energy benchmarks
TRANSCRIPT
Energy benchmarks
The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS+44 (0)20 8675 5211www.cibse.org
Engineering a sustainablebuilt environment
TM46: 2008
Energ
y ben
chm
arksTM
46
9 7 8 1 9 0 3 2 8 7 9 5 8
ISBN 978-1-903287-95-8
cover striped gherkin 22/10/08 14:51 Page 1
Energy benchmarks
CIBSE TM46: 2008
Engineering a sustainablebuilt environment
The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
222 Balham High Road, London SW12 9BS
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The rights of publication or translation are reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any meanswithout the prior permission of the Institution.
© October 2008 The Chartered Institution of BuildingServices Engineers London
Registered charity number 278104
ISBN: 978-1-903287-95-8
This document is based on the best knowledge available atthe time of publication. However no responsibility of anykind for any injury, death, loss, damage or delay howevercaused resulting from the use of these recommendations canbe accepted by the Chartered Institution of Building ServicesEngineers, the authors or others involved in its publication.In adopting these recommendations for use each adopter bydoing so agrees to accept full responsibility for any personalinjury, death, loss, damage or delay arising out of or inconnection with their use by or on behalf of such adopterirrespective of the cause or reason therefore and agrees todefend, indemnify and hold harmless the CharteredInstitution of Building Services Engineers, the authors andothers involved in their publication from any and all liabilityarising out of or in connection with such use as aforesaidand irrespective of any negligence on the part of thoseindemnified.
Typeset by CIBSE Publications
Printed in Great Britain by Page Bros. (Norwich) Ltd.,Norwich, Norfolk NR6 6SA
Cover concept: CIBSE PublicationsPhotograph: © photolibrary. All rights reserved.
Note from the publisherThis publication is primarily intended to provide guidance to those responsible for thedesign, installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance of building services. It isnot intended to be exhaustive or definitive and it will be necessary for users of the guidancegiven to exercise their own professional judgement when deciding whether to abide by ordepart from it.
Printed on 100% recycled paper comprising at least 80% post-consumer waste
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ForewordBuilding management is becoming more important and more demanding. There is growingpressure on the engineers responsible for the operational management of buildings toprovide not only high quality engineering services, but to run and manage them aseconomically and efficiently as possible.
The EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), implemented via changes toPart L of the Building Regulations in 2006 and through the Energy Performance ofBuildings Regulations in 2007, has had a significant effect in this regard. It introducesrequirements for energy certification of buildings and inspection of air conditioningsystems, The Regulations are intended to encourage owners and tenants to choose energyefficient buildings when seeking new accommodation, as well as improving theperformance of the buildings they already occupy.
Whilst Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) show prospective building owners andtenants the potential performance of a building, they do not take account of the energy usedto operate the building.
Display Energy Certificates (DECs) are intended to provide information to operators oflarger public buildings about how well they are actually being run, based on metered energyconsumption data. These certificates will be displayed for all visitors to see, thereby makingthe performance of the public building stock more open and transparent to all.
Performance management is all about tracking performance and identifying opportunitiesfor improvement. This relates not only to past performance but also how currentperformance compares with other buildings, especially those of similar type. CIBSEpublished good practice guidance on energy efficiency in buildings in 1997, including acomprehensive set of energy benchmarks for buildings. Energy Consumption Guide 19,Energy use in offices, was first published in 1995 and reprinted in 2000, and addressed theoffice sector. The data in these benchmarks has been updated for use in support of therequirements for display energy certificates.
The benchmark data contained in this TM are based on the original CIBSE Guide F andECG 19 data, updated to take account of more recent additions to the data set. The numberof categories has been substantially reduced, both for ease of allocation and to reduce thescope for poorly performing buildings to be placed in more advantageous categories. It ishoped that the focus of attention will be on improving actual performance, which willreduce carbon emissions and save public funds, rather than a debate about the benchmarks.The data will be reviewed as they are used for the production of certificates, and will berevised as appropriate in the future. In the meantime, it is CIBSE’s intent that as energy usein buildings is measured better, so it will be better managed.
Hywel DaviesCIBSE Technical Director
Principal authorJohn Field (Power Efficiency Ltd.)
ContributorsBill Bordass (William Bordass Associates)Harry Bruhns (University College London)Robert Cohen (ESD)Lionel Delorme (Faber Maunsell)Hywel Davies (CIBSE)Steve Irving (Faber Maunsell)Phil Jones (London South Bank University/Building Energy Solutions)Colin Lillicrap (DesignBuilder Certification Ltd.)Paul Martin (TEAM Energy Auditing Agency Ltd.)
AcknowledgementsDavid Lush
A wide range of organisations were consulted in the preparation of this publication. Theseincluded the following: Association of Chief Estates Surveyors and Property Managers in
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the Public Sector (ACES), Arup, British Institute of Facilities Management, BritishProperty Federation, Bristol City Council, British Library, British Retail Consortium,British Retail Consortium, Carbon Trust, Association of Chief Corporate Property Officers(COPROP), Department for Culture Media and Sport (DCMS), Department forEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), Department for Children, Schools andFamilies (DCFS), Department of Health, English Heritage, Environ, Energy Services andTechnology Association (ESTA), GMX/Audit Commission, Higher EducationEnvironmental Performance Improvement (HEEPI), HM Courts Service/Department forConstitutional Affairs (DCA), HM Prison Service, HM Revenue and Customs, TheHorniman Museum, Heating and Ventilating Contractors Association (HVCA), ICOMEnergy Association, Land Securities, Local Government Association (LGA), Ministry ofDefence (MoD), Museum and Galleries Association, Museum of London, National Gallery,National Portrait Gallery, National Trust, Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (OFGEM),Office of Government Commerce/IPD Occupiers (OGC IPD), Trend Control Systems Ltd..The Institution gratefully acknowledges the assistance of these organisations.
EditorKen Butcher
CIBSE Technical DirectorHywel Davies
CIBSE Director of InformationJacqueline Balian
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Contents1 Introduction
2 Benchmarking approach2.1 Annual consumption period2.2 Separable energy uses2.3 Adjustments to benchmarks2.4 Mixed use buildings
3 Description of the benchmarks table
References
Appendix A1: Weather adjustment
Appendix A2: Separable energy uses
Appendix A3: Occupancy adjustment
Appendix A4: Notes on specific building types
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1
1 IntroductionThis document describes the statutory building energybenchmarks prepared to complement the OperationalRating procedure developed by the Department forCommunities and Local Government (CLG) for DisplayEnergy Certificates for use in England, Wales andNorthern Ireland under the The Energy Performance ofBuildings (Certificates and Inspections) (England andWales) Regulations 2007 (as amended)(1–4) and the TheEnergy Performance of Buildings (Certificates andInspections) Regulations (Northern Ireland)(5,6).
It describes the benchmarks and explains the approach totheir development and use. The principles of OperationalRatings, Display Energy Certificates and the AdvisoryReports that accompany them are set out in CIBSETM47(7).
Display Energy Certificates show a grade on an A to Gscale, based on the operational rating. This is the ratio ofactual building carbon dioxide emissions based on realenergy consumption data to benchmark emissions for atypical building of that category. These certificates mustbe displayed at all times, in a prominent position, bylarger public buildings over 1000 m2, after 1st October2008 in England and Wales, and from 31st December 2008in Northern Ireland*.
Display Energy Certificates are required for buildingswith a total useful floor area greater than 1000 m2, that areoccupied by a public authority or an institution providinga public service to a large number of people, and arefrequently visited by members of the public. They arevalid for one year. They must be accompanied by anadvisory report, setting out advice on measures that couldbe taken to improve the energy performance of thebuilding, which is valid for 7 years. Display EnergyCertificates must be produced by accredited EnergyAssessors who are members of a scheme approved by theDepartment of Communities and Local Government.
CIBSE developed initial proposals for the benchmarksbased on chapter 20 of CIBSE Guide F: Energy efficiency inbuildings(8) and Energy Consumption Guide ECG19:Energy efficiency in offices(9). These were presented anddiscussed at a specially convened workshop at the end ofJuly 2007. Following responses at that meeting a revisedbenchmark set was circulated in September 2007 forcomment to 80 individuals in 40 public and private sectororganisations with an interest in Display EnergyCertificate benchmarking. As a result of this consultation
further discussions were held and refinements made to thebenchmark set.
2 Benchmarking approach
The following principles set down by the CLG steeringcommittee for Operational Ratings, and adopted by theCIBSE Benchmarking Steering Group, form the basis forthe statutory operational rating and benchmarkingprocedures developed to implement the EnergyPerformance Regulations.
— Benchmark categories: There are currently 29benchmark categories, as set out in Table 1. Eachcategory represents a major functional group ofbuildings, so the benchmarks provide anindication of how a building is performing inrelation to the wider group. An example is offices,where there is no differentiation for servicingstrategy, so that a fully air conditioned officeshares the same benchmark as a naturallyventilated office. Other sectors follow thisapproach. Table 2 sets out how buildings areallocated to the 29 benchmark categories. Thecategories and classifications will be kept underreview as statistical data from DECs are collected.
— Benchmark values: The benchmarks are expressedin terms of delivered energy used per unit of floorarea (kW·h/m2), for both electrical and fossil fuelenergy use, as set out in Table 1. For operationalrating purposes they are converted to carbondioxide emissions per unit area (kgCO2/m
2) usingdefined CO2 intensity factors for electricity and(where present) fossil-thermal energy, which istaken to be gas. The conversion factors are definedseparately by CLG and applied by the software andare therefore not part of this benchmark set(because the benchmarks are specified in energyterms) although illustrative values are provided inTable 3.
2.1 Annual consumption periods
The energy use of the building is ideally measured over aperiod of exactly 365 days. The actual metered consump-tion is adjusted to 365 days if the actual period betweenreadings differs slightly, with a maximum variation of plusor minus 31 days permitted. This adjustment is not abenchmark issue but is part of the calculation procedure.
Where the energy is not directly metered, e.g. fuel oil, coalor wood, then the assessor will need to review delivery
Energy benchmarks
* In Scotland, larger public buildings will be required to publiclydisplay an Energy Performance Certificate from 4th January 2009
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2 Energy benchmarks
records and check inventory levels to calculate annualconsumption figures.
2.2 Separable energy uses
The annual metered consumption data for the buildingcan also be reduced if there is validated metered energyconsumption for one or more of the allowed separableenergy uses. These are listed in Appendix A2, Table A2.1.This appendix provides further information on separableenergy uses. The actual energy use of the building is notadjusted other than for the consumption period (seesection 2.1) and for any separable energy uses).
2.3 Adustments to benchmarks
Two adjustments to the benchmark may be made:
— Weather adjustment: To improve the accuracy ofoperational ratings the benchmark is adjusted forweather. The weather adjustment is automaticallycarried out within the approved software, usingthe relevant degree-day data for the assessmentperiod.
— Occupancy adjustment: Buildings which areoccupied for long periods are likely to use moreenergy than those occupied for shorted periods.Where valid and verifiable data for occupancyduration is available, the benchmark may beadjusted. The occupancy adjustment is carried outwithin the software if the assessor entersconfirmed annual occupied hours greater than thestandard values for the benchmark building as setout in Table 1.
2.4 Mixed use buildings
Mixed use buildings may be split into their componentuses for separate assessment of each type of use.Otherwise, a composite benchmark based on the relativepercentage of total usable floor area allocated to each usemay be calculated. For example, for a building having1200 m2 of general retail and 1800 m2 of hotel, the retailelement comprises 40% of the total floor area and the hotel60%. A composite benchmark will therefore be calculatedby adding 40% of the retail benchmark to 60% of the hotelbenchmark. This approach also applies where buildingsinclude conditioned car parks, restaurants, or swimmingpools which can be specified by floor area.
3 Description of thebenchmarks table
Table 1 is the main benchmark table. For each of the 29benchmark categories, the table contains the followingdata:
— Column A: category number
— Columns B–C: category name and description
— Columns D–F (Table 1(a)): allocation guides,which show how a building may be allocated to
the sector, under headings of space usage,operating schedule and distinguishing features.
— Columns G–J (Table 1(a)): further details of thecategory including:
— building services included in the energybenchmarks (the list is not exhaustive)
— other benchmark categories which may befound in combination with the currentcategory; e.g. ‘dry sports’ and ‘swimmingpool’ categories may be present in the samesports complex; also office space andcovered car parking often co-exist withinone metered building
— separable energy uses which may bededucted (if separately metered) in thebenchmark comparison for this category,e.g. sports floodlighting
— representative buildings: examples ofbuildings which fall in this category.
— Columns K–L (Table 1(b)): the energy bench-marks expressed as kW·h/m2 for electricity and forfossil-thermal energy.
— Columns M–O (Table 1(b)): CO2 benchmarksobtained from the energy benchmarks, expressedas kgCO2/m
2 for the two fuels and the total. Theseare calculated from the energy benchmarks withthe CO2 intensity factors shown in Table 3 and areillustrative and not to be considered as funda-mental benchmark data.
— Columns P–R (Table 1(b)): the building sizemeasurement or metric; generally the building isto be measured as gross floor area (the grossinternal area (GIA) as defined by the RoyalInstitution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)), but insome sectors other ‘alternate’ metrics are alsoallowed such as net lettable area for offices. Inthese cases a default factor to convert to the GIA isprovided for use by the software if the user hasonly the alternate data.
— Columns S–T (Table 1(c)): the weather adjustmentdata comprises a stated percentage, for electricityand for fossil-thermal, indicating what fraction ofthat energy source is to be scaled by the degree-dayvalue. See Appendix A1 for further information onweather adjustment and degree-days.
— Column U (Table 1(c)): the list of separable energyuses allowed for each category; no other energyuses can be subtracted from the metered energyuse. Further conditions must be satisfied beforethese separable energy uses can be subtracted, asspecified in Appendix A2, Table A2.1. SeeAppendix A2 for further information on separableenergy use.
— Columns V–Z (Table 1(c)): occupancy adjustmentis handled by defining an annual total of occupiedhours for the building and comparing this to theexpected value as stated in the benchmark table(‘benchmark hours per year’) for the category. Anyincrease in hours leads to an increase in thebenchmark values up to the maximum increasespecified in the tables — intermediate values areprorated. See Appendix A3 for further informationon occupancy adjustment.
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Benchmarking approach 3
Table 1 follows on pages 4 to 9. Table 2, see pages 11 to 13,provides a list of building types showing their allocationto the proposed benchmark categories.
References1 The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and
Inspections) (England and Wales) Regulations 2007 StatutoryInstruments 2007 No. 991 (London: The Stationery Office)(2007)
2 The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates andInspections) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations2007 Statutory Instruments 2007 No. 1669 (London: TheStationery Office) (2007)
3 The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates andInspections) (England and Wales) (Amendment No. 2)Regulations 2007 Statutory Instruments 2007 No. 3302(London: The Stationery Office) (2007)
4 The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates andInspections) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations2008 Statutory Instruments 2008 No. 647 (London: TheStationery Office) (2008)
5 The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates andInspections) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2008 StatutoryRules of Northern Ireland 2008 No. 170 (London: TheStationery Office) (2008)
6 The Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates andInspections) (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland)2008 Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland 2008 No. 241(London: The Stationery Office) (2008)
7 Operational ratings for Display Energy Certificates CIBSE TM47(London: Chartered Institution of Building ServicesEngineers) (2008)
8 Energy efficiency in buildings CIBSE Guide F (London:Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers) (2004)
9 Energy efficiency in offices Energy Consumption Guide ECG 19(The Carbon Trust) (2003) (available at http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications) (accessed August 2008)
Table 1 is shown on pages 4 to 9
Table 2 is shown on pages 11 to 12
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4 Energy benchmarks
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acco
mm
odat
ion
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g, c
oolin
g,
som
e of
fice
appl
ianc
es,
laun
dry
serv
ices
Swim
min
g po
ol, f
itne
ss
and
heal
th c
entr
e,
rest
aura
nt, g
ener
al o
ffic
e (f
or c
onfe
renc
e fa
cilit
y)
All
hote
l typ
es, g
uest
hou
ses,
mot
els
10C
ultu
ral a
ctiv
itie
sM
useu
m, a
rt g
alle
ry
or o
ther
pub
lic
build
ing
wit
h no
rmal
oc
cupa
ncy
Sp
aces
for
dis
play
ing
and
view
ing
obje
cts,
wit
h as
soci
ated
off
ice
and
stor
age
faci
litie
s
Day
tim
e us
e, s
imila
r to
of
fice
hour
s bu
t m
ore
likel
y to
be
open
in w
eeke
nds
Act
ivit
y is
off
ice
like
in it
s re
quir
emen
ts b
ut w
ith
som
e ad
diti
onal
con
diti
onin
g re
quir
emen
ts f
or d
ispl
ay a
nd
stor
age
of a
rtef
acts
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g, c
oolin
g,
hum
idit
y co
ntro
l M
unic
ipal
mus
eum
s, li
brar
ies
and
galle
ries
, hig
her
educ
atio
n ar
ts
build
ings
11En
tert
ainm
ent
halls
Ente
rtai
nmen
t ha
llsLa
rge
asse
mbl
y an
d se
atin
g ar
eas,
wit
h as
soci
ated
ti
cket
ing
and
snac
k se
rvic
es,
for
perf
orm
ance
eve
nts
and
film
s
Mai
nly
in e
veni
ngs,
som
e da
ytim
e us
e. A
ll da
ys o
f w
eek
Tend
to
be la
rge
halls
, mai
nly
used
in e
veni
ngs
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g, c
oolin
g of
mai
n en
tert
ainm
ent
spac
es, a
nd c
ircu
lati
on.
Tick
etin
g an
d sn
acks
pr
ovis
ion
Cin
emas
, the
atre
s, c
once
rt h
alls
. Bin
go
halls
12Sw
imm
ing
pool
ce
ntre
Swim
min
g po
ol h
all,
chan
ging
and
an
cilla
ries
Swim
min
g po
ol w
ith
asso
ciat
ed f
acili
ties
Ra
nges
fro
m o
ccas
iona
l us
e to
dai
ly a
nd e
veni
ng
Pool
hal
l is
the
dom
inan
t sp
ace
use
— m
ay h
ave
smal
l caf
é an
d fit
ness
roo
m
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g, c
oolin
g of
all
spac
es. O
ffic
e ap
plia
nces
, sho
wer
s, s
nack
pr
ovis
ion
and
bar
Swim
min
g po
ol c
entr
e w
itho
ut f
urth
er
spor
ts f
acili
ties
13Fi
tnes
s an
d he
alth
ce
ntre
Fitn
ess
cent
reFi
tnes
s, a
erob
ics,
dan
ce a
nd
sola
rium
/sau
na f
acili
ties
Typi
cally
dai
ly a
nd
even
ings
Prov
isio
n of
spo
rts
and
ente
rtai
nmen
t eq
uipm
ent
wit
h ge
nera
lly h
igh
ener
gy u
sage
, and
in
tern
al g
ains
Fitn
ess
cent
re, h
ealt
h ce
ntre
14D
ry s
port
s an
d le
isur
e fa
cilit
yD
ry s
port
s an
d le
isur
e fa
cilit
yD
ry s
port
s an
d cl
ub h
ouse
bu
ildin
gs —
for
a c
ombi
ned
leis
ure
cent
re in
clud
e po
ol
etc.
Rang
es f
rom
occ
asio
nal
use
to d
aily
and
eve
ning
Pr
ovis
ion
of s
pace
to
supp
ort
sepa
rate
d sp
orti
ng a
nd
ente
rtai
nmen
t ac
tivi
ties
oft
en
light
ly s
ervi
ced
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g an
d ba
sic
offic
e eq
uipm
ent
Sw
imm
ing
pool
, fit
ness
an
d he
alth
cen
tre
Spor
ts f
lood
ligh
ting
Dry
spo
rts
halls
, spo
rts
grou
nds
wit
h ch
angi
ng r
oom
s, t
enni
s co
urts
wit
h of
fice,
spe
edw
ay t
rack
s, s
tadi
ums,
pa
vilio
ns
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
15C
over
ed c
ar p
ark
Car
par
k w
ith
roof
an
d si
de w
alls
Pr
ovis
ion
for
car
park
ing
and
acce
ss
Wee
kday
or
24-h
our
Ligh
ting
and
mec
hani
cal
vent
ilati
on w
hen
in u
se.
Ligh
ting
and
ven
tila
tion
Off
ice,
pub
lic b
uild
ing
in
cent
ral u
rban
loca
tion
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g, c
oolin
g,
empl
oyee
app
lianc
es,
stan
dard
IT, b
asic
tea
ro
om
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g, c
oolin
g,
appl
ianc
es f
or s
mal
l nu
mbe
r of
em
ploy
ees
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g, d
ispl
ay
cabi
nets
, foo
d st
orag
e,
empl
oyee
app
lianc
es
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g, c
oolin
g of
all
spac
es. O
ffic
e ap
plia
nces
, sho
wer
s, s
nack
pr
ovis
ion
and
bar
Tab
le 1
Ben
chm
ark
cate
gori
es a
nd v
alue
s; (a
) allo
cati
on g
uide
s an
d fu
rthe
r ca
tego
ry d
etai
ls
Eszter S
ipiczki, [email protected], 3:48pm
23/10/2013, 2
Benchmarks table 5
17Sc
hool
s an
d se
ason
al p
ublic
bu
ildin
gs
Publ
ic b
uild
ings
no
min
ally
use
d fo
r pa
rt o
f th
e ye
ar
Teac
hing
and
com
mun
ity
acti
viti
esW
eekd
ay u
sage
for
par
t
of t
he y
ear
Publ
ic b
uild
ings
wit
h pa
rt a
nnua
l oc
cupa
ncy
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g an
d
basi
c of
fice
equ
ipm
ent,
te
achi
ng e
quip
men
t,
com
pute
rs
Rest
aura
nt (
dini
ng h
all),
sw
imm
ing
pool
Pr
imar
y an
d se
cond
ary
scho
ols,
nu
rser
ies,
cre
ches
, you
th c
entr
es a
nd
com
mun
ity
cent
res
18U
nive
rsit
y ca
mpu
sU
nive
rsit
y ca
mpu
sLe
ctur
e th
eatr
es, o
ffic
es,
wor
ksho
ps, e
atin
g pl
aces
, la
bora
tori
es a
nd o
ther
ac
tivi
ties
Wee
kday
s an
d ev
enin
gsLa
rge
floor
spa
ce a
nd v
arie
ty o
f ac
tivi
ties
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g, c
oolin
g,
offi
ce a
nd t
each
ing
equi
pmen
t
Labo
rato
ry, r
esta
uran
tFu
rnac
e or
for
min
g pr
oces
sTy
pica
l cam
pus
mix
for
fur
ther
and
hi
gher
edu
cati
on u
nive
rsit
ies
and
colle
ges
19C
linic
Hea
lth
cent
res,
clin
ics
and
surg
erie
sPr
ovis
ion
of p
rim
ary
heal
th
care
Usu
ally
wee
k da
ys a
nd
earl
y ev
enin
gsD
ayti
me
use,
ess
enti
ally
off
ice
hour
s, b
ut n
eeds
to
prov
ide
for
high
pub
lic u
se, g
ener
ally
by
appo
intm
ent
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g, c
oolin
g,
hot
wat
er s
ervi
ces
Doc
tors
sur
geri
es, h
ealt
h cl
inic
s,
vete
rina
ry s
urge
ries
, den
tist
20H
ospi
tal;
clin
ical
an
d re
sear
chC
linic
al a
nd r
esea
rch
hosp
ital
Mai
nly
spac
e fo
r m
edic
al c
are
wit
h 24
-hou
r ac
com
mod
atio
n fo
r pa
tien
ts, w
ith
asso
ciat
ed
oper
atin
g th
eatr
es,
labo
rato
ries
, off
ices
and
w
orks
hops
Con
tinu
ous
for
the
m
ajor
ity
of t
he f
acili
ty
24-h
our
acco
mm
odat
ion
wit
h st
ring
ent
envi
ronm
enta
l co
ndit
ions
, ven
tila
tion
con
trol
, qu
aran
tine
, and
hig
h oc
cupa
nt
serv
icin
g ne
eds
All
serv
ices
La
bora
tory
or
oper
atin
g th
eatr
e, r
esta
uran
tFu
rnac
e or
for
min
g pr
oces
sA
cute
hos
pita
l, sp
ecia
list
hosp
ital
, te
achi
ng h
ospi
tal a
nd m
ater
nity
ho
spit
al
21Lo
ng t
erm
re
side
ntia
lLo
ng t
erm
res
iden
tial
ac
com
mod
atio
nFu
ll ac
com
mod
atio
n,
incl
udin
g sl
eepi
ng s
pace
, day
ti
me
spac
e, a
ll do
mes
tic
faci
litie
s, s
ome
offic
e fa
cilit
ies
Con
tinu
ous
24-h
our
fully
con
diti
oned
and
se
rvic
ed a
ccom
mod
atio
nH
eati
ng, l
ight
ing,
coo
ling,
ap
plia
nces
, foo
d an
d ho
t w
ater
ser
vice
s,
ente
rtai
nmen
t, la
undr
y
Rest
aura
nt (
dini
ng h
all)
Resi
dent
ial h
ome,
hom
eles
s un
it,
cott
age
hosp
ital
and
long
sta
y ho
spit
al,
dete
ntio
n ce
ntre
s an
d pr
ison
s
22G
ener
al
acco
mm
odat
ion
Gen
eral
acco
mm
odat
ion
Spac
e fo
r sl
eepi
ng, s
how
ers,
ba
sic
dom
esti
c se
rvic
es
Non
-con
tinu
ous
oc
cupa
ncy,
oft
en o
nly
us
ed in
eve
ning
s
Slow
tur
nove
r of
occ
upan
ts
requ
ires
few
er f
acili
ties
and
less
la
undr
y th
an f
or e
xam
ple
a ho
tel
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g, c
oolin
g,
laun
dry
and
dryi
ng r
oom
s Bo
ardi
ng h
ouse
s, u
nive
rsit
y an
d sc
hool
ho
stel
s, h
omel
ess
unit
s, n
ursi
ng h
omes
23Em
erge
ncy
serv
ices
Emer
genc
y se
rvic
esO
ffic
es, a
ccom
mod
atio
n,
food
ser
vice
s, c
ells
, gar
agin
g an
d ot
her
acti
viti
es a
s re
quir
ed
Nor
mal
ly c
onti
nuou
s,
som
e st
atio
ns c
lose
d in
the
ev
enin
gs a
nd w
eeke
nds
Prov
isio
n of
a v
arie
ty o
f se
rvic
es
that
wou
ld b
e in
sep
arat
e ca
tego
ries
in o
ther
par
ts o
f th
e no
n-do
mes
tic
sto
ck (
e.g.
ac
com
mod
atio
n, o
ffic
es a
nd
vehi
cle
gara
ging
)
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g, c
oolin
g,
food
ser
vice
s, o
ffic
e an
d tr
aini
ng e
quip
men
t
Polic
e, f
ire
and
ambu
lanc
e st
atio
ns
24La
bora
tory
or
oper
atin
g th
eatr
eLa
bora
tory
or
op
erat
ing
thea
tre
Spec
ial e
quip
men
t an
d co
ndit
ions
in a
t le
ast
30%
of
flo
or a
rea
Eith
er w
eekd
ay o
r 24
-hou
r m
ulti
-shi
ftSp
aces
req
uiri
ng c
ontr
olle
d ve
ntila
tion
and
con
diti
ons
Hea
ting
ligh
ting
, ve
ntila
tion
Furn
ace
or f
orm
ing
proc
ess
Rese
arch
che
mic
al la
bora
tory
, hos
pita
l op
erat
ing
thea
tre
25Pu
blic
wai
ting
or
circ
ulat
ion
Bus
or t
rain
sta
tion
, sh
oppi
ng c
entr
e m
all
Publ
ic c
ircu
lati
on o
r w
aiti
ng
faci
litie
sV
aria
ble
— in
term
itte
nt t
o co
ntin
uous
Wai
ting
and
cir
cula
tion
are
as,
book
ing
desk
s, b
oard
ing
faci
litie
sH
eati
ng, l
ight
ing,
coo
ling,
sn
ack
serv
ices
Re
tail
Bus
stat
ions
, loc
al t
rain
sta
tion
s,
shop
ping
cen
tre
mal
ls
26Te
rmin
alRe
gion
al t
rans
port
te
rmin
al w
ith
conc
ours
e
Wai
ting
and
boa
rdin
g
faci
litie
s fo
r ai
r, s
hip
or
regi
onal
/inte
rnat
iona
l tra
in
trav
el
Day
tim
e an
d ev
enin
gs e
ach
day
to n
ear
cont
inuo
us
Con
cour
se a
reas
, boo
king
are
as,
iden
tifi
cati
on, c
usto
ms,
sec
urit
y an
d ba
ggag
e ha
ndlin
g
Hea
ting
, lig
htin
g, c
oolin
g,
bagg
age
hand
lings
Reta
il, r
esta
uran
t, c
over
ed
car
park
Larg
e tr
ain
stat
ions
, air
port
ter
min
als
27W
orks
hop
Wor
ksho
p or
ope
n w
orki
ng a
rea
(not
of
fice)
Faci
litie
s fo
r lig
ht m
echa
nica
l w
ork
Gen
eral
ly w
orki
ng w
eek
bu
t ca
n be
mul
ti-s
hift
Goo
ds a
cces
s, m
echa
nica
l too
ls
and
faci
litie
sIn
dust
rial
hea
ting
and
lig
htin
g st
anda
rds
Furn
ace
or f
orm
ing
proc
ess
Wor
ksho
ps, v
ehic
le r
epai
r
28St
orag
e fa
cilit
ySt
orag
e w
areh
ouse
or
depo
tSt
orag
e an
d go
ods
hand
ling
area
sC
onti
nuou
s st
orag
e w
ith
wee
kday
or
mul
ti-s
hift
go
ods
hand
ling
Ligh
tly
serv
iced
long
ter
m
stor
age
area
sLo
w le
vel l
ight
ing
and
heat
ing
in s
tora
ge a
reas
Dis
trib
utio
n w
areh
ouse
wit
hout
pub
lic
area
s, a
nd lo
cal a
utho
rity
dep
ot
29C
old
stor
age
Refr
iger
ated
w
areh
ouse
Refr
iger
ated
sto
rage
and
go
ods
hand
ling
area
sC
onti
nuou
s st
orag
e w
ith
wee
kday
or
mul
ti-s
hift
go
ods
han
dlin
g
Refr
iger
ated
long
ter
m
stor
age
area
sRe
frig
erat
ion,
ligh
ting
and
he
atin
g of
han
dlin
g ar
eas
Blas
t ch
illin
g or
fre
ezin
g pl
ant
Refr
iger
ated
war
ehou
se w
itho
ut
publ
ic a
reas
16Pu
blic
bui
ldin
gs
wit
h lig
ht u
sage
Ligh
t us
e pu
blic
and
in
stit
utio
nal b
uild
ings
Var
iety
of
faci
litie
s an
d se
rvic
es p
rovi
ded
wit
h ge
nera
lly p
ublic
acc
ess
whe
n in
use
Inte
rmit
tent
usa
ge
Ligh
tly
serv
iced
or
light
ly u
sed
Hea
ting
and
ligh
ting
C
hurc
hes,
clu
b ho
uses
, vill
age
halls
Esz
ter
Sip
iczk
i, tr
aini
ng@
quid
os.c
o.uk
, 3:4
8pm
23/
10/2
013,
2
6 Energy benchmarks
Nam
e an
d d
escr
ipti
on
Cat
ego
ryN
ame
Bri
ef d
escr
ipti
on
1G
ener
al o
ffic
eG
ener
al o
ffic
e an
d co
mm
erci
al w
orki
ng
area
s
2H
igh
stre
etag
ency
Hig
h st
reet
agen
cy
3G
ener
al r
etai
lG
ener
al s
tree
t re
tail
and
serv
ices
4La
rge
non-
food
sh
opRe
tail
war
ehou
se o
r ot
her
larg
e no
n-fo
od
stor
e
5Sm
all f
ood
stor
eSm
all f
ood
stor
e
6La
rge
food
sto
reSu
perm
arke
t or
oth
er
larg
e fo
od s
tore
7Re
stau
rant
Rest
aura
nt
8Ba
r, p
ub o
rlic
ense
d cl
ub
Bar,
pub
or
club
9H
otel
Hot
el o
r bo
ardi
ngho
use
10C
ultu
ral a
ctiv
itie
sM
useu
m, a
rt g
alle
ry o
r ot
her
publ
ic b
uild
ing
wit
h no
rmal
occ
upan
cy
11En
tert
ainm
ent
halls
Ente
rtai
nmen
t ha
lls
12Sw
imm
ing
pool
ce
ntre
Swim
min
g po
ol h
all,
chan
ging
and
an
cilla
ries
13Fi
tnes
s an
d he
alth
ce
ntre
Fitn
ess
cent
re
14D
ry s
port
s an
d le
isur
e fa
cilit
yD
ry s
port
s an
d le
isur
e fa
cilit
y
15C
over
ed c
ar p
ark
Car
par
k w
ith
roof
and
si
de w
alls
Ener
gy
ben
chm
arks
Illu
stra
tive
CO
2 b
ench
mar
ks c
alcu
late
d f
rom
the
ener
gy
ben
chm
arks
(se
e Ta
ble
3)
Bu
ildin
g s
ize
met
ric
for
use
by
asse
sso
rs
Elec
tric
ity
typ
ical
ben
chm
ark
(kW
·h/m
2 )
Foss
il-th
erm
al t
ypic
alb
ench
mar
k (k
W·h
/m2 )
Illu
stra
tive
ele
ctri
city
typ
ical
ben
chm
ark
(kg
CO
2 / m
2 )
Ill
ust
rati
ve f
oss
il-th
erm
alty
pic
al b
ench
mar
k(k
gC
O2 / m
2 )
Illu
stra
tive
to
tal
typ
ical
ben
chm
ark
(kg
CO
2 / m
2 )
Prim
ary
met
ric
(as
inen
erg
y b
ench
mar
ks)
Ap
pro
ved
alt
ern
ate
met
ric
Def
ault
mu
ltip
lier
(ap
plie
d t
o a
lter
nat
em
etri
c to
ob
tain
pri
mar
y m
etri
c)
9512
052
.322
.875
.1G
ross
flo
or a
rea
mea
sure
d as
RIC
S gr
oss
inte
rnal
are
a (G
IA)
N
et le
ttab
le a
rea
(NLA
)m
easu
red
as R
ICS
1.25
140
077
.00.
077
.0(n
one)
165
090
.80.
090
.8Sa
les
floor
are
a (S
FA)
1.80
7017
038
.532
.370
.8Sa
les
floor
are
a (S
FA)
1.80
310
017
0.5
0.0
170.
5Sa
les
floo
r ar
ea (
SFA
)1.
35
400
105
220.
020
.024
0.0
Sale
s fl
oor
area
(SF
A)
2.00
9037
049
.570
.311
9.8
(non
e)
130
350
71.5
66.5
138.
0(n
one)
105
330
57.8
62.7
120.
5(n
one)
7020
038
.538
.076
.5(n
one)
150
420
82.5
79.8
162.
3(n
one)
245
1130
134.
821
4.7
349.
5(n
one)
160
440
88.0
83.6
171.
6(n
one)
9533
052
.362
.711
5.0
(non
e)
200
11.0
0.0
11.0
(non
e)
[A]
[B]
[C]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[N]
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Tab
le 1
Ben
chm
ark
cate
gori
es a
nd v
alue
s; (b
) ben
chm
arks
and
bui
ldin
g si
ze m
etri
cs
Eszter S
ipiczki, [email protected], 3:48pm
23/10/2013, 2
Benchmarks table 7
18U
nive
rsit
y ca
mpu
sU
nive
rsit
y ca
mpu
s
19C
linic
Hea
lth
cent
res,
clin
ics
and
surg
erie
s
20H
ospi
tal (
clin
ical
an
d re
sear
ch)
Clin
ical
and
res
earc
h ho
spit
al
21Lo
ng t
erm
re
side
ntia
lLo
ng t
erm
res
iden
tial
ac
com
mod
atio
n
22G
ener
al
acco
mm
odat
ion
Gen
eral
acco
mm
odat
ion
23Em
erge
ncy
serv
ices
Emer
genc
y se
rvic
es
24La
bora
tory
or
oper
atin
g th
eatr
eLa
bora
tory
or
oper
atin
g th
eatr
e
25Pu
blic
wai
ting
or
circ
ulat
ion
Bus
or t
rain
sta
tion
, sh
oppi
ng c
entr
e m
all
26Te
rmin
alRe
gion
al t
rans
port
te
rmin
al w
ith
conc
ours
e
27W
orks
hop
Wor
ksho
p or
ope
n w
orki
ng a
rea
(not
of
fice)
28St
orag
e fa
cilit
ySt
orag
e w
areh
ouse
or
dep
ot
29C
old
stor
age
Refr
iger
ated
w
areh
ouse
8024
044
.045
.689
.6(n
one)
7020
038
.538
.076
.5(n
one)
9042
049
.579
.812
9.3
(non
e)
6542
035
.879
.811
5.6
(non
e)
6030
033
.057
.090
.0(n
one)
7039
038
.574
.111
2.6
(non
e)
160
160
88.0
30.4
118.
4(n
one)
3012
016
.522
.839
.3(n
one)
7520
041
.338
.079
.3(n
one)
3518
019
.334
.253
.5(n
one)
3516
019
.330
.449
.7(n
one)
145
8079
.815
.295
.0(n
one)
16Pu
blic
bui
ldin
gs
wit
h lig
ht u
sage
Ligh
t us
e pu
blic
and
in
stit
utio
nal b
uild
ings
2010
511
.020
.031
.0(n
one)
17Sc
hool
s an
d se
ason
al p
ublic
bu
ildin
gs
Publ
ic b
uild
ings
no
min
ally
use
d fo
r pa
rt o
f th
e ye
ar
4015
022
.028
.550
.5(n
one)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
) G
ross
flo
or a
rea
mea
sure
d as
RIC
S gr
oss
inte
rnal
are
a (G
IA)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
) G
ross
flo
or a
rea
mea
sure
d as
RIC
S gr
oss
inte
rnal
are
a (G
IA)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Gro
ss f
loor
are
a m
easu
red
as R
ICS
gros
s in
tern
al a
rea
(GIA
)
Esz
ter
Sip
iczk
i, tr
aini
ng@
quid
os.c
o.uk
, 3:4
8pm
23/
10/2
013,
2
8 Energy benchmarks
Nam
e an
d d
escr
ipti
on
Cat
ego
ryN
ame
Bri
ef d
escr
ipti
on
1G
ener
al o
ffic
eG
ener
al o
ffic
e an
d co
mm
erci
al w
orki
ng
area
s
2H
igh
stre
et
agen
cyH
igh
stre
et
agen
cy
3G
ener
al r
etai
lG
ener
al s
tree
t re
tail
and
serv
ices
4La
rge
non-
food
sh
opRe
tail
war
ehou
se o
r ot
her
larg
e no
n-fo
od
stor
e
5Sm
all f
ood
stor
eSm
all f
ood
stor
e
6La
rge
food
sto
reSu
perm
arke
t or
oth
er
larg
e fo
od s
tore
7Re
stau
rant
Rest
aura
nt
8Ba
r, p
ub o
r lic
ense
d cl
ubBa
r, p
ub o
r cl
ub
9H
otel
Hot
el o
r bo
ardi
ng
hous
e
10C
ultu
ral a
ctiv
itie
sM
useu
m, a
rt g
alle
ry
or o
ther
pub
lic
build
ing
wit
h no
rmal
oc
cupa
ncy
11En
tert
ainm
ent
halls
Ente
rtai
nmen
t ha
lls
12Sw
imm
ing
pool
ce
ntre
Swim
min
g po
ol h
all,
chan
ging
and
an
cilla
ries
13Fi
tnes
s an
d
heal
th c
entr
eFi
tnes
s ce
ntre
14D
ry s
port
s an
d le
isur
e fa
cilit
yD
ry s
port
s an
d le
isur
e fa
cilit
y
15C
over
ed c
ar p
ark
Car
par
k w
ith
roof
an
d si
de w
alls
Wea
ther
ad
just
men
tSe
par
able
en
erg
y u
ses
Occ
up
ancy
ad
just
men
t fo
r d
ays
and
ho
urs
of
use
Perc
ent
of
elec
tric
ity
ben
chm
ark
pro
-rat
ed t
o
deg
ree-
day
s
Perc
ent
of
foss
il-th
erm
al
ben
chm
ark
pro
-rat
ed t
o
deg
ree-
day
sSe
par
able
en
erg
y u
ses
Def
init
ion
of
ann
ual
occ
up
ancy
ho
urs
in
this
sec
tor
R
efer
ence
ho
urs
p
er y
ear
Max
imu
mal
low
ed h
ou
rs
per
yea
r
Perc
enta
ge
incr
ease
in
elec
tric
ity
ben
chm
ark
at
max
imu
m a
llow
ed h
ou
rs
per
yea
r
Perc
enta
ge
incr
ease
in
foss
il-th
erm
alb
ench
mar
k at
max
imu
m
allo
wed
ho
urs
per
yea
r
0%55
%S1
— R
egio
nal s
erve
r ro
om
S2
— T
radi
ng f
loor
Num
ber
of h
ours
whe
n th
e re
cord
ed n
umbe
r of
occ
upan
ts
exce
eds
25%
of
the
nom
inal
m
axim
um n
umbe
r.
2040
8760
107%
44%
20%
0%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
2448
3672
22%
0%
15%
0%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
2448
3672
22%
0%
0%55
%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
2448
4284
32%
15%
15%
0%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
2448
3672
22%
0%
0%55
%S3
- B
aker
y ov
enN
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
2983
4284
20%
9%
20%
30%
Num
ber
of h
ours
whe
n th
e pr
emis
es a
re f
ully
ope
n to
cu
stom
ers
acco
rdin
g to
pu
blis
hed
hour
s.
3060
5712
37%
17%
0%40
%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
3060
5712
37%
17%
0%45
%—
0%0%
0%55
%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
2040
4284
45%
20%
0%55
%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
2856
5712
19%
0%55
%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
2856
4641
27%
13%
0%40
%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
2754
5355
39%
18%
0%55
%S4
- S
port
s fl
ood
light
ing
Num
ber
of h
ours
whe
n th
e pr
emis
es a
re f
ully
ope
n to
cu
stom
ers
acco
rdin
g to
pu
blis
hed
hour
s.
2754
5355
39%
18%
0%0%
Num
ber
of h
ours
whe
n th
e pr
emis
es a
re f
ully
ope
n to
cu
stom
ers
acco
rdin
g to
pu
blis
hed
hour
s
4284
8568
41%
0%
—
41%
[A]
[B]
[C]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
[V]
Tab
le 1
Ben
chm
ark
cate
gori
es a
nd v
alue
s; (c
) wea
ther
adj
ustm
ent,
sepa
rabl
e en
ergy
use
s an
d oc
cupa
ncy
adju
stm
ent
Eszter S
ipiczki, [email protected], 3:48pm
23/10/2013, 2
Benchmarks table 917
Scho
ols
and
seas
onal
pub
lic
build
ings
Publ
ic b
uild
ings
no
min
ally
use
d fo
r
part
of
the
year
18U
nive
rsit
y ca
mpu
sU
nive
rsit
y ca
mpu
s
19C
linic
Hea
lth
cent
res,
clin
ics
and
surg
erie
s
20H
ospi
tal;
clin
ical
an
d re
sear
chC
linic
al a
nd r
esea
rch
hosp
ital
21Lo
ng t
erm
re
side
ntia
lLo
ng t
erm
res
iden
tial
ac
com
mod
atio
n
22G
ener
al
acco
mm
odat
ion
Gen
eral
acco
mm
odat
ion
23Em
erge
ncy
serv
ices
Emer
genc
y se
rvic
es
24La
bora
tory
or
oper
atin
g th
eatr
eLa
bora
tory
or
op
erat
ing
thea
tre
25Pu
blic
wai
ting
or
circ
ulat
ion
Bus
or t
rain
sta
tion
, sh
oppi
ng c
entr
e m
all
26Te
rmin
alRe
gion
al t
rans
port
te
rmin
al w
ith
conc
ours
e
27W
orks
hop
Wor
ksho
p or
ope
n w
orki
ng a
rea
(not
of
fice)
28St
orag
e fa
cilit
ySt
orag
e w
areh
ouse
or
dep
ot
29C
old
stor
age
Refr
iger
ated
w
areh
ouse
0%55
%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
1,40
03,
672
62%
27%
0%55
%S5
— F
urna
ce, h
eat
trea
tmen
tor
for
min
g pr
oces
s
Num
ber
of h
ours
whe
n th
e pr
emis
es a
re f
ully
ope
n to
cu
stom
ers
acco
rdin
g to
pu
blis
hed
hour
s.
2,45
05,
355
48%
22%
0%55
%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
2,04
04,
284
45%
20%
0%55
%S5
— F
urna
ce, h
eat
trea
tmen
t or
for
min
g pr
oces
s -
-0%
0%
0%55
%-
-0%
0%
0%55
%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
2,94
04,
284
21%
10%
0%55
%-
-0%
0%
0%55
%S5
.Fur
nace
, hea
t tr
eatm
ent
or
form
ing
proc
ess
Num
ber
of h
ours
whe
n th
e re
cord
ed n
umbe
r of
occ
upan
ts
exce
eds
25%
of
the
nom
inal
m
axim
um n
umbe
r.
2,04
08,
568
105%
43%
0%55
%-
-0%
0%
0%55
%-
-0%
0%
0%55
%S5
.Fur
nace
, hea
t tr
eatm
ent
or
form
ing
proc
ess
Num
ber
of h
ours
whe
n th
e re
cord
ed n
umbe
r of
occ
upan
ts
exce
eds
25%
of
the
nom
inal
m
axim
um n
umbe
r.
2,04
03,
672
34%
16%
0%70
%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
reco
rded
num
ber
of o
ccup
ants
ex
ceed
s 25
% o
f th
e no
min
al
max
imum
num
ber.
2,04
04,
284
45%
20%
0%55
%S6
.Bla
st c
hilli
ng o
r fr
eezi
ng-
-0%
0%
16Pu
blic
bui
ldin
gs
wit
h lig
ht u
sage
Ligh
t us
e pu
blic
and
in
stit
utio
nal b
uild
ings
0%55
%N
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
hen
the
prem
ises
are
ful
ly o
pen
to
cust
omer
s ac
cord
ing
to
publ
ishe
d ho
urs.
2040
3672
34%
16%
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10 Energy benchmarks
1 Adult education centre 1 General office2 Air traffic control 1 General office3 Bank office 1 General office4 Building society office 1 General office5 Business units 1 General office6 Call centre 1 General office7 Central government office 1 General office8 Commercial office 1 General office9 Conference centre 1 General office10 Courts 1 General office11 Crown and county courts 1 General office12 Crown court 1 General office13 Financial service office 1 General office14 Flight crew facility 1 General office15 Guardroom 1 General office16 Law facilities 1 General office17 Legal/financial services 1 General office18 Local government office 1 General office19 Office showroom 1 General office20 Office with industry 1 General office21 Offices 1 General office22 Offices, cellular, naturally 1 General office
ventilated23 Offices, mechanically ventilated 1 General office
and/or air conditioned24 Offices, open plan, naturally 1 General office
ventilated25 Professional/design 1 General office26 Professional services, off-street 1 General office27 Public sector offices 1 General office28 Simulator 1 General office29 Studio office 1 General office30 Town hall 1 General office31 Warehouse office 1 General office
32 Bank or building society 2 High street agency33 Betting shop 2 High street agency34 Estate agents 2 High street agency35 Insurance brokers 2 High street agency36 Legal/insurance/accountants 2 High street agency
high street premises37 Post Office 2 High street agency38 Public services 2 High street agency39 Travel agent 2 High street agency40 Undertakers 2 High street agency
41 Amusement arcade 3 General retail42 Beauty salon 3 General retail43 Confectioners, tobacconists, 3 General retail
newsagents, off licences44 Dry cleaner 3 General retail45 Garden centres 3 General retail46 Hairdressing salon 3 General retail47 Indoor markets 3 General retail48 Laundrette 3 General retail49 Personal services 3 General retail50 Pet shops 3 General retail51 Petrol filling stations 3 General retail
52 Department store 4 Large non-food shop53 Departmental and general stores 4 Large non-food shop54 Factory shop 4 Large non-food shop55 Factory showroom 4 Large non-food shop56 Hypermarket 4 Large non-food shop57 Large shop 4 Large non-food shop58 Retail showroom 4 Large non-food shop59 Retail warehouse 4 Large non-food shop60 Shop with industry 4 Large non-food shop61 Showroom 4 Large non-food shop62 Superstore 4 Large non-food shop63 Vehicle showroom 4 Large non-food shop
64 Warehouse shop 4 Large non-food shop65 Warehouse showroom 4 Large non-food shop
66 Corner food shops, butchers 5 Small food store67 Corner food shops, greengrocers 5 Small food store
and delicatessens
68 Supermarket 6 Large food store
69 Cafe 7 Restaurant70 Canteen 7 Restaurant71 Eating place 7 Restaurant72 Food courts 7 Restaurant73 Mess, junior ranks 7 Restaurant
(accommodation only)74 Mess, junior ranks (catering only) 7 Restaurant75 Mess, officers (catering only) 7 Restaurant76 Mess, warrant officers and 7 Restaurant
sergeants (catering only)77 Motorway service areas 7 Restaurant78 NAAFI 7 Restaurant79 Restaurant 7 Restaurant80 Takeaway restaurant 7 Restaurant81 Discotheque 8 Bar, pub or
licensed club82 Night club 8 Bar, pub or
licensed club83 Public house 8 Bar, pub or
licensed club84 Wine bar 8 Bar, pub or
licensed club
85 Hotel 9 Hotel
86 Art gallery 10 Cultural activities87 Arts centre 10 Cultural activities88 Library 10 Cultural activities89 Museum 10 Cultural activities
90 Auditorium 11 Entertainment halls91 Bingo hall 11 Entertainment halls92 Casino 11 Entertainment halls93 Cinema 11 Entertainment halls94 Concert hall 11 Entertainment halls95 Dancing school 11 Entertainment halls96 Entertainment hall 11 Entertainment halls97 Theatre 11 Entertainment halls
98 Swimming pool 12 Swimming pool centre
99 Fitness centre 13 Fitness and health centre
100 Gymnasium 13 Fitness and health centre
101 Health club 13 Fitness and health centre
102 Ice skating rinks 14 Dry sports and leisure facility
103 Indoor bowling 14 Dry sports and leisure facility
104 Leisure centre 14 Dry sports and leisure facility
105 Pavilion/sports clubhouse 14 Dry sports and leisure facility
106 Racecourse 14 Dry sports and leisure facility
107 Roller skating rinks 14 Dry sports and leisure facility
108 Snooker club 14 Dry sports and leisure facility
109 Sports centre with pool 14 Dry sports and leisure facility
Table 2 Allocation of building types to benchmark categories
No. Building type Benchmark Category name No. Building type Benchmark Category namecategory category
Table continues
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Allocation of building types 11
110 Sports ground 14 Dry sports and leisure facility
111 Sports ground buildings 14 Dry sports and leisure facility
112 Sports hall 14 Dry sports and leisure facility
113 Squash club 14 Dry sports and leisure facility
114 Tennis courts etc 14 Dry sports and leisure facility
115 Covered parking 15 Covered car park
116 Beach huts 16 Public buildings with light usage
117 Bus depot 16 Public buildings with light usage
118 Cemetery 16 Public buildings with light usage
119 Church 16 Public buildings with light usage
120 Church with cemetery 16 Public buildings with light usage
121 Parking building 16 Public buildings with light usage
122 Place of worship 16 Public buildings with light usage
123 Places of religious worship 16 Public buildings with light usage
124 Public lavatory 16 Public buildings with light usage
125 Sacred place 16 Public buildings with light usage
126 Scout or Guide hut 16 Public buildings with light usage
127 Clubhouse 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
128 Community centre 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
129 Community facilities 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
130 Community meeting place 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
131 Creche 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
132 Creche/childcare facility 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
133 Day centre 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
134 Dogs racecourse 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
135 Hunting and fishing 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
136 Marina or sailing club 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
137 Nursery or kindergarten 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
138 Pre-school facility 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
139 Primary and secondary 17 Schools and teaching establishments seasonal public
buildings140 Primary school 17 Schools and
seasonal public buildings
141 Private school 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
142 Reserves centre 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
143 School 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
144 Secondary school 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
145 Social clubs 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
146 Special school 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
147 Speedway 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
148 State primary school 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
149 State school 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
150 State secondary school 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
151 Unlicensed club 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
152 Village hall 17 Schools and seasonal public buildings
153 Classroom 18 University campus154 Lecture hall 18 University campus155 Sixth form college 18 University campus156 University 18 University campus
157 Clinic or health centre 19 Clinic158 Dentist's surgery 19 Clinic159 Doctor's surgery 19 Clinic160 Health Centres and Clinics 19 Clinic161 Medical and dental centre 19 Clinic
(combined)162 Medical centre 19 Clinic163 Mortuary 19 Clinic164 Occupational health centre 19 Clinic165 Out patient treatment area 19 Clinic166 Primary health care buildings 19 Clinic167 Surgery or clinic 19 Clinic168 Veterinary surgery 19 Clinic
169 General acute hospital 20 Hospital (clinical and research)
170 Teaching/Specialist Hospital 20 Hospital (clinical and research)
171 Community and mental health 21 Long term hospitals residential
Table continues
Table 2 Allocation of building types to benchmark categories — continued
No. Building type Benchmark Category name No. Building type Benchmark Category namecategory category
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12 Energy benchmarks
172 Detention 21 Long term residential
173 Detention centre 21 Long term residential
174 Home 21 Long term residential
175 Hospital 21 Long term residential
176 Hostel 21 Long term residential
177 Nursing home 21 Long term residential
178 Nursing residential homes 21 Long term and hostels residential
179 Prison 21 Long term residential
180 Remand centre 21 Long term residential
181 Young offenders instit'n 21 Long term residential
182 Boarding/guesthouse 22 General accommodation
183 Cadet hut 22 General accommodation
184 Holiday accommodation 22 General accommodation
185 Holiday centre 22 General accommodation
186 Holiday let 22 General accommodation
187 Junior ranks accommodation 22 General accommodation
188 Mess, officers (accommodation 22 General only) accommodation
189 Mess, officers (catering and 22 Generalaccommodation) accommodation
190 Mess, warrant officers and 22 General sergeants (accommodation only) accommodation
191 Mess, warrant officers and 22 Generalsergeants (catering and accommodationaccommodation
192 MoD civilian accommodation 22 General accommodation
193 Official service residence 22 General accommodation
194 School boarding house 22 General accommodation
195 Service families accommodation 22 General (officers, type 1) accommodation
196 Transient accommodation 22 General (other ranks) accommodation
197 Ambulance station 23 Emergency services198 Emergency services 23 Emergency services199 Fire station 23 Emergency services200 Lifeboat station 23 Emergency services201 Police station 23 Emergency services202 Police station (MoD police) 23 Emergency services
203 Laboratory 24 Laboratory or operating theatre
204 Shopping centre mall 25 Public waiting or circulation
205 Bus station/train station/seaport 25 Public waiting or terminal circulation
206 Dock, wharf 25 Public waiting or circulation
207 Railway premise 25 Public waiting or circulation
208 Railway station 25 Public waiting or circulation
209 Airport terminals 26 Terminal210 Armoury 26 Terminal211 Railway mixed use 26 Terminal
212 Comms facility 27 Workshop213 Contractors sheds etc. 27 Workshop214 Crematorium 27 Workshop215 Fixed wing aircraft, repair 27 Workshop216 Garage 27 Workshop217 Gas/decontamination chamber 27 Workshop218 Helicopters, repair 27 Workshop219 Manufacturing premises 27 Workshop
(excluding process energy use)220 Observatories 27 Workshop221 Petrol filling station 27 Workshop222 Railway engine shed 27 Workshop223 Recording studios 27 Workshop224 Ship/submarine repair/refit 27 Workshop225 Sorting office 27 Workshop226 Telephone exchange 27 Workshop227 Vehicle repair workshop 27 Workshop228 Vehicle services 27 Workshop229 Workshop 27 Workshop230 Workshops/maintenance depot 27 Workshop
231 Fixed wing aircraft, storage 28 Storage facility232 Garages 28 Storage facility233 Helicopters, storage 28 Storage facility234 Road haulage depot 28 Storage facility235 Storage depot 28 Storage facility236 Vehicle storage 28 Storage facility237 Cold store 29 Cold storage
Table 2 Allocation of building types to benchmark categories — continued
No. Building type Benchmark Category name No. Building type Benchmark Category namecategory category
Table 3 Data common to all benchmark categories
Item Notes
CO2 emission factors used tocalculate CO2 benchmarks*:— electricity 0.550 kgCO2/kW·h— fossil-thermal 0.190 kgCO2/kW·h
Degree-days:— type: Heating degree-days with 15.5 °C base
and threshold temperature— reference value 2021 degree-days
* Factors used to derive the illustrative benchmark CO2 emissions fromthe energy benchmarks; thge Operation Rating procedure will use agreedCO2 factors (which may differ from those in this table) to calculate CO2benchmarks
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Appendix A1: Weather adjustment 13
Weather adjustment is a standard part of the operationalrating procedure which is automatically implemented inthe approved software with no requirement for assessorinput. It increases the relevance of an operational ratingby adjusting the benchmark consumption according to theweather for the region and year of the assessment.
For this weather adjustment, twelve month heatingdegree-days with a base temperature of 15.5 °C are useddue to their relevance, availability and body of experience.These degree-days have been used successfully overdecades in a wide range of sectors and are currently usedby the Carbon Trust.
As agreed by the CLG benchmark project steeringcommittee, cooling degree-days are not included in thecalculation procedure. Their applicability to differentbuildings is highly variable and their sectoral use is notconsidered to be well established.
Benchmark energy consumption values in the main tablesare associated with a reference national annual 15.5 °Cdegree-day value against which the actual degree-dayvalue (for the region and year of the operational rating) iscompared, to provide a ratio which scales the weather-dependent part of the benchmark energy.
The 15.5 °C degree-days are used in all sectors. Thisincludes office buildings, where a lower base temperaturemight have been considered as many buildings have lowbalance-point temperatures. Hospitals have traditionallyhave used a base temperature of 18.5 °C.
However, the 15.5 °C degree-days produce an appropriateadjustment, especially for the annual calculationsrequired for the Operational Rating, because the ratio ofthe actual annual degree-days to the reference value doesnot change greatly if the degree-day base is changed.
If monthly calculations including summer months wererequired it would be helpful to optimise the degree-daybase temperature to a value such as the balance tempera-ture of the building, but for annual Operational Ratingscalculations sensitivity analysis confirms that this is asecond-order effect.
Appendix A1: Weather adjustment
Table A1.1 12-month 15.5 °C degree-day data over 14 regions for calendar years 1998–2007 (source: The Carbon Trust/Vilnis Vesma)
Year Degree-day region Ave. Diff.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 16 17
1998 1747 2007 1924 1729 1627 2148 2032 2236 2293 2269 2142 2129 1975 2145 2029 0%1999 1681 1976 1901 1651 1597 2030 1939 2218 2265 2180 2031 2070 1912 2144 1971 –2%2000 1732 2042 1988 1720 1675 2154 2048 2394 2339 2292 2125 2101 2082 2268 2968 2%2001 1880 2201 2165 1753 1844 2234 2220 2620 2416 2457 2281 2260 2100 2308 2196 9%2002 157 1876 1745 1569 1780 2001 1914 2374 2234 2229 1995 1974 1917 2077 1947 –4%
2003 1733 2111 1820 1671 1920 2086 2034 2297 2198 2298 2076 2121 1987 2186 2038 1%2004 1719 2054 1796 1669 1853 2028 2002 2191 2178 2185 2009 2100 1984 2197 1998 –1%2005 1759 2075 2004 1713 1889 2047 2205 2211 2212 2189 2081 2148 1928 2160 2044 1%2006 1679 1929 1977 1691 1839 2044 1940 2188 2249 2173 2023 2046 1966 2179 1995 –1%2007 1591 1940 1893 1496 1774 2026 2033 2156 2185 2098 1925 1987 1844 2019 1926 –5%
Ave: 1709 2021 1921 1666 1780 2080 2037 2289 2257 2237 2069 2094 1970 2168 2021 0%Diff: –15% 0% –5% –18% –12% 3% 1% 13% 12% 11% 2% 4% –3% 7% 0% —
Diff:2001 –7% 9% 7% –13% –9% 11% 10% 30% 20% 22% 13% 12% 4% 14% 2196 9%2003 –14% 4% –10% –17% –5% 3% 1% 14% 9% 14% 3% 5% –2% 8% 2038 1%2007 –21 –4% –6% –26% –12% 0% 1% 7% 8% 4% –5% –2% –9% 0% 1926 –5%
Key to degree-day regions: (1) Thames Valley, (2) South Eastern, (3) Southern, (4) South Western, (5) Severn Valley, (6) Midland, (7) West Pennines,(8) North Western, (9) Borders, (10) North Eastern, (11) East Pennines, (12) East Anglia, (16) Wales, (17) Northern Ireland.
15
14
18
17
16
4
3
5
6
117
108
9
13
12
1
2
1 Thames Valley 2 South-eastern 3 Southern 4 South-western 5 Severn Valley 6 Midland 7 West Pennines 8 North-western 9 Borders10 North-eastern11 East Pennines12 East Anglia13 W Scotland14 E Scotland15 NE Scotland16 Wales17 N Ireland18 NW Scotland
Figure A1.1 Degree-day regions
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14 Energy benchmarks
Buildings with high balance temperatures are now lesscommon because elevated internal temperatures areincreasingly offset by higher internal gains, betterstandards of insulation, building air leakage preventionand heat recovery.
Degree-days for the entire 12-month year are used becauseselecting a certain months as a ‘heating season’ may not beappropriate for all regions, and varying the heating seasonby region is complex and to some extent arbitrary.Summer degree-days are relatively low and so have littleeffect on the ratio of actual annual degree-days to thereference value.
The reference degree-day value given in this benchmarkset is 2021 degree-days and is common to all sectorsbecause the degree-day base temperature (15.5 °C) iscommon to all sectors. The reference value is a ten-yearsimple average to December 2007 across all regions ofEngland, Wales and Northern Ireland, see Table A1.1. Thereference value is 18% lower than a previous referencevalue (2462), but it is closer to likely current values andproduces smaller adjustments.
The difference (‘Diff.’) values are calculated with respectto the reference value (2021) and illustrate the likelyvariation between different regions and years.
Appendix A2: Separable energy uses
Some activities within buildings use significant amountsof energy, including catering facilities and server rooms.These high usage areas may only occupy a smallpercentage of the useful floor area, and their use may behighly variable, and so they can have a significant effecton the overall Operational Rating of the building. Therelevance, accuracy and value of the Operational Ratingmay be improved by separating out such energy use.
Separating out particular energy uses is an optional part ofthe Operational Rating procedure. It increases therelevance of an Operational Rating where a building hasspecific ‘process’ energy uses which cannot meaningfullybe included in the benchmark comparison exercise.
Separable energy uses are those energy uses within abuilding’s overall metered energy consumption which theOperational Rating procedure allows to be reportedseparately from the main energy rating of the building.Where the separable energy use is deducted from the totalmetered consumption, the floor area associated with theseparable use is also deducted.
This part of the procedure is simply omitted if thebuilding has no metered separable energy use, in whichcase all the building’s energy is counted in the mainassessment. If there are un-metered separable energy uses,this provides an incentive to meter them for futureassessments.
Table A2.1 sets down the complete list of separable energyuses which can, if all the relevant criteria are satisfied, besubtracted from the metered energy use of building in thespecified categories. The table provides information onthe separable energy uses as follows:
— Columns A–C: name and description of theseparable energy use
— Column D: benchmark categories within whichthe separable energy uses can be used
— Column H: measurement procedures (area) — thefloor area associated with a separable energy usemust be measured as it is subtracted from thebuilding total floor area
— Column I: measurement procedures (energy) —the metering requirement is described which must
be carried out before the energy used can beclaimed as separable.
— Column J: quantitative evidence — description ofthe quantitative evidence required to support entryof a separable energy use
— Column L: validation — there must be confir-mation from the building manager or assessor thatthe energy is indeed used for the purpose whichjustifies its subtraction from the building energyuse
— Column M: validation 2 — evidence must bepresented that the excluded energy use has beenassessed in the last two years - this is to reduce thepossibility that a high energy using application iskept going indefinitely even if highly inefficient.
— Column N: sign off — evidence to be collated intoa report and signed off by the occupant’s propertymanager.
In order to be separated, the energy use must:
— be one of the listed separable energy uses in Table 2
— be for one of the benchmarks for which thisseparable energy applies (Table 2)
— comply with the criteria defining the separableenergy use
— have permanently metered energy use
— have meter readings and analysis for the ratingperiod
— have associated floor area measured and recorded
— have a documented review of energy use andefficiency with improvement proposals
— have a collated Separable Energy Recordsummarising all the above and signed off by theoccupant’s property manager.
No other energy uses may be separated from a building’sassessment.
The Operational Rating procedure requires the energyconsumption (by supply type) and floor area of anyseparable energy use. Assessors have the option to enterthis information only if they have completed a SeparableEnergy Record.
Eszter S
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Appendix A2: Separable energy uses 15
Sep
arab
le e
ner
gy
use
des
crip
tio
nM
easu
rem
ent
pro
ced
ure
s
Nu
mb
erN
ame
Des
crip
tio
nB
ench
mar
k ca
teg
ori
esA
sso
ciat
ed f
loo
r ar
ea t
o b
e m
easu
red
for
sub
trac
tio
n f
rom
GIA
Q
uan
tifi
cati
on
of
ener
gy
use
Qu
anti
tati
ve e
vid
ence
S1
Reg
iona
l ser
ver
room
Dat
a pr
oces
sing
faci
litie
s on
a
regi
onal
or
natio
nal b
asis
. E
xclu
des
faci
litie
s se
rvin
g on
ly
loca
l or
in-b
uild
ing
netw
orks
.
1. G
ener
al o
ffice
Ser
ver
room
floo
r ar
eaM
eter
ed e
nerg
y us
e us
ing
perm
anen
t met
ers
for
serv
er
room
and
ded
icat
ed a
ir co
nditi
onin
g, o
r m
eter
ed e
nerg
yus
e of
ele
ctro
nic
data
pro
cess
ing
equi
pmen
t exc
ludi
ng
air
cond
ition
ing
plus
allo
wan
ce o
f 40%
for
air
cond
ition
ing.
Rec
ord
of m
eter
rea
ding
s, e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n ca
lcul
atio
n an
d lo
catio
n of
per
man
ent m
eter
s.
Flo
orpl
an in
dica
ting
asso
ciat
ed fl
oor
area
.
S2
Tra
ding
floo
rT
radi
ng o
r de
alin
g flo
or a
rea
with
ty
pica
lly 3
scr
eens
per
sta
tion
1. G
ener
al o
ffice
Tra
ding
floo
r ne
t are
aM
eter
ed e
nerg
y us
e us
ing
perm
anen
t met
ers
of tr
adin
g st
atio
ns a
nd d
edic
ated
pro
cess
ing
and
serv
icin
g su
ch
as li
ghtin
g an
d ai
r co
nditi
onin
g.
Rec
ord
of m
eter
rea
ding
s, e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n ca
lcul
atio
n an
d lo
catio
n of
per
man
ent m
eter
s.
Flo
orpl
an in
dica
ting
asso
ciat
ed fl
oor
area
.
S3
Bak
ery
oven
In-s
tore
bak
ery
oven
6. L
arge
food
sto
reF
loor
are
a of
roo
m d
edic
ated
to th
e pr
oces
s -
may
be
zero
if fr
ee-s
tand
ing.
Met
ered
con
sum
ptio
n us
ing
perm
anen
t met
er(s
) of
the
oven
Rec
ord
of m
eter
rea
ding
s, e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n ca
lcul
atio
n an
d lo
catio
n of
per
man
ent m
eter
s.
Flo
orpl
an in
dica
ting
asso
ciat
ed fl
oor
area
.
S4
Spo
rts
flood
lig
htin
gF
lood
ligh
ting
of e
xter
nal s
port
s fa
cilit
ies
14. D
ry s
port
s an
d le
isur
e fa
cilit
yN
one
- ex
tern
al a
reas
are
not
incl
uded
in
the
GIA
Met
ered
con
sum
ptio
n us
ing
perm
anen
t met
er(s
) of
the
light
ing.
Rec
ord
of m
eter
rea
ding
s, e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n ca
lcul
atio
n an
d lo
catio
n of
per
man
ent m
eter
s.
Flo
orpl
an in
dica
ting
asso
ciat
ed fl
oor
area
.
S5
Fur
nace
, hea
t tr
eatm
ent o
r fo
rmin
g pr
oces
s
Hig
h in
tens
ity fu
rnac
e, h
eat
trea
tmen
t or
form
ing
proc
ess
with
in a
wor
ksho
p or
labo
rato
ry
18. U
nive
rsity
cam
pus,
20. H
ospi
tal c
linic
al a
nd r
esea
rch,
24. L
abor
ator
y or
ope
ratin
g th
eatr
e,27
. Wor
ksho
p
Flo
or a
rea
of r
oom
ded
icat
ed to
the
proc
ess
- m
ay b
e ze
ro if
free
-sta
ndin
g.M
eter
ed c
onsu
mpt
ion
usin
g pe
rman
ent m
eter
(s)
of th
e pr
oces
s.R
ecor
d of
met
er r
eadi
ngs,
ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
calc
ulat
ion
and
loca
tion
of p
erm
anen
t met
ers.
F
loor
plan
indi
catin
g as
soci
ated
floo
r ar
ea.
S6
Bla
st c
hilli
ng o
r fr
eezi
ngO
ne-o
ff pr
oces
sing
of i
ncom
ing
good
s to
cha
nge
thei
r st
atus
29. C
old
stor
age
Flo
or a
rea
of r
oom
ded
icat
ed to
the
proc
ess
- m
ay b
e ze
ro if
free
-sta
ndin
g.M
eter
ed c
onsu
mpt
ion
usin
g pe
rman
ent m
eter
(s)
of th
e pl
ant.
Rec
ord
of m
eter
rea
ding
s, e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n ca
lcul
atio
n an
d lo
catio
n of
per
man
ent m
eter
s.
Flo
orpl
an in
dica
ting
asso
ciat
ed fl
oor
area
.
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[F]
[G]
[E]
Tab
le A
2.1
Sepa
rabl
e en
ergy
use
s; (a
) mea
sure
men
t pro
cedu
res
Tabl
e co
ntin
ues
Esz
ter
Sip
iczk
i, tr
aini
ng@
quid
os.c
o.uk
, 3:4
8pm
23/
10/2
013,
2
16 Energy benchmarks
Sep
arab
le e
ner
gy
use
des
crip
tio
n
Nu
mb
erN
ame
Des
crip
tio
n
S1
Reg
iona
l ser
ver
room
Dat
a pr
oces
sing
faci
litie
s on
a
regi
onal
or
natio
nal b
asis
. E
xclu
des
faci
litie
s se
rvin
g on
ly
loca
l or
in-b
uild
ing
netw
orks
.
S2
Tra
ding
floo
rT
radi
ng o
r de
alin
g flo
or a
rea
with
ty
pica
lly 3
scr
eens
per
sta
tion
S3
Bak
ery
oven
In-s
tore
bak
ery
oven
S4
Spo
rts
flood
lig
htin
gF
lood
ligh
ting
of e
xter
nal s
port
s fa
cilit
ies
S5
Fur
nace
, hea
t tr
eatm
ent o
r fo
rmin
g pr
oces
s
Hig
h in
tens
ity fu
rnac
e, h
eat
trea
tmen
t or
form
ing
proc
ess
with
in a
wor
ksho
p or
labo
rato
ry
S6
Bla
st c
hilli
ng o
r fr
eezi
ngO
ne-o
ff pr
oces
sing
of i
ncom
ing
good
s to
cha
nge
thei
r st
atus
Val
idat
ion
req
uir
ed
Val
idat
ion
evi
den
ce 1
Val
idat
ion
evi
den
ce 2
Sig
n o
ff
Con
firm
atio
n th
at m
ore
than
75%
of
the
serv
er r
oom
func
tion
is fo
r re
gion
al o
r na
tiona
l ope
ratio
ns a
nd
loca
tion
of m
eter
s.
Evi
denc
e (e
.g. r
epor
t titl
e an
d da
te)
that
the
serv
er r
oom
has
bee
n as
sess
ed fo
r ef
ficie
ncy
in th
e la
st
two
year
s
Evi
denc
e to
be
colla
ted
into
a r
epor
t an
d si
gned
off
by th
e oc
cupa
nt's
pr
oper
ty m
anag
er.
Con
firm
atio
n by
the
build
ing
man
ager
that
the
floor
are
a is
use
d fo
r de
alin
g or
trad
ing
and
that
en
ergy
use
has
bee
n m
eter
ed.
Evi
denc
e (e
.g. r
epor
t titl
e an
d da
te)
that
the
area
has
bee
n as
sess
ed fo
r ef
ficie
ncy
in th
e la
st tw
o ye
ars
Evi
denc
e to
be
colla
ted
into
a r
epor
t an
d si
gned
off
by th
e oc
cupa
nt's
pr
oper
ty m
anag
er.
Con
firm
atio
n by
the
asse
ssor
that
th
e ov
en is
for
baki
ngE
vide
nce
(e.g
. rep
ort t
itle
and
date
) th
at th
e pr
oces
s ha
s be
en
asse
ssed
for
effic
ienc
y in
the
last
tw
o ye
ars
Evi
denc
e to
be
colla
ted
into
a r
epor
t an
d si
gned
off
by th
e oc
cupa
nt's
pr
oper
ty m
anag
er.
Con
firm
atio
n by
the
asse
ssor
that
th
e m
eter
ed e
nerg
y is
for
exte
rnal
sp
orts
ligh
ting
Evi
denc
e (e
.g. r
epor
t titl
e an
d da
te)
that
the
light
ing
and
its c
ontr
ol h
as
been
ass
esse
d fo
r ef
ficie
ncy
in th
e la
st tw
o ye
ars
Evi
denc
e to
be
colla
ted
into
a r
epor
t an
d si
gned
off
by th
e oc
cupa
nt's
pr
oper
ty m
anag
er.
Con
firm
atio
n by
the
asse
ssor
that
th
e m
eter
ed e
nerg
y is
for
the
blas
t ch
illin
g or
free
zing
Evi
denc
e (e
.g. r
epor
t titl
e an
d da
te)
that
the
proc
ess
has
been
as
sess
ed fo
r ef
ficie
ncy
in th
e la
st
two
year
s
Evi
denc
e to
be
colla
ted
into
a r
epor
t an
d si
gned
off
by th
e oc
cupa
nt's
pr
oper
ty m
anag
er.
Con
firm
atio
n by
the
asse
ssor
that
th
e m
eter
ed e
nerg
y is
for
the
spec
ial e
nerg
y pr
oces
s
Evi
denc
e (e
.g. r
epor
t titl
e an
d da
te)
that
the
proc
ess
has
been
as
sess
ed fo
r ef
ficie
ncy
in th
e la
st
two
year
s
Evi
denc
e to
be
colla
ted
into
a r
epor
t an
d si
gned
off
by th
e oc
cupa
nt's
pr
oper
ty m
anag
er.
[A]
[B]
[C]
[L]
[F]
[M]
Tab
le A
2.1
Sepa
rabl
e en
ergy
use
s; (b
) val
idat
ion
requ
irem
ents
Eszter S
ipiczki, [email protected], 3:48pm
23/10/2013, 2
Appendix A3: Occupancy adjustment 17
Occupancy adjustment is an optional part of the Opera-tional Rating procedure. It increases the relevance of anOperational Rating in buildings whose occupancy isdifferent to the benchmark occupancy value, by adjustingthe listed energy consumption benchmarks according tothe actual occupancy of a building.
If suitably documented occupancy of the building is notavailable or is the same as the benchmark occupancy, theoccupancy adjustment is simply omitted and the listed(unadjusted) energy benchmarks are then used. If actualoccupancy is higher this approach provides an incentive toobtain the required occupancy data for future assessments.
The information required from the assessor for occupancyadjustment is a valid assessment and record of theoccupancy of the building. The annual occupancy hoursmust be assessed according to the approved procedure andmeasurements described below.
The Operational Rating procedure has the followingbenchmark data available from Table 1 for eachbenchmark category:
— listed energy consumption benchmarks
— reference occupancy hours for the listedbenchmarks
— maximum (limiting) occupancy hours
— maximum percentage increase in energy consump-tion at the limiting occupancy hours for bothelectricity and fossil thermal fuel use.
The Operational Rating procedure then adjusts thebenchmark as follows:
— If the building occupancy is less than or equal tothe reference occupancy in Table 1, the benchmarklisted in the table is used with no adjustment.
— If the building occupancy is equal to or higherthan the limiting occupancy in Table 1 the
benchmark is adjusted by applying the limitingpercentage increase in the Table.
— For occupancy values in between these twoextremes the percentage increase is interpolatedon a pro-rata basis to obtain the adjustedbenchmark: there is a linear dependence of theadjusted benchmark on the occupancy.
To obtain the annual occupancy hours the assessor mustuse the appropriate occupancy measurement systems asallocated for each benchmark category in Table 1. The twodefinitions of annual occupancy hours are:
(a) the number of hours per year that the number ofrecorded occupants exceeds 25% of the nominalmaximum occupancy
(b) the number of hours per year that the premises arefully open to the public according to publishedopening hours.
The assessor must obtain attendance records, surveyresults or published opening hours and calculate theannual occupancy hours. This information is to becollated into an annual occupancy hours record andsigned off by the building or premises manager before theassessor uses the occupancy data in the Operational Ratingprocedure.
Where different parts of the building (falling within thesame benchmark category) have different occupancies thelowest occupancy must be used, unless an assessment ofoccupancy in each part is made and the occupanciescombined using the percentages of overall floor areas, i.e.using an area-weighted average.
For occupancy adjustment of a multi-use buildingassessment (employing more than one benchmarkcategory), the annual occupancy hours must be calculatedas above for each category for which an occupancyadjustment is relevant.
Appendix A3: Occupancy adjustment
Esz
ter
Sip
iczk
i, tr
aini
ng@
quid
os.c
o.uk
, 3:4
8pm
23/
10/2
013,
2
18 Energy benchmarks
A4.1 Data centres
Data centres have substantial unoccupied process areasand their energy consumption is dominated by processequipment. They are therefore classified as industrialbuildings for which an Operational Rating is not requiredand so benchmark data are not provided.
A building is classified as a data centre for OperationalRating benchmark purposes if it has been designed oraltered primarily to provide data processing services and ifless than a total of 10% of its gross internal floor areaconsists of activities covered by one or more of thebenchmark categories in Table 1.
For office buildings with substantial data centre/serverprovision, the data centre energy can be measured andtreated as a separable energy use.
A4.2 Retail premises and malls
Individual retail premises, including outward-facing unitsassociated with retail centres, are to be assessed individ-ually using the appropriate retail benchmark from Table 1.If they have any services energy such as heating or coolingfrom shopping centre services, their energy allocation forthese services should be included.
Shopping centre malls, if required to be assessedseparately, should use the public circulation benchmarkcategory 25.
Inward-facing units in a shopping centre can be assessedexactly as the individual units described above. In somecircumstances it may also be appropriate to assess a wholecentre, or part of the centre comprising the malls andinward facing units, in which case the total energyincluding tenants’ supplies and the appropriate allocationof landlords energy for the tenants and malls should becompared with a composite, multi-use benchmark derivedfrom the total area of each category of retail included andthe malls.
Appendix A4: Notes on specific building types
Eszter S
ipiczki, [email protected], 3:48pm
23/10/2013, 2