energy and sustainable development appropriate design for developing countries spud (steve) marshall...
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Energy and Sustainable Development
Appropriate Design for Developing Countries
Spud (Steve) Marshall
David Creasy
Jay Moran
19 July 2007
Energy Tomorrow - University of New South Wales
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Objectives
• What classifies a developing country?
• How do you approach helping a developing country?
• What are the problem areas for developing countries with regards to current practices and country status?
• What solutions are there to these problems?
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What Classifies a Developing Country
Map of Developed and Developing Countries Green – Developed Countries; Red – Developing Countries; Grey - NA
Level of development for country depicted by darkness of color
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Aid Approach
Get to know the people and their
culture
Identify Problem
Get to know the people and their
culture again
Find a solution
Work alongside the people to introduce the new way of thinking or technology
Through the use of education, teach the people how to sustain their new
technology
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Map of World Literacy Rate by Country
Map of Developed and Developing Countries
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Third World Creativity
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Energy and Developing Countries
• Energy Harnessing
• Energy Related Services
• Appropriate Energy Usage
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Industry & Energy
• Industrial Revolution took place in America during the 19th century
• Steam engines fuelled by coal
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Developing Countries’ Right
• Developing nations have the right to advance their standing by using cheapest fuel available
• Other alternatives need to be available for them to take advantage of
• This might be easier as developing countries do not have an existing fossil fuel infrastructure
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Dangers of Current Scheme
• Biomass is currently the largest source of energy for developing countries, about 85%
• Emits harmful particulates and carbon dioxide
• Increasing energy demands means trees could be clear cut for use as fuel
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Photovoltaics
• Many countries ideally located near equator
• No need to be grid connected and thus no transmission losses
• Kenya has 80,000 household systems in place with 20,000 new systems installed each year
• South Africa is working to install 50,000 household PV systems to remotely located communities
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Wind Energy
• Technology becoming less expensive
• Many areas like Latin America can make use large coasts
• Africa situated right in trade winds
• Mongolia has 130,000 small scale systems supply power to 500,000 people
• Once communities become comfortable with technology, large wind farms can be introduced
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Hydropower
• Mills can be retrofitted to make them more efficient or to turn them into micro hydro power systems.
• Retrofitting is low cost and uses similar designs communities are familiar with.
• Pico hydro power systems effectively supply enough energy for a household or small community.
• Only require minimal running water supply and do not damage local environment
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Biomass
• Electricity generated using fuel from biogas is cheaper and cleaner than from diesel.
• Biomass can be gasified or used directly to generate electricity or heating.
• Fuel sources are located locally, no need to transport to remote locations.
• No shortage of supply– China alone produces 376
million tons of biomass every year
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Energy Related Services
• Food preparation and cooking
• Water supply and storage
• Comfortable living
• Education
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Food and Cooking
• Simple devices can greatly improve upon cooking and food preparation methods
Solar Cooker Kenya Ceramic Jiko Malian Peanut Sheller
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Drinking Water
• PlayPump
• Uses kids energy to pump water
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Lighting
• Many remote areas use Kerosene for lighting lamps– Sri Lanka has 6 million people who rely on kerosene– Kerosene causes healthproblems from the smoke and is the source of many burns
• Combined with renewable energy sources, install LED’s and Fluorescents – Safer and brighter
Safe Bottle Lamp
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Light Up the World
Lamp Type Homemade
Kerosene Incandescent Compact Fluorescent WLED
Efficiency (Lumens/watt) 0.03 18-May 30 - 79 25 - 50
Rated Life (Hours) Supply of Kerosene 1000 6500 - 15,000 50,000
DurabilityFragile &
Dangerous Very Fragile Very Fragile Durable
Power Consumption 0.04 - 0.06
liters/hour 5W 4W 1W
CCT °K ~ 1800° 2652° 4200° 5000°
CRI ~ 80 98 62 82
$ After 50,000 hours 1251 175 75 20
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Education
• Lighting is very beneficial
• Computers and Internet
XO-1 ($100 Laptop)
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X-01 $100 Laptop
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Appropriate Energy Usage• Stemmed from education and simple, user-friendly design• Implementation from both individual and government levels• Developing countries tend
to be more efficient than developed countries because energy has a higher value.
• Developing countries could save 30-45% on energy costs if they had better end-use efficiency. This results in a $26billion savings for only 11 Asian countries.
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Government Role on End-Use Efficiency
• Energy subsidies do not encourage better end-use efficiency because consumers do not need to fear a lack of energy.
• In developing countries, 67% of all government subsidies are energy
subsidies – totals
to $100 billion.
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Global Population
• Population growth in developing countries is currentlygrowing at 2.6%
• If trend continues, by 2050 the developing countries will consume twice as much energy as the industrial world.
• However, a person in a developing country will only use ¼ the energy in comparison to a person in a developed country.