Upload File

energy balance - portland state universityenergy balance at 5 elevations pasterzegletscher u5 3225 m...

  • Home
  • Documents
  • Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible
33
Energy Balance

Upload: others

Post on 18-Aug-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

Report

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

Energy Balance

Page 2: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

WaterFlow

Climate

Local Meteorology

Surface MassAnd

Energy Exchange

Net Mass Balance

Dynamic Response

Changes In

GeometryEffect onLandscape

Page 3: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

WaterFlow

Climate

Local Meteorology

Surface MassAnd

Energy Exchange

Net Mass Balance

Dynamic Response

Changes In

GeometryEffect onLandscape

Page 4: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

Accumulation - Ablation = Mass Change

CalvingWind Erosion

SublimationMelt

Page 5: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

Mass

Mass Balance

IN OUT

Analogy for heat balance

Page 6: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

Mass

Surface Energy Balance

Conduction

Radiation

Turbulent (wind) exchange

Page 7: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

Mass

Surface Energy Balance Radiation

Shortwave Longwave

Page 8: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

Mass

Turbulent (wind) exchange

Surface Energy Balance

1. Sensible Heat

2. Latent Heat

Page 9: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

S short-wave incoming radiation fluxa albedo of the surfaceL long-wave incoming radiation fluxL long-wave outgoing radiation fluxQH sensible heat fluxQL latent heat fluxQm phase change

FLUXES: ATMOSPHERE - GLACIER

0 = S ( 1 – ) + L - L + QH + QL + Qm

Greuell, 2003

Page 10: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

S ( 1 – α ) ….net shortwave radiation

Short Wave Radiation

S short-wave incoming radiation flux

α albedo of the surface

Page 11: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

Antarctic Snow

~ 0.8

Page 12: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

~ 0.5Clean Ice

Page 13: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

DIRTY ICE~ 0.2

Pasterzeglet

Page 14: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

Midtalsbreen 2009

Page 15: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

L - L

Long Wave Radiation

L long-wave incoming radiation flux

L long-wave outgoing radiation flux

Page 16: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

SHORT- AND LONG-WAVE RADIATION

Q = T4

Q flux (irradiance) Stefan Boltzmann

constant (5.67.10-8 W m-2 K-4)

temperature

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0.1 1 10 100

Black body radiation

Nor

mal

ized

irra

dian

ce

Wavelength (µm)

T = 5780 Ksun

T = 290 KEarth

Greuell, 2003

Q = εT4

ε emmisivity

Page 17: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

TURBULENT FLUXES

Vertical transport of properties of the air by eddiesTurbulence is generated by wind shear (du/dz)Turbulent fluxes increase with wind speed

Heat: sensible heat flux, QH

Water vapor: latent heat flux, QL

Greuell, 2003

QH + QL

Page 18: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX (QH)

QH a Cpa 2 u T Ts

ln zz0

mzLob

ln zzT

hzLob

a air densityCpa specific heat capacity of airk von Karman constantu wind speedT air temperature at height zTs surface temperaturez0 momentum roughness lengthzT roughness length for temperaturem, h constantsLob Monin-Obukhov length (depends on u and T-Ts)

calculated with the “bulk method”

Greuell, 2003

z

Page 19: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

QL a Ls 2 u q qs

lnz

z0

mzLob

lnzzq

hzLob

LATENT HEAT FLUX(QL)

a air densityLs latent heat of sublimationk von Karman constantu wind speedq specific humidity at height zqs surface specific humidityz0 roughness length for velocityzq roughness length for water vaporm, h constantsLob Monin-Obukhov length (depends on u and T-Ts)

calculated with the “bulk method”

Greuell, 2003

Page 20: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

INSTRUMENTSmeasure short-wave radiation

with a pyranometer (glass dome)

measure long-wave radiationwith a pyrgeometer (silicon

dome)

measure sensible heat fluxwith a sonic anemometer

Greuell, 2003

Page 21: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible
Page 22: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

ZERO-DEGREE ASSUMPTION

Assumption: surface temperature = 0˚C

Leads to:Q0 > 0: Q0 is consumed in meltingQ0 ≤ 0: nothing occurs

Assumption okay when melting conditions are frequent

Not okay when positive Q0 causes heating of the snow (spring, early morning, higher elevation)

Page 23: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

Diurnal Variation

site on glacier ice in summer

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Ener

gy fl

ux (W

/m2 )

Time

short wave in

short wave out

long wave in

long wave out

sensible heat

latent heat

Greuell, 2003

Page 24: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

NET FLUXES

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Ener

gy fl

ux (W

/m2 )

Time

net short wave

net long wave

sensible heat

latent heat

Page 25: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

R = net radiation

S = sensible heat

L = latent heat

G = ground heat flux

M = melt

POSTIVE FLUX IS TOWARDSTHE SURFACE

Page 26: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

ENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONSPasterzegletscher

U53225 m=0.59

T=3.2ÞC

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300net shortwavenet longwavesensible heatlatent heat

Ener

gy fl

ux in

W/m

2

A12205 m=0.21

T=6.8ÞC

U22310 m=0.29

T=6.4ÞC

U32420 m=0.25

T=7.1ÞC

U42945 m=0.59

T=3.5ÞCGreuell, 2003

oCoC oC oC oC

Page 27: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

Effect of Solar Radiation

Google Maps Rueters

Page 28: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

0

50

100

150

200

6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00

Dis

char

ge (l

/s)

Canada Stream0

50

100

150

200

6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 6:00

Disc

harg

e (l/

s)

Anderson Stream

N

EW

S

Jan 2, 1994Bomblies (2000)

Effect of Solar Radiation

Stream flow Stream flow

Page 29: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

Cliff area accounts for 2% of the ablation zone.

But cliff melt accounts for15-20% of the runoff

Ablation 27.4 cmSublimation 1.8 cmMelt 25.7 cm

Ablation 5.2 cmSublimation 3.5 cmMelt 1.7 cm

Dec-Jan 1996-1997

Lewis et al. (1999)

Effect of Solar Radiation, Turbulent Exchange

Page 30: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

Penitentes are the name of the caps of the nazarenos; literally Neve Penitentes Upper Rio Blanco, Argentina Photo: Arvakithose doing penance for their sins. Photo: Sanbec Wikipedia Wikipedia

1.5m

Effect of Solar Radiation, Turbulent Exchange

Mount Rainier Notice the tilt angle0.5 m tall.

person

Photo: Mark Sanderson Wikipedia

Page 31: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

DEGREE-DAY METHOD

M = Tpdd M: melt: degree-day factor [mm day-1 K-1]Tpdd: sum of positive daily mean temperatures

Why does it work:- net long-wave radiative flux, and sensible and latent heat flux ~

proportional to T- feedback between mass balance and albedo

Advantages:- computationally cheap- input: only temperature needed

Disadvantages:- more tuning to local conditions needed: e.g. b depends on mean

solar zenith angle- only sensitivity to temperature can be calculated

Statistical Model 1 of 2

Page 32: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

REGRESSION MODELS

Mn = c0 + c1Ts + c2Pw

Mn: mean specific mass balance

ci: coefficients determined by regression analysis

Ts: Annual mean summer temperature

Pw: Winter Precipitation

Statistical Model 2 of 2

Page 33: Energy Balance - Portland State UniversityENERGY BALANCE AT 5 ELEVATIONS Pasterzegletscher U5 3225 m =0.59 T=3.2ÞC-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 net shortwave net longwave sensible

End


Earth’s Global Energy Balance Overview Electromagnetic Radiation –Radiation and temperature –Solar Radiation –Longwave radiation from the Earth –Global

Balance-of-Payments Accounts and Net Financial Flows

net Balance presentation Queensland GreenIT Informatics Group

Atmosphere and change Describe the functioning of the atmospheric system in terms of the energy balance between solar and longwave radiation. Explain the

NET BALANCE CALCULATIONS - Transwest Equities Paper - Net Balance... · The NET BALANCE, in parenthesis beside the current balance, shows as $3,066.99. This dollar amount signifies

GERB-CERES Shortwave and Longwave/Day Comparisons

THE LONGWAVE SILICON CHIP - INTEGRATED PLASMA- …

Why is Longwave Cloud Feedback Positive?dennis/Zelinka_Hartmann...57 longwave cloud feedbacks. We show that the robust positive longwave cloud feedback is 58 largely due to tropical

Group Longwave Radiation

ABSTRACT contains information pertaining to the …...estimating emitted longwave radiation and sensible heat flux; and 4. estimation of radiation balance components using remotely

THE UNIVERSITY OF READING energy balance of ur… ·  · 2004-03-30The energy balance of urban areas ... L↓ downwelling wavelength-integrated longwave radiative flux density (W

Global Warming (Climate Change). Outline of Lectures Earth’s Energy Balance –incident solar energy –outgoing longwave radiation –detailed energy balance

Dow Jones Industrials / Gold Price - Longwave Group

Acid-Base Balance Workshop - kidsheart.ae · •Impaired cellular respiration . 7. Role of Acid-Base Balance •Net Acid production = Net Acid Elimination ... with urinary incontinence

Atmospheric downwelling longwave radiation at the surface

Solar radiation, longwave radiation and emergent wetland

Net Impact Presentation - New Balance

Overview’of’WRF’Physics’ - Earth & Environmenthomepages.see.leeds.ac.uk › ... › Physics_Dudhia.ppt.pdfWRF’Physics’ • Radiaon’ – Longwave’(ra_lw_physics)’

Parameterisation of incoming longwave radiation …lindseynicholson.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/...balance. Therefore, modelling longwave radiation receipt during this period is

Longwave Receiver

P1.10 Fast Longwave and Shortwave Radiative Flux

Soil Temperature. Energy balance Incoming shortwave from sun Incoming shortwave from sun Outgoing longwave from earth-atmosphere Outgoing longwave from

Treasurer's Annual Financial Report 2015-16 · Treasurer’s Annual Financial Report 2015-16 5 General Government Underlying Net Operating Balance The Underlying Net Operating Balance

Higher Net Protein Balance following the Ingestion of Free

Net Energy Balance for Ethanol from Irrigated Corn in … Energy Balance...Net Energy Balance for Ethanol from Irrigated Corn in the High Plains of Texas Emily K. Seawright, Ron D

Climate Sensitivity by Energy Balance · a base and final period. 3. The radiative imbalance is the downward solar radiation net of albedo (reflection) less the upward longwave radiation

Chapter 13: Net Assets & Fund Balance Carryover

August - November 2007 - Longwave Group

TEXT Financial Information · TABLE 29 INCOME, EXPENSE, AND BALANCES BY DISTRICT 2005-2006 Net Income Total Balance Revenue And Balance And Net Total Balance District July …

HOW DOES THIS BALANCE BETWEEN INSOLATION AND OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION MANIFEST ITSELF GLOBALLY?

ENERGETICS OF CLIMATE MODELS: NET ENERGY BALANCE AND ...pauluis/Olivier_Pauluis... · longwave radiation approximately thermalized at tempera-tures typical of the CS, so that on the

Identifying How Outgoing Longwave Radiation Patterns

Terrestrial Surface Energy Balance 1. Introduction Solar radiation and atmospheric longwave

Beosound Balance - .NET Framework

Surface Downwelling Longwave Radiation (rlds) Surface