energy conservation power point new

7/25/2019 Energy Conservation Power Point New

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Energy Conservation and EfciencyEnhancement


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MAKING DECISIONS FOR ALTERNATE INVESTMENTS

There are several methods or determining which energyconservation alternative is the most economical.

Probably the most amiliar and trusted method is the

annual cost method.

When evaluating replacement o processes or equipment do not

consider what was previously spent. The decision will be basedon

whether the new process or equipment proves to savesubstantially

enough in operating costs to justiy the ependiture.

Equation !"#$ is used to convert the lump sum investment Pinto

the annual cost. %n the case where the asset has a value aterthe end o its useul lie& the annual cost becomes'

AC = (P L) * A/P + iL (2-16)


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where

(C is the annual cost

L is the net sum of money that can e!eali"ed fo! a #iece of e$ui#ment% o&e!andabove its removal cost& when it is returned atthe end o the service lie. L is !efe!!ed to as

the sal&a'e &alue(s a practical point& the salvage value is

usually small and can be neglected&considering the accuracy o uture costs.

The annual cost technique can beimplemented by using the ollowing ormat'


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)irst cost *P)

!. Estimated lie *n)

+. Estimated salvage value at end

o lie (L)

,. (nnual disbursements& including

energy costs - maintenance *)

. /inimum acceptable return

efo!e taes (i)$. (0P n% i

1 (P L) * A/P

2. Li

3.AC = (P L) * A/P + Li +

( AL,A 1 A. AL,A 2

Choose alternate with lowest (C

The alternative with the lowest annual cost is the desired choice.


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ELECTRICAL RATE TARIFF

The basic electrical rate charges contain the ollowing elements'

illin' demand0the maimum !e$ui!ement o&e! a 13-% 45-% o!

$4"minute interval.

Load facto!0the !atio of the a&e!a'e load o&e! a desi'nated #e!iod to

the pea5 demand load occurring in that period.Poe! facto!0the !atio of !esisti&e #oe! to a##a!ent #oe!

Traditionally& electrical rate tari6s have a decreasing 5Wh charge

with usage. This practice is li5ely to gradually phase out. 7ew tari6s are

containing the ollowing elements'

Timeo!"se8arger acilities usually purchase electricity rom utilities under "

some orm o time"o"use rate schedules. ( time"o"use rate schedule

basically divides the !"hour wor5day into three periods or our to seven

summer months' 9n"pea5& partial pea5 *mid"pea5: and o6"pea5. ;omerate schedules have winter on"pea5 periods& some only have partial

pea5 periods.


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REAL TIME #RICING $RT#%

#&o'&am (isto&)

=TP is a unique program which began in #32designed to investigate customer responses tochanging prices. The program completed athree"year tility Commission*CP>C: has approved thecontinuation and epansion o the =TP Program.

Dail) #&ice SchedulesThe utility calculates and transmits the energy

or !, hourly period to each participatingcustomer usually by #'44 p.m. every wee5day.


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The prices are in e6ect or the ollowing calendar day*s:& midnight"tomid night ;aturday& ;unday& and /onday prices are transmitted onthe

previous day& )riday. ?oliday prices are transmitted on the last

wee5daypreceding the holiday.

=TP prices are developed rom daily system cost inormation andvary depending on such system conditions as weather and demand.

)or

eample& electricity is less epensive to produce when hydroelectricpower is plentiul& or during times o low demand& such as late at

night

or on wee5ends.

ime of day0discounts a!e alloed fo! elect!ical usa'e du!in' o7-#ea

hours.

,atchet !ate0the illin' demand is ased on 85 to 95 #e!cent of

pea5 demand or any one month. The billing demand will remain atthat ratchet or #! months even though the actual demand or thesucceeding months may be less.


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#O*ER +ASICS,

T(E KE- TO ELECTRICAL ENERG- RED"CTION

@y understanding power basics& one can reduce the electrical bill.

The total power requirement is comprised o two components& as illustrated

in the power triangle& )igure ,"#. This diagram shows the resistiveportion or 5ilowatt *5W:& 34A out o phase with the reactive portion& 5ilovoltampere reactive *5var:. The reactive current is necessary to build

up the Bu or the magnetic eld o inductive devices& but otherwise itis non"usable. The resistive portion is also 5nown as the active powerwhich is directly converted to useul wor5. The hypotenuse o the powertriangle is reerred to as the 5ilovolt ampere or apparent power *5Da:.The angle between 5W and 5Da is the power actor angle.

5W 5Da cos F *,"#a:5Da 5W0cos F *,"#b:5var 5Da sin F *,"#c:

P.). cos F *,"#d:

where P.). is reerred to as the power actor.ote: ;nly #oe! #o!tions in #hase ith each othe! can e comined

)or eample' resistive portions o one load can be added to resistive

portions o another. The same will hold or reactive loads. Fi'u&e /..

RELATIONS(I#S +ET*EEN #O*ER0

VOLTAGE0 AND C"RRENT


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RELATIONS(I#S +ET*EEN #O*ER0

VOLTAGE0 AND C"RRENT

)or a balanced +"phase load&Power watts G+ Dolt amperes .

,.! *a:

)or a balanced #"phase load&

Power (?-2)

where


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MOTOR LOADS

Each electrical load in a system has an inherent poweractor. /otor loads are usually specied by horsepower

ratings. These may be converted to 5Da& by use oEquation ,"+.

5va hp H 4.1,$ 0 n H P.).

wheren = @oto! eciency

P.). /otor power actor

hp /otor horsepower.

/ost motor manuacturers can supply inormation onmotor efciencies and power actors. Typical values areillustrated in Table ,"#. )rom this table& it is evident thatsmaller motors running partly loaded are the leastefcient and have the poorest power actor.


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*(AT ARE T(E ADVANTAGES OF #O*ERFACTOR CORRECTION1

;everal advantages that usually o6set thecost o correcting the power actor areindicated below'

#. The monthly electric bill is lowered due to

the utility company power rate structure.!. The plant system capacity is increased

since the transormer load can be increased.

+. Electrical system losses are decreased and

voltage regulation is improved.


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(O* TO IM#ROVE T(E #LANT #O*ERFACTOR

The plant power actor is improved by'

#. =educing inefcient loadingsI motorsrunning at ull load have signicantly betterpower actor.

!. Providing eternal capacitors at the motoror at the distribution equipment.

+. >se o energy"efcient motors.

,. >sing synchronous motors instead o

induction motors. JThe main applications osynchronous motors are in plants that requirenew large slow speed motor drives *#&!44 rpmand below:.K


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(o2 Ca3acito&s Im3&o4e #o2e& Facto&

Capacitors supply the reactive 5ilovars or

magnetiLing power required or reactive loads.Thus& the 5ilovars required rom thegenerating source decreases. This isillustrated in )igure ,"+.


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"TILIT- AND #ROCESS S-STEMO#TIMI5ATION


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?eat Transer 9ptimiLation


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?eat Transer 9ptimiLation


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GOOD MAINTENANCE SAVES 6


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Energy losses due to lea5s& un insulated lines&dirt buildup& inoperable urnace controls& and

other poor maintenance practices is directlytranslated into additional energy costs. Moodmaintenance saves in the plantNs yearlyoperating costs.

%n this chapter& you will see the results o asurvey on maintenance e6ectiveness& loo5 atways to turn around the maintenanceprogram& and learn to apply a preventivemaintenance program to energy conservation.


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With heat recovery& however& potential useul

application o availableenergy more than doubles. (lthough in a Olow

quality orm& all of

the condenser"related heat may be used& and

,4Q o the stac5 heat may berecovered. This optimiLed process is depicted

*in theory: as )igure 3"!.

Thus& it may be seen that e6ective use o all

available energy may

Fi'u&e 7/. Ene&') 8alance 2ithout heat&eco4e&)


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energy conservation power point new

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