floor area of heated and/or cooled buildings owned and occupied by the central
government without applying the alternative approach. Moreover, a list of heated and/or cooled
central government buildings with a total useful floor area over 500 m2 was published.
This section presents an overview of horizontal energy efficiency measures covered by Article 7 as
well as other horizontal measures that are not covered by Article 7 and have either been or will be
adopted for the implementation of Articles 19 and 20 of the EED.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 17
The two horizontal alternative measures presented here are:
SAVE and SAVE II programme for local government ogranisations
The purpose of the ‘SAVE’ (ΕΞΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΩ) programme is the implementation of actions and proven
best practices for reducing energy consumption in the urban environment, with emphasis on the
building sector (municipal buildings of 1st grade local authorities) and the upgrade of public spaces,
on one hand, and in the area of municipal and private transport and energy intensive municipal
facilities, on the other, through the implementation of technical interventions and actions to raise
awareness and mobilize citizens, the local government, businesses and bodies.
The call for continuation of the Programme was published in March 2012. The «SAVE ΙΙ»
(ΕΞΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΩ ΙΙ) provides financing to energy saving interventions in existing municipal buildings
and infrastructure of 1st grade local authorities, including open building facilities (swimming pools,
sports facilities etc.). It does not grant funding to projects launched by municipalities or municipal
units (municipalities formerly included in the ‘Kapodistrias’ plan) which are subsidized by the
‘Programme.
The programme ‘Standard demonstration projects on the use of Renewable Energy Sources and
Energy Saving Actions in new, under construction or existing buildings, gyms and swimming pools
owned by local authorities and municipal enterprises of local authorities’ grants financing to
demonstration projects using Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Saving Actions in new, under
construction or existing buildings, gyms and swimming pools owned by local authorities and
municipal enterprises of local authorities.
Furthermore, the participation of Greek municipalities in the European initiative ‘Covenant of
Mayors’ which aims at integrated energy planning at the local level and achieving specific
environmental objectives is supported and promoted both at central and at regional level.
The existing other horizontal measures not covered by Article 7 are the flowing ones:
Information system for monitoring energy efficiency improvement and achieved energy savings
This is a supporting action, the purpose of which is to develop an information system incorporating
all necessary digital services for energy modelling and statistical databases to support the national
policy for improving energy end-use efficiency, under the relevant national energy targets. The target
groups of this measure are:
The energy sector of the Ministry of the Environment and Energy , where the maximum use
of infrastructure and systems to be developed, will enable the efficient monitoring of the
directives on energy end-use efficiency and energy services, and other directives relating to
energy savings.
Businesses and professionals active in the field of energy savings and cogeneration, as well as
those to be active in the coming years, e.g. energy service companies, energy inspectors, etc.
Final consumers in the residential, tertiary, industrial, agriculture and transport sector.
Through the implementation of the information system, all the necessary tools related to the
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 18
quantitative monitoring of national targets will be provided, so that Energy Efficiency Action Plans
are designed and planned, and it will be further possible to ex post evaluate the degree of
implementation of the measures and the achievement of the National Energy Savings Targets
contained therein. The information system will be outward looking and will also form a key support
tool for the operators of the energy market, including companies providing energy services and
energy efficient equipment, end users, energy inspectors, energy decision makers etc.
Programmes to provide financial support for investment in energy saving technologies and
research
The measure concerns public aid for
private investment in renewable energy sources, cogeneration of heat / power / cooling,
energy saving and the substitution of conventional fuels through the resources of the
operational programmes and of the development law.
to promote cooperation between undertakings, research bodies and education
establishments on technological development and demonstration research projects with
long-term relevance to stimulate the production of innovative products and services with the
objective of:
reducing cost and promoting renewable energy sources (RES);
developing new technological applications, systems and energy efficiency
improvement materials;
Tax exemptions on energy savings interventions
The purpose of the measure is to introduce tax incentives to promote energy efficient technologies /
interventions.
The Article 25 of Law 4067/2012 (Government Gazette, Series I, No 79, 09-04-2012) ‘New Building
Code’, provides incentives for minimum energy consumption buildings. More specifically, incentives
are provided to increase the plot ratio to 10% in the case where the building has a particularly high
energy efficiency ratio or environmental performance.
The Law 4178/2013 ‘Tackling illegal building - Environmental Balance and other provisions’
(Government Gazette, Series I, No 174, 08-08-2013) provides that a joint decision of the Ministers for
Finance and for Environment, Energy and Climate Change may allow the amounts paid for services
rendered, work and materials on the energy upgrade and the structural adequacy of buildings
erected before 2003 to be offset against the special fine, up to 50% of the fine. Moreover, Article 51
provides that for legally existing uses of buildings or facilities which are retained, and also for uses
covered by building permits issued under Article 26 of Law 2831/2000, it is permitted, within a
period of three years, to carry out energy upgrading works and works on the layout of building with
the purpose of improving the environment, on the basis of the building regulations which were
applicable at the time the derogation was granted.
The Laws 4110/2013 (Government Gazette, Series I, No 17, 23-01-2013) and 4172/2013
(Government Gazette, Series I, No 167, 23-07-2013) repealed the exemptions for expenses for
energy efficiency improvement interventions, as implemented under Law 3522/2006 (Government
Gazette, Series I, No 276, 22-12-2006) and Law 3842/2010 (Government Gazette, Series I, No 58, 23-
04-2010).
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 19
However, the new legislation is expected to introduce a reduction in income tax at a specific
percentage of the costs for energy upgrading interventions of buildings which are performed after an
energy inspection and which relate to the following:
installing a new, or replacing the existing, burner and/or oil boiler system to install a natural
gas system (central or individual) or a system operated mainly by Renewable Energy Sources
or a high efficiency combined heat and power system or a district heating/cooling system,
making interventions in the existing distribution network system (automatic devices,
circulators, chimney, pipe replacement or insulation, etc.), including the terminal heat output
units (radiators, under floor heating system, etc.),
changing the central air conditioning installation from oil powered to natural gas powered or
installing a new natural gas system,
installing solar systems for hot water use and installing a central solar powered air
conditioning system,
installing decentralized power generation systems powered by renewable energy sources
(solar panels, small wind turbines) and cogeneration of electricity and cooling - heating with
natural gas or renewable sources, installing thermal insulation on the building envelope by
placing double energy glazing and heat insulated/ thermally broken window frames,
installing thermal insulation (external and internal) on the building envelope including the
flat roof/roof and the pilot (open parking space in place of the ground floor of the building),
installing automatic control devices for the heating system,
additional work required to complete implementation of the intervention,
the cost of an energy inspection by a qualified energy inspector.
The amount of the expenditure on which the above reduction is calculated may not exceed EUR
15,000.
Implementation of an energy management system (EMS) in the tertiary and public sectors
This in an institutional/ Regulatory measure wich is linked to the establishment of an Energy
Management System. In general, the Energy Management System is a process based on the
international or European standard (EN 16001 or ISO 50001) which aims at monitoring the energy
performance of a system to improve its energy efficiency and reduce energy costs.
Target group of this measure is all public sector buildings and buildings with overall surface area exceeding 1000 m
2
Article 8(1) of Law 3855/2010 provides for the gradual implementation of an energy management
system to all central and general government agencies. Article 8(1) of the this Law also states that
the principles, requirements and guidelines of the Energy Management System shall be determined
in accordance with the International or European Standard (EN 16001), as applicable from time to
time.
Green agricultural and island communities — New development model
The programme ‘Green rural and island communities - New development model’ aims to achieve
balanced, sustainable regional development while creating pioneering economies, highlighting the
particular characteristics of isolated communities, creating new jobs, strengthening various forms of
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 20
tourism, familiarizing the public and employees with Green Development practices. The direct result
and purpose of all the above will be to retain and increase the productive population.
The ultimate goal is to implement a new Green Development Standard, offering high added value
potential and prospects for the local economy.
The main objectives of the programme include addressing climate change and reducing air pollution,
achieving energy savings in public buildings and housing, improving thermal, optical and
environmental conditions in public buildings and housing, improving the microclimate of the broader
area, promoting RES and best solid waste management practices, recovering waste energy,
streamlining the facilities for water resources management and protection of vulnerable groups,
especially in extreme weather/climate conditions.
Creating a Rural or Green Island ‘Community’ may, for example, be accomplished through the
following interventions:
(1) Energy savings interventions in public buildings, (2) Transport, (3) Public lighting, (4) Excess RES
energy saving, (5) Bioclimatic upgrade of public spaces, (6) Management of Water Resources, (7)
Management of solid waste - biogas processing unit, (8) Generation of electricity using RES, (9)
Training, dissemination, networking and information actions.
For the period 2017-2020, two new horizontal measures to improve energy efficiency are
established. The main characterisitcs of these programmes are given below:
Energy upgrading of street lighting
This is a funding programme for the tertiary sector, targeting first and second-degree local authority
organizations.
The full title of this funding programme is: ‘Implementation of energy efficiency improvement actions
in street lighting facilities of local authority organisations’ and it is an initiative of the Greek
Consignment Deposits and Loans Fund, with the collaboration of the Centre for Renewable Energy
Sources and Saving (CRES), for the supply and installation of more energy-efficient equipment in the
street lighting facilities of first and second-degree local authority organisations, having the ultimate
goal of saving resources, reducing operating and maintenance costs, and improving the quality of the
lighting facilities of local authority organisations.
A low-interest loan will be raised from the Greek Consignment Deposits and Loans Fund, using
sources of funding of the European Investment Bank and the Greek Consignment Deposits and Loans
Fund. The loan granted will have a maturity of up to 10 years at a floating or fixed interest rate at the
option of the local authority organisations. It is possible for each interested local authority
organisation to apply for either the whole or part of the project budget, if it chooses to finance the
remaining part of the project from a different source of funding. The objective of the programme is
that the estimated annual reductions in the operating and maintenance costs of the street lighting
facilities that will result from its implementation can cover the servicing of the loan (Debt Coverage
Rate > 1) and bring economic benefit to the local authority organisations.
Private investment aid scheme for regional and economic development
This is a funding programme for the primary, industrial and tertiary sector. The target groups are
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 21
undertakings which are established or have a branch in Greece at the time of the start of the
investment project .
The categories of eligible costs of investment projects include:
Investment costs for energy-efficiency measures.
Investment costs for high-efficiency cogeneration from RES.
Costs for the production of primary energy from RES.
Costs for installing efficient district heating and cooling systems.
The implementing body is the Ministry of Economy and Development.
The following types of aid are granted to investment projects that are subject to the aid schemes:
Tax deduction.
Grant.
Financial leasing subsidy.
Subsidy for the cost of creating new jobs.
Stabilisation of income tax rate.
Ventura capital financing through a holding fund.
2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
2.1. ENERGY EFFICIENCY TRENDS
The building sector, which is consisting of the residential and tertiary sector, consumes the 38% of
the final energy in Greece (Figure 8). As these sectors show a different behaviour during the
examined period (2000-2016) concerning the trends in energy consumption, they are examined
separately in this section of the report.
2.1.1 RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
Since 2000, the final energy consumption in households has decreased by 5% from 4.5 Mtoe in 2000
to 4.2 Mtoe in 2016.
Although until 2006 the households’ final consumption was steadily increasing, the households
sector was one of the first sectors which sustain the effects of the economic recession in final energy
consumption. This fact, in combination with the energy efficiency measures that have been
implemented since 2007, led to the decrease of final consumption of household sector (Figure 11).
An increase in residential final consumption occurred in 2011 mainly because of the colder winter
(Figure 12). Another reason is that this year the government announced that a new tax in heating oil
will be implement in 2012, that would led to the increase of heating oil cost by 50%. These facts led
the consumers to procure the heating oil for the next years in 2011, leading to the significant
increase of final energy consumption in residential sector.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 22
Figure 11: Final Energy Consumption in Residential 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Figure 12: Final Energy Consumption by fuel, Residential 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
During the period 2000-2013 the energy mix of residential sector has change. From 2000 to 2006 the
petroleum products are the main fuels that are used by the residential sector (more than 50%, Figure
13). After 2006, by the introduction of Natural Gas in the energy mix of the country, part of the needs
of residential that had covered by petroleum products, started to cover by natural gas, fact that led
to the reduction of the percentage of petroleum products at the mix of final energy consumption.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 23
After 2012, because of the high cost of petroleum products the main fuel that is consumed in the
residential sector is the electricity (40%). Moreover in 2016, because of measures for promoting the
renewable energy sources, the percentage of these increased by 7% compare to the average
percentage of the period 2000-2010, from 17% to 24% respectively (Figure 13).
Figure 13: Share in final Energy Consumption by fuel in Residential 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
The biggest part of final energy consumption in households is consuming for space heating (Figure
14). Households in 2000 consumed for space heating 3.1 Mtoe against 2.8 Mtoe in 2015; namely a
13% total reduction in space heating energy consumption. The energy share of electric appliances
and lighting, between the years 2000 and 2015 has increased by 6% (Figure 15) because of the
increase of their number and size. The energy consumption for cooking and hot water production
remains almost constant during the period 2000-2015, with a slight increase for cooking in the period
2013-2015 (Figure 15).
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 24
Figure 14: Final Energy Consumption by End Use in Residential 2000-2015
Source: ODYSSEE
Figure 15: Share of Final Energy Consumption by Energy Use in Residential 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 25
The residential energy efficiency index (ODEX) Greece decreased regularly by an average of 2%, in
the period 2000 - 2016 mainly because of the energy efficiency measures that started to apply since
2008 and the economic recession, leading to a total improvement in energy efficiency by 30% over
these years (Figure 16).
Figure 16: Residential Energy Efficiency Index-ODEX, in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 26
2.1.2 SERVICE SECTOR
Although until 2008 the service sector final consumption was steadily increased by 7% average per
year, the service sector was one of the first sectors which sustain the effects of the economic
recession in final energy consumption (Figure 17). This fact led to the decrease of final consumption
of the sector, since 2009, with exemption 2012 where a slight increase has occurred, mainly because
of the increase of electricity consumption (Figure 18). Also an increase is observed in the period
2014-2016, with an average increase of 9% per year (Figure 17).
Figure 17: Final Energy Consumption in Services in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Figure 18: Final Energy Consumption by Fuel in Services in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 27
The energy mix that is consuming in tertiary sector remains stable, with an exemption of the
introduction of Natural gas. The electricity remains the main fuel with a percentage of 79% in the
overall energy consumption of the sector (Figure 19).
Figure 19: Share of Final Energy Consumption by Fuel in Services in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
2.2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICIES
Under Article 5 of Directive 27/2012/EE on the exemplary role of public bodies’ buildings, it was
decided to renovate 3% of the total floor area of heated and/or cooled buildings owned and
occupied by the central government without applying the alternative approach. Moreover, a list of
heated and/or cooled central government buildings with a total useful floor area over 500 m2 was
published.
Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament were transposed into national law by Law
4122/2013 ‘Energy efficiency of buildings – transposing Directive 2010/31/EU of the European
Parliament and of the Council, and other provisions’ (Government Gazette, Series I, No 42, 19-02-
2013).
Article 9(2) of this law provides for establishing a national plan to increase the number of nearly zero-
energy buildings, which may include different goals depending on the category of use of the building,
and notifying it to the European Commission.
A study is currently being completed in accordance with the reporting requirements set out in the
EPBD Directive (2010/31/EU). Specifically, the study includes:
specifications of the technical characteristics of nearly-zero energy buildings, taking into
account national, regional or local conditions, including an indicator of primary energy use in
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 28
kilowatt-hours per square meter per year (kWh/m2/year),
information on the policies and financial or other measures taken to promote nearly-zero
energy buildings, including details of national requirements and measures for the use of
energy from renewable sources in new buildings and existing buildings undergoing major
renovation,
Moreover, Article 10(2) of Law 4122/2013 provides for measures, funding programmes and other
means to improve the energy efficiency of new and existing buildings. In establishing incentives, the
cost-optimal energy efficiency levels along with the costs and benefits of energy efficiency
investments to society are taken into account. The joint decision of the Ministers for Finance,
Environment, Energy and Climate Change and of any other competent minister, specifying the
measures stated in Article 10(2), is pending.
The list of heated and/or cooled central government buildings in accordance with Article 5 of
Directive 2012/27/EC was posted on YPEKA’s website on 31 December 2013. The list contained
heated and/or cooled buildings of central government with a total useful floor area of over 500 m2.
The identification of the bodies of the central government was based on the definition of the Central
Administration provided in Article 2 of Law 3871/ 2010 ‘Financial management and accountability’
(Government Gazette, Series I, No 141) in accordance with which the Central Government is
comprised by the Presidency of the Republic, the Ministries, the Decentralized Administrations and
the Independent Authorities.
The list was drafted based on information from the Special Department for Strategic Planning,
Coordination and Implementation of Programmes (EYSSEP) of the Ministry of Administrative Reform
and E-Governance, as derived from a project deliverable implemented under the Administrative
Reform Operational Programme entitled ‘Recording and Analysis of Current Situation’ and involves
the recording of the central government’s building infrastructure, with sufficient identification data,
taking into account changes that have occurred in ownership due to the sale by the Hellenic Republic
Asset Development Fund (HRADF). This process resulted in the drafting of a final list of 82 buildings,
with a total floor area of 309 712 m2.
Finally, in Article 5(7) of the Directive sets the necessary framework for public bodies at regional and
local level to be encouraged to play an exemplary role as regards energy efficiency of buildings.
In the following paragraphs an overview of the existing and new measures for the mobilisation of
investments for the renovation of residential and tertiary sector buildings are presented.
The existing measures comprise to the following ones:
Regulation on the Energy Performance of Buildings
Law 3661/2008 ‘Measures to reduce energy consumption in buildings and other provisions’
(Government Gazette, Series I, No 89, 19-05-2008) harmonizes Greek legislation with Directive
2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy
performance of buildings (OJ L1, 4.1.2003).
Law 3661/2008 incorporates all the provisions of the Directive, provides for the adoption of a
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 29
Regulation on the Energy Performance of Buildings and distinguishes five main themes: definition of
minimum energy performance requirements and the method for calculating energy performance
(Article 3) of new and existing buildings (Articles 4 and 5), issue of energy performance certificate
(Article 6), inspections to boilers and air-conditioning systems (Articles 7 and 8), provision of qualified
and accredited energy inspectors (Article 9).
The regulation on the energy performance of buildings (KENAK) introduced an integrated energy
design in the sector of buildings to improve the energy efficiency of buildings, energy savings and
environmental protection through specific actions:
1. Preparation of a study on the Energy Performance of Buildings
2. Establishing of minimum requirements for energy efficiency in buildings
3. Energy Rating of Buildings (Energy Performance Certificate)
4. Energy inspections to buildings, boilers and heating and air conditioning systems
The Study on the Energy Performance of Buildings replaces the study on heat insulation and is
prepared for every new or existing building (over 50m2), which undergoes a complete renovation and
is be based on a specific methodology covering:
a) the requirement to meet minimum standards on the design, envelope and
electromechanical installations of buildings and
b) its comparison with the reference building. Reference building means a building with the
same geometry, position, orientation, use and operating characteristics as the building
concerned, which also meets minimum standards and has specific technical characteristics.
Saving at home’ programme
The ‘Saving at Home’ programme aimed at providing financial incentives for energy-saving
interventions in the residential building sector with a view to reducing energy needs. The types of
housing that can be subsidized by the programme are: Single-family houses, Apartment blocks for
the part of the block which relates to all the apartments in the building, Individual apartments.
The proposal (combination of interventions) for energy upgrade which is submitted with the
application should cover the following requirement which is the minimum energy objective of the
Programme: it must upgrade by at least one energy class or, alternatively, provide an annual primary
energy savings greater than 30% of the reference building consumption (kWh/m2).
Beneficiaries were categorized based on income and societal criteria in 3 different categories, and
the level of subsidy and low interest loan was differentiated accordingly.
The applications completed by June 2016 as part of the ‘Saving at home’ programme amounted to
51,659 of a total budget of €529million. 83 % of the completed applications involved the
replacement of window frames, 53.9 % thermal insulation and 71.6 % upgrade of the heating system
and domestic hot water supply. The total area of renovated residences amounts to 5.2 million m2
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 30
resulting in total annual primary energy savings of 853.6 GWh.
Mandatory installation of solar thermal systems in new residential buildings
Solar thermal systems will replace 50-100% of conventional fuels and electricity, depending on the
climatic conditions in each area, the load and the position of the building.
Article 8(3)(f) of Ministerial Decision D6/B/oik.5825/09.04.2010 ‘Adoption of Regulation on the
Energy Performance of Buildings’, and Article 10(3) of Law 3851/2010 ‘Accelerating the development
of Renewable Energy Sources to address climate change and other provisions relating to issues with
the competence of the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change’ (Government Gazette,
Series I, No 85, 04-06-2010), requires the use of solar thermal systems to cover part of hot water
needs. The minimum percentage of the solar share on an annual basis is set at 60%.
Energy upgrading of social housing buildings - ‘Green pilot urban neighbourhood’ programme
The objective of the programme is to upgrade four industrial buildings to nearly zero energy
buildings and optimise the local microclimate.
The programme will present the pilot-demonstration and innovative implementation of integrated
development and implementation of green and sustainable urban housing units, which are occupied
by low-income citizens, and are part of an optimized urban environment. The main criteria for the
selection of neighbourhoods were the economic level of residents, the potential energy savings in
the buildings and the prospects for significant improvement of the local microclimate. The
implementation plan of projects for each neighbourhood includes the following stages:
Stage 1: Information, social and business awareness and involvement
Stage 2: Energy recording of buildings and microclimate conditions
Stage 3: Energy study and drafting of specifications issue
Step 4: Tender notice for the projects
Step 5: Evaluation of proposals and selection of contractors Stage 6: Construction, supervision and
delivery of project Stage 7: Evaluation of benefits and demonstration activities
This programme is based on voluntary agreements.
Mandatory installation of solar thermal systems in tertiary sector buildings
Strengthening SMEs active in manufacturing, tourism and trade – services
The programme ‘Strengthening SMEs active in manufacturing, tourism and trade - services’ aims to
provide support to micro-enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises, whether they are
existing, new or in the process of being established, which are making investments which are
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 31
oriented towards innovations, the environment and information technology.
The Programme is open to:
Existing enterprises that, by 31 December 2011, have two or more closed fiscal years with
duration of at least twelve months and which, among other requirements, must have their
declared KAD(s) before the submission of the proposal.
New enterprises/enterprises in the process of becoming established that must have their
declared KAD(s) before the submission of the proposal. Enterprises in the process of
becoming established must have their declared KAD(s) before the first disbursement of the
grant.
Procurement costs for environmental protection and energy saving equipment and installations are
eligible under the programme. Examples of operations eligible for funding are:
1) Building works, electromechanical and specialized installations, directly either to energy savings or
environmental protection, in production, storage, distribution and administration areas of
undertakings:
Upgrading the central heating system to an environmentally friendly one
Replacing glass panes and/or panels with new energy efficient ones that meet the
requirements of the Regulation on the Energy Performance of Buildings
Heat insulation of buildings
Planted flat roofs
Insulation of heating/cooling transmission networks
(2) Purchase - transport - installation of environmental protection equipment and systems:
Installation of a RES system or heat pumps for hot water production and/or heating/cooling
purposes
Replacing old burner/boiler systems with a new high efficiency one or a natural gas system
Equipment and operations to reduce water consumption,
Equipment and operations for liquid and solid waste management,
Equipment and operations to reduce air pollutants and nuisance, Equipment and operations
on reducing soil, subsoil, water and air pollution,
Replacing electrical/electronic devices with new ones in energy class A,
Installation of lighting control system with motion sensors,
Installation of external shading,
New measures for the renovation of buildings are also programmed of the period 2017-2020. These
measures comprise to the following ones:
Regulation on the Energy Performance of Buildings
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 32
‘Saving at home II’ programme
This is the follow up of the ‘Saving at home’ programme.and it involves the implementation of
interventions to improve the energy performance of residences that are proved to have low energy
performance and belong to low-income owners who cannot fully fund on their own the energy
upgrade of their residence, or in which interventions going beyond the minimum required levels of
energy performance will be implemented.
This programme started in 2018 and is funded by the European Union (European Regional
Development Fund (ERDF) and National Resources, through the Regional Operational Programmes
(ROP) and Operational Programme ‘Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship, Innovation’ (OP-CEI) of NSRF
2014-2020. The total public expenditure of the programme amounts to EUR 292.18 million (EUR
248.06 million from the OP-CEI Operational Programme ‘Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship,
Innovation’ and EUR 44.12 million from the ROPs -Regional Operational Programmes).
Improving the energy efficiency of SMEs
This measure aims to support micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in order to improve their
energy efficiency. It provides financial incentives.
The action involves:
- Interventions in the building envelope: Thermal insulation, window frames/glazing, shading
systems.
- Upgrade of internal electrical installations and power distribution systems.
- Upgrade of systems for the production and distribution of thermal energy both for
cooling/heating purposes and in production. (e.g. hot water/steam generating equipment
and systems, waste heat recovery equipment, etc.).
- Upgrade or inclusion of new materials and equipment to reduce energy losses.
- Upgrade of lighting equipment.
- Installation of energy management systems.
- Energy inspections and/or energy audits before and after assessing the energy outcome.
- Certification of the energy management system according to ISO 50001.
- Project consultant.
- Other interventions, as specified in the guide.
Interventions do not include production equipment. Specific objectives (desired outcomes) and
eligible budget limits will be set for each of these interventions.
The action is funded by the European Union [European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)] and
National Resources, through the Operational Programme ‘Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship,
Innovation’ (OP-CEI) 2014-2020. The total budget of the action amounts to EUR 64.06 million and the
total public expenditure amounts to EUR 32.3 million.
Replacement of oil-fired heating systems with gas-fired ones in residences
This measure involves the subsidy for the cost of the internal gas installation to replace existing oil-
fired heating systems in residences, with a view to reducing emissions of gaseous pollutants by
improving the energy efficiency of residential heating systems and increasing gas penetration in
urban areas.
The target group is low-income owners who cannot fully fund on their own the replacement of the
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 33
existing oil-fired heating system with a natural gas system.
This action will strengthen residences located in low-price zones of Attica where the penetration of
natural gas is low.
The action is funded by the European Union [European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)] and
National Resources, through the Operational Programme ‘Transport Infrastructure, Environment and
Sustainable Development’ (2014-2020). The current budget for this action is EUR 5 million.
There are also some existing measures in place, which target public buildings, in order to meet the
obligations set under Article 7 of Law 4342/2015 on the exemplary role of buildings belonging to
public bodies. These measures comprise to the followings:
- Integrated energy planning of local authority organisations and Covenant of Mayors
- Energy savings interventions on public buildings
- Interventions to improve energy efficiency in school buildings
- Compulsory installation of central solar thermal systems to meet domestic hot water
requirements
- Compulsory replacement of all low energy efficiency light fittings in the public sector and
the wider public sector
- Energy managers in public sector and general government buildings’ There are also two new policy measures for the energy upgrade of public buildings which are presented below: Energy upgrading of public buildings This measure belongs to the category grant –exemplary role of the public sector and aims at energy
upgrading of energy-intensive public buildings, exploiting the potential for energy savings and
improving energy efficiency in the building sector, with public sector buildings being an example to
mobilise the entire economy.
The upgrades will, inter alia, include:
1. Energy upgrading and energy savings interventions, such as adding insulation, replacing
window frames and glazing with new certified, energy-efficient ones, replacing burner
systems/boilers/piping with a RES system, replacing old air conditioning systems, passive
solar systems, etc
2. RES projects such as construction of a high efficiency cogeneration of heat and power facility,
construction of a facility for making use of the heat produced from the HECHP and/or RES
facility for cooling purposes, etc.
Specific requirements for the energy upgrade of public buildings will be defined with a view to
implementing interventions that exceed the minimum required energy efficiency levels or, if
economically and technically feasible, their upgrading to energy classes B+, A, A+, or to Nearly Zero
Consumption Buildings. Meeting the energy target will be ensured through the conduct of an energy
audit by an energy inspector both before and after the implementation of the interventions. The
programme is funded by the European Union [European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)] and
National Resources, through the Regional Operational Programmes (ROP) and Operational
Programme ‘Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship, Innovation’ (OP-CEI) and the Operational
Programme ‘Transport Infrastructure, Environment and Sustainable Development’ (OP-TIESD) of
NSRF 2014-2020. The total public expenditure of the operation amounts to EUR 244.93 million. The
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 34
public expenditure as part of the call titled ‘Energy Upgrading and Energy Savings Actions and
Utilisation of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in Sports Facilities’ amounts to EUR 27 million.
Holding Fund under the name ‘Infrastructure Fund – Projects for the energy upgrade of public buildings This measure belongs to the category grant –exemplary role of the public sector. The Holding Fund
under the name ‘Infrastructure Fund’ - which was set up with Ministerial Decision No
6269/29.11.2017 (Government Gazette, Series II, No 4159), aims at maximising the use of the
Financial Instruments to cover the financial gap, inter alia in the fields of Energy Saving and
Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). As part of the Fund, resources from the Operational
Programme ‘Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship, Innovation’ (OP-CEI) relating to these areas will be
drawn, in conjunction with national resources from a European Investment Bank (EIB) loan and
repayments of the JESSICA financial instrument for the period 2007-2013. The liquidity of public and
private entities will be strengthened through the Infrastructure Fund, for the implementation of
projects with favourable funding conditions. In the energy sector, the projects that will be financed
by the Infrastructure Fund and are related to the resources to be allocated by OP-CEI will concern
projects for the energy upgrading of public buildings, as well as projects for the production and
distribution of energy from RES.
The Fund draws resources from the Operational Programme ‘Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship,
Innovation’ (OP-CEI), in conjunction with national resources from a European Investment Bank (EIB)
loan and repayments of the JESSICA financial instrument for the period 2007-2013. The total
resources of the Fund amount to EUR 450 million, while the resources of OP-CEI in the energy sector
amount to EUR 128.7 million.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 35
3. ENERGY EFFIENCY IN TRANSPORT
3.1. ENERGY EFFICIENCY TRENDS
Since 2000 to 2009, the final energy consumption in transport has increased by 26% from 7.3 Mtoe in
2000 to 9.2 Mtoe in 2009 (Figure 20). This growing trend mainly comes from the increase of oil
consumption by 25% (7.28 Mtoe in 2000 to 9.1 Mtoe in 2009) (Figure 21)
Due to economic recession and the energy efficiency measures that were implemented after 2007,
the steadily increase of final energy consumption until 2009, has reversed after this year (Figure 20).
The total energy consumption of the sector has been reduced by 32% in the period 2009-2013,
mainly because of the reduction of petroleum products consumption by 31% (Figure 21). In the
period 2013-2016 a slight increase is observed by 7%.
Figure 20: Final Energy Consumption in Transport in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 36
Figure 21: Final Energy Consumption by fuel in Transport in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Since 2006, the introduction of Natural Gas and biofuels in the energy mix had as a result a slight
decreasing trend by 2% in the share of petroleum products in the energy mix of transport sector.
Petroleum products remain though the dominant fuel in transport sector (Figure 22).
Figure 22: Share of Final Energy Consumption by Fuel in Transport, Greece 2000-2016
*Gas, electrical energy, renewable energies
Source: ODYSSEE
The energy consumption in all transport modes has decreased following the trends of the total sector
(Figure 23). The biggest part of final energy consumption in transport is consumed by road transport
with a share of 88% at the total final consumption of the sector (Figure 24). The trend in the fuel mix
remains almost stable during the period 2000-2016.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 37
Figure 23: Final Energy Consumption by mode in Transport 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Figure 24: Share by mode in Transport 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
The share by type of vehicles remains basically constant during the period 2000-2016. The cars are
responsible for the biggest energy consumption of the road transport with an average share of 57%
in the final consumption of the mode. Trucks and light vehicles consume the 38% of the total
consumption of road mode (Figure 25).
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 38
Figure 25: Share by vehicle in road transport in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
In 2013, the overall energy efficiency of the transport sector has improved by 31% compared to 2000
(Figure 26).
Figure 26: Energy Efficiency Index in Transport 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 39
3.2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICIES
In this section the policy measures implemented to improve energy efficiency in passenger and
freight transport and to move towards more sustainable modes of transport are presented.
Reshaping of the public transport system
This measure aims to increase the percentage of citizens using public transport.
The facilitation of the task of public transport was done with the objective of increasing the share of
passenger demand for fixed rail and road public transport.
The objective is to increase the percentage of public transport use from 26.6% in 2008 to 35% in
2016.
In order to determining energy savings, a documented system has been applied to collect and
process information so that the implementation of this measure can be monitored and evaluated.
Many of the actions of the measure have been completed in the capital region and include:
Improvement of public transport route planning.
Linking of new routes to existing ones.
Creation of organised parking spaces near to bus stops and metro stations.
Information systems for the travelling public.
The following actions are in the planning stage for all the urban centres in the country that are
subject to an organizational framework of operation for the public transport system.
Improving the reliability of public transport by the use of smart control and management
systems on transport networks.
Facilitating the connection and functionality of existing transport networks (i.e. between
different means of transport and different geographical areas).
Smart ticket charging and cancelling systems.
Monitoring the quality of service provided by public transport with the aim of increasing their
share in passenger transport.
Transport infrastructure projects
The objective of the measure is to shorten travel time for cars and public transport and thereby to
improve transport quality and safety and achieve energy savings. Additionally, the construction of
appropriate infrastructure will increase the viability of alternatives (walking, cycling, etc.). Increased
use of fixed rail transport will help to reduce private car use and bring energy savings.
Through the development programme ‘Third Community Support Framework’ 2000-2008, a series of
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 40
infrastructure projects have been completed and delivered, contributing to the intermediate energy
savings target for 2010. These include:
Extension of the Athens Metro
Extension of the suburban railway in the wider Athens region
New national and regional trunk routes.
Moreover, the following actions have been implemented at the initiative of Municipalities across the
country:
Creation of low traffic circulation streets
Creation of pavements and cycling paths
Street lighting using RES
Actions that are underway and whose implementation will be completed by 2016 include:
Creation of new infrastructure (road improvements, new bus lanes, installation of smart
traffic lights for public transport, modernization and extension of the rail network, etc.)
New metro in Thessaloniki
Installation of RES in urban and municipal transport remote service points (stops, ticket
vendors, stationmasters etc.) for energy saving purposes
Development of urban mobility plans
The objective of the measure is the improvement of mobility and of travel safety, curtailing of
individual travel by private car, energy savings. It is implemented in the large municipalities of Athens
and Thessaloniki and in other urban centres.
Actions:
Optimization of private car use (car-sharing).
Car-sharing has been implemented successfully in other European cities (Barcelona, Bremen, etc.)
and is used by bodies or in company schemes which have a lot of vehicles for the travel of members /
customers between specific pick-up points and parking areas. The body or company pays the costs of
purchase, operational management and maintenance of the fleet and the customer / member is
charged in accordance with usage time and the distance covered. In Greece, and specifically in
Athens, car-sharing has been run on a pilot basis by CRES in cooperation with a private rent a car
company since the beginning of 2011.
Promotion of travel by foot and bicycle.
(Karditsa, Trikala and Thessaloniki have networks of bike path) and it is planned to develop several
tens of kilometers in Athens and other Greek cities and islands.
In Athens, carrying bikes on trams and the electric railway has been permitted.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 41
Development of mobility plans at large companies, schools, tourism sites, hospitals and event venues,
etc.
The development of mobility plans involves actions which promote the avoidance of individual travel
in separate cars by large numbers of people who have the same destination at a defined time; for
example, free tickets for travel to and from the workplace by public transport, travel in buses of
employers, access to park-and-ride and group car use.
Gradual implementation, with pilot demonstration actions which will be an example for further
development and other areas, is being provided for.
Promotion of economical, safe and eco-driving.
Eco-driving is a new way of driving which combines simple driving techniques with rules of
maintenance. This leads to a fuel saving of 5-20%, cuts pollutant emissions, causes less noise
pollution and reduces the number of accidents.
CRES, as a promoter of the measure, has implemented the following actions:
1. Information campaign
Creation of the website for the National Campaign www.ecodriving.gr
Publication of printed and electronic information and educational material
Organization and participation in numerous events to promote economical/ecological driving
Development of computational and educational tools
2. Training of professional drivers
Pilot training activities have been implemented for all types of vehicles for transport operators in the
public, wider public and private sectors.
Moreover, Article 8(3)(d) of Law 3855/2010 ‘Measures to improve energy efficiency in end use,
energy services and other provisions’ stipulates the implementation of training courses to promote
economical eco-driving to vehicle drivers in the public and the wider public sector.
3. Incorporation of eco-driving in the training for the driving license.
Since 2009, the main principles of economical-ecological driving have been incorporated in the new
theoretical training textbooks for learner drivers. The ultimate goal is to standardize the certification
process for driving instructors and to comprehensively integrate economical-ecological driving in the
theoretical and practical training of learner drivers and in the retraining process for professional
drivers.
4. Education of private vehicle drivers through seminars.
It is to be applied on a large scale after the Incorporation of eco-driving in the educational process for
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 42
obtaining a driving license has been completed.
Incentives for the replacement of private vehicles and to promote the use of energy-efficient
vehicles (vehicles fuelled by biofuels and hybrid vehicles)
The purpose of the measure is to provide financial and tax incentives to replace old energy-intensive
vehicles with new, state-of-the-art ones and to promote energy efficient vehicles.
Decree-Law 16.9.2009/2 ‘Measures to address air pollution’ provides for the following economic
incentives:
Tax incentives for alternative technology vehicles (natural gas vehicles, hybrid vehicles), and
vehicles or improved engine specifications (EuroVΙ) (Article (2) (1)(A). Circulation taxes were
adjusted and are now calculated based on the engine capacity and the environmental
pollution caused by the engine of vehicles.
Financial incentives for scrapping of private cars [Article 3(1), Table 4) A subsidy is provided
for vehicle scrapping. The amount of subsidy depends on the engine capacity of the vehicle
withdrawn. Additional funding is provided for the purchase of new vehicles with EURO 4 and
EURO 5 engines.
The implementation of this legislative act stopped on 3 November 2009 with 140,000 vehicles having
been scrapped.
The measure of private car scrapping was resumed by means of Ministerial Decision ΔΕΦΚ
5006718ΕΞ2001/11.02.2011 ‘Incentives to replace old technology cars’ (Government Gazette, Series
II, No 246, 11-02-2011). New private passenger cars with an engine capacity of up to 2,000 cc that
meet the requirements of Directive 1998/69/EC ‘Phase B’ or later, or Regulation, and are intended to
replace private passenger cars withdrawn from circulation to be scrapped, are exempt from the
registration fee at a rate that depends on the engine capacity and the taxable value of the new car,
as defined in Article 8(2)(a) of Law 3899/2010 ‘Urgent measures for the implementation of the
assistance programme of the Greek economy’ (Government Gazette, Series I, No 212, 17-12-2010).
Eco-labelling – Energy label for cars
The target of the measure is for the majority of vehicles to have improved energy efficiency and
lower emissions.
The measure is applied in Greece under Ministerial Decision No 90364/31.01.2002 ‘Programme for
raising awareness and providing information to consumers on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in
respect of the marketing of new passenger cars’ (Government Gazette, Series II, No 110, 31-01-2002)
(transposing Directive 1999/94/EC).
The measure has not had the anticipated results because the responsible vehicle sellers have not
publicized it appropriately at car shows. However, many companies highlight the label with the
minimum requirements of the Directive.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 43
For this reason, it is necessary to take the following measures for immediate implementation of the
measure:
Road transport - mainly passenger cars:
Raising the awareness of the public on their contribution to the problems of climate change and
environmental pollution are promoted. More specifically, actions to provide the public with
systematic information with the objective of ensuring the majority of vehicles have lower fuel
consumption and lower emissions.
Compulsory quotas of vehicles with greater energy efficiency in the fleets of the public services and
of public bodies
The target of the measure is for the majority of vehicles to have improved energy efficiency and
lower emissions.
About 600 new natural gas public transport buses were procured under the 3rd Community Support
Framework 2000-2006.
According to article 8(3)(a) and (b) of the Law 3855/2010 requires:
a quota of clean vehicles;
a procedure to replace old medium and heavy vehicles;
setting energy efficiency as a selection criterion in the procurement process of public services
and organizations.
Linking of vehicle taxation to energy efficiency and CO2 emissions
The purpose of the measure is to promote vehicles with lower fuel consumption and lower
emissions.
Circulation tax is henceforth directly linked with each vehicle’s pollutants, namely carbon dioxide
emissions. The amount of the tax is calculated by multiplying CO2 g/km of the vehicle by the
coefficient applicable to each scale.
Range Coefficient
From 0 to 100 CO2 g/km 0
From 101 to 120 CO2 g/km 0.8
From 121 to 140 CO2 g/km 1.00
From 141 to 160 CO2 g/km 1.50
From 161 to 180 CO2 g/km 2.00
From 181 to 200 CO2 g/km 2.25
From 201 to 250 CO2 g/km 2.50
Above 251 CO2 g/km 3.00
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 44
Replacing old public and private light trucks
The objective of the measure is the replacement of old public and private light trucks which meet
EURO III standards with new vehicles which meet EURO V standards.
Private new technology light trucks (up to 2 000 cc), bought in place of old ones, will be partially or
wholly exempted from the specific registration fee.
Replacing old private passenger vehicles
The measure aims at replacing public and private old passenger vehicles which meet EURO III
standards with new vehicles which meet EURO V standards. Under the measure, private new
technology passenger vehicles (up to 2000 cc) bought in place of old ones will be partially or wholly
exempted from the specific registration fee. Old vehicles are sent for scrapping (retired) under the
approved system for alternative management of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs).
Promotion of CNG and LPG-powered passenger vehicles
This measure involves the provision of incentives to facilitate the market penetration of private
passenger vehicles fuelled by compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
Introduction of electric vehicles and electric vehicle recharging points
The measure involves the provision of favourable tax incentives and subsidies for the purchase of
electric vehicles of any type for private motorists and public agencies operating vehicle fleets. In
addition to the purchase of vehicles, this measure will include a subsidy for the construction of public
and private vehicle recharging points, powered mainly by renewable energy sources and/or
conventional energy sources.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 45
4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRY
4.1. ENERGY EFFICIENCY TRENDS
Since 2000, the final energy consumption in industry has significant decreased by 30% from 4.5 Mtoe
in 2000 to 3.1 Mtoe in 2016 (Figure 27). Although until 2007 the industry’s final consumption was
almost stable, the industry sector was one of the first sectors which sustain the effects of the
economic recession in final energy consumption. This fact led a decreasing trend of final
consumption of industry until 2013. In the period 2014-2016 a slight increase of 9% is observed.
Figure 27: Final Energy Consumption in Industry 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
The petroleum products remain the main fuels in industry, and their reduction by 50% (1.95 Mtoe in
2000 to 0.98 Mtoe in 2013) is the main driver for the reduction of the total energy consumption of
the sector. A slight increase is observed in the period 2014-2016, reaching 1.2Mtoe in 2016.
Moreover a significant reduction in solid fuels and renewable sources by 78% and 25% respectively,
is noted from 2000 to 2016. Electricity consumption also decreases by 17%, from 1.17 Mtoe in 2000
to 0.97 Mtoe in 2016. The only fuel that is increasing is the Natural gas from 0.24 Mtoe in 2000 to
0.55 Mtoe in 2016 (Figure 28).
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 46
Figure 28: Final Energy Consumption by fuel in Industry 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Petroleum products remain the dominant fuel that is consumed in industry sector. Nevertheless, the
share of petroleum products in the energy mix of the sector is decreasing during the period 2000-
2016 (reduction of 5% from 2000 to 2016). The main reasons for this reduction is the introduction of
natural Gas in the energy market and the use of cheaper electricity, which lead to increase of their
consumption by 13% and 5% respectively, in 2016 compare to 2000. The infiltration of renewable
energies remains stable, and they represent around 6% of the total consumption of industry sector
(Figure 29).
Figure 29: Share of Final Energy Consumption by Fuel in Industry in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 47
The energy consumption has reduced or remained almost stable in all industrial branches (Figure 30).
The branch with the greatest reduction in energy consumption is Textiles, clothing, leather industry
which consumption reduces from 0.21 Mtoe in 2000 to 0.04 Mtoe in 2015.
Figure 30: Final Energy Consumption by Branch in Industry in Greece 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
The energy efficiency index has improved by 13% in 2013 compared to 2000 (Figure 31). This
improvement in the energy efficiency index was the result of major decreases in chemical (41%) steel
(42%) and paper (46%) industry.
Figure 31: Energy Efficiency Index-ODEX in Industry 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 48
4.2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICIES
In this section the measures aimed at improving energy efficiency in industry are presented.
Relocation of enterprises to industrial-business zones and business parks
The purpose of the programme ‘Relocation of enterprises to industrial-business zones and business
parks’ is to improve competitiveness through economies of scale for the enterprises to be relocated,
so that they can operate in organised premises, and to eliminate the nuisance caused and the
problems faced by manufacturing firms located within the urban fabric or other inappropriate areas
or in areas which they should leave.
The objectives of the programme include managing environmental resources and natural beauty in a
sustainable way, fostering extroversion in business activity, strengthening entrepreneurship and
support structures and streamlining enterprises’ receiving infrastructure, reducing the intensity of
energy use in organizations with high operational costs and creating conditions for strengthening
business activity and employment.
Existing manufacturing enterprises which started operating before 1 January 2009 can join the
programme. For this programme, existing manufacturing enterprises are defined as having
completed at least three years of operation.
Moreover, they should have a turnover of more than EUR 30,000 in the last fiscal year 2012 (FY 2011)
or more than EUR 100,000cumulatively over the last three fiscal years.
The following are eligible to be financed under the programme: energy saving interventions
(installing building envelope insulation, heat insulated window frames, energy class A air-
conditioning units, energy saving light bulbs, high-efficiency burners and boilers, exhaust heat
recovery, etc.). The procurement costs of equipment for energy self-production from RES and
substitution of fuels with natural gas or LPG are also eligible. More specifically, financing is provided
for the following:
high-efficiency burners and boilers;
equipment to substitute oil with natural gas or LPG;
equipment for exhaust heat recovery from boilers, air discharged from ventilation units,
cooler condensers, etc.;
equipment to substitute electricity or other conventional fuels with natural gas or LPG;
equipment to install heat and power cogeneration systems;
equipment to install systems for electricity generation from RES;
equipment to install combined heating and cooling systems that use solar energy and
biomass for own consumption purposes;
equipment to install biomass combustion system for heating purposes;
equipment for energy management systems (BEMS)
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 49
Innovative Entrepreneurship, Supply Chain, Food, Beverages
The programme ‘Innovative Entrepreneurship, Supply Chain, Food, Beverages’ involves enhancing
investments that promote innovation and/or improve the competitiveness of products and service
enterprises which have a comparative advantage, innovative investments by technologically
advanced enterprises active in the primary and secondary sector, investments by secondary
processing food industries, in particular those active in organic products or products with a
designation of origin or local products, and business plans of the supply chain sector. Eligible to join
the programme are very small-, small- and medium-sized enterprises pursuant to Commission
Recommendation 2003/361/EC, or Annex I to Regulation EC No 800/2008 (L 214/3/09.08.2008),
legitimately operating in Greece, apart from the special cases listed in ANNEX I.
Borrowing terms:
Amount of loan: from EUR 50,000 to EUR 500,000
Duration of loan: 5-10 years with a possibility of an interest-bearing grace period up to 2
years
Annual interest rate: stable during the entire period of loan and equal to 4.53%
Charge by Law 128/75: 0.60%
The programme ‘Innovative Entrepreneurship, Supply Chain, Food, Beverages’ provides financing for
the purchase and installation of new modern machinery and other equipment and facilities,
especially environment-friendly ones, which have reduced their energy consumption and have been
equipped with modern process-automation and quality control technologies.
Green Enterprise
The programme ‘Green Business’ aimed to create the conditions for integrating environmental
concerns into business operation in order to make interventions in production chain processes.
In particular, the programme’s specific objectives are to reduce the energy footprint and particularly
the environmental footprint of manufacturing enterprises, to develop and market ‘green’ products
and services, to improve the environmental and social profile of businesses and to reduce the lack of
social acceptance for manufacturing activity.
Existing enterprises active in the Greek manufacturing and ancillary services market are eligible to
join the programme.
Eligible to be funded under the programme ‘Green Business’ are energy and water saving recovery
interventions. The following are examples of this:
Developing and implementing systems for the recovery/saving and/or substitution of
conventional energy and water in the production process
Bioclimatic and small-scale building interventions to save energy/heat/water
Installing small-scare RES systems for own consumption
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 50
Support for improving energy efficiency in manufacturing enterprises
The measure entitled ‘Support for improving energy efficiency in manufacturing enterprises’ aims to
improve the energy efficiency of manufacturing enterprises, to reduce energy costs to boost their
competitiveness, and also to reduce the impact of climate change resulting from the excessive use of
energy.
The types of aid include either a capital grant to implement energy saving interventions, or an
interest subsidy on loans, or guarantees to obtain bank financing, or a combination of both.
Particular emphasis will be placed on supporting SMEs.
The measure may finance the following activities:
Conducting energy audits and benchmarking
Streamlining of equipment, upgrade of facilities and installation of new energy efficient
technologies
Education and training of staff
Implementation of market control standards and mechanisms
Certification, materials quality control, rules and procedures, calibration of laboratories
Certification of experts and development of energy auditors registers
Development, standardization, design, demonstration, testing and promotion of new
equipment and new materials
Education-training of the civil servants who will be handling market control, standardization
issues, etc.
Support to Energy Service Companies in implementing energy saving interventions
Particular emphasis will be placed on ex-post evaluation and assessment of the results of any action
financed, as well as on the competitive standing and energy saving performance of the contractor,
and on the periodic ex-post evaluation of the overall measure and formulation of proposals for
improvement.
Modern Manufacturing
Is a funding programme that involves the financing of business plans for small and medium-sized
enterprises and aims at transforming the manufacturing base of the Greek economy into new or
diversified production lines, products and manufacturing services with extrovert orientation.
The target group is existing manufacturing SMEs employing 50-250 persons or enterprises in the
process of being set up in eligible activity code numbers of the strategic priority sectors, mainly in
manufacturing and other related activities, such as the supply chain.
One of the three distinct choices of the programme is to improve energy efficiency. In particular, the
energy efficiency component for SMEs focuses on providing support to improve the energy efficiency
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 51
of their production processes and their preparation for the implementation of future Community
standards on energy consumption in the production of goods and related services.
The programme’s total approved budget is EUR 100 million, with 40 % being public expenditure. The
eligible budget of the investment projects may range from EUR 250 thousand to EUR 3 million. The
rates of aid for small enterprises amount to 30-45 % and for medium-sized enterprises to 20-35 %.
The programme is funded by the Operational Programme ‘Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship,
Innovation’ (OP-CEI) 2014-2020.
5. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN AGRICULTURE
5.1. ENERGY EFFICIENCY TRENDS
A significant reduction by 71% in 2016 compared to 2000 has occurred in the agriculture sector. As a
result the energy consumption in 2016 is 0.32 Mtoe and in 2000 is 1.1 Mtoe (Figure 32).
Figure 32: Final Energy consumption of agriculture sector 2000-2016
Source: ODYSSEE
5.2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICIES
Because of the share (2%) of agriculture sector in final energy consumption in Greece, this sector
isn’t examined for energy efficiency improvements, so no measures have been undertaken for this
sector.
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 52
REFERENCES
1. 3rd National Energy Efficiency Plan
2. 4th National Energy Efficiency Plan
3. Directive 2006/32/EC - Energy Services Directive
4. Directive 2012/27/EU - Energy Efficiency Directive
5. Law 3661/2008 - Measures to reduce energy consumption in buildings and other provisions.
6. Law 3851/2010 - Accelerating the development of Renewable Energy Sources to deal with
climate change and other regulations addressing issues under the authority of the Ministry of
Environment, Energy and Climate Change
7. Law 3855/2010 - Measures to improve energy efficiency in end‐use, energy services and
other provisions
8. Law 3899/2010 - Urgent measures for the implementation of the support program of the
Greek Economy
9. Law 3908/2011 - Aid for Private Investment to promote Economic Growth, Entrepreneurship
and Regional Cohesion
10. Law 4001/2011 - Operation of Electricity and Gas Energy Markets, for Exploration,
Production and Transmission Networks of Hydrocarbons and other provisions
11. Law 4046 / 2012 - Approval of Plans of Financial Facilitation between the European Financial
Stability Facility (E.F.S.F.), the Greek Republic and the Bank of Greece, the Plan of
Memorandum of Understanding between the Greek Republic, the European Commission and
the Bank of Greece and other urgent measures to reduce the public debt and rescue the
national economy
12. Law 4110/2013 - Provisions on the Taxation of Income, Regulations on Issues pertaining to
the competence of the Ministry of Finance and other regulations
13. Law 4146/2013 - Creation of a Development Friendly Environment for Strategic and Private
Investments
14. Law 4178/2013 - Tackle illegal building , environmental balance and other provisions
Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in Greece 53
15. Law 4342/2015 – Energy Efficiency
16. Ministerial Decision D6/7094/2011 - Framework methodology for measuring and verifying
energy savings for achieving the national indicative energy end-use savings target-List of
indicative eligible measures to improve energy efficiency-Energy content of fuels for end use
17. Ministerial Decision No 174063/11.04.2017 Energy Efficiency Obligation Scheme