1 INTRODUCTION Timber buildings are mostly widespread in cold climates, because of good thermal performance and availability of the row material. Nevertheless, the low thermal inertia of timber buildings af-fects negatively the summer thermal performance, if compared to buildings built with masonry or concrete materials. Therefore, this can be a limitation for timber technology during the cool-ing season in hot climates, as in Italy. In order to improve the summer performance of timber buildings without worsening the seismic performances, the Fraunhofer Italia, the Free Universi-ty of Bozen-Bolzano with the support of the Trees and Timber Institute CNR – IVALSA inves-tigated few technology solutions using thermal mass in walls in Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) and Light Timber Frame (LTF) systems. Different solutions of walls were proposed for all Ital-ian climatic zones. Within the TIMBEEST project, building physic and structural aspect were considered.

In order to achieve the research goal, the TIMBEEST project analysied the following main fields: 1) environmental restrains on Italian territory; 2) structural analysis of a large number of case studies in seismic zones; 3) energy analysis of a referenced building for all Italian capital cities; 4) monitoring campaign of thermal performance using two outdoor facilities (test cells), which were built in CLT and LTF system. In the first field physical parameters of external re-straints such as Climate Indicator (CI) and Seismic Indicator (SI) across the Italian territory were analysed. The CI represents the equivalent Cooling Degree Days (CDD, [K d]) referred to the Test Reference Year (TRY) and is calculated for the period from May to September. The SI represents the horizontal seismic action on buildings (Se (T)). The combination of these indica-tors allowed to create the Italian Vulnerability Map in terms of seismic activity and climate characteristics given by temperature and solar radiation of the typical year referred to all Italian

Energy and seismic performance of timber buildings in Mediterranean region

A. Polastri CNR – IVALSA, San Michele all’Adige, Italy

G. H. Poh'siè CNR – IVALSA, San Michele all’Adige, Italy

I. Paradisi Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy

J. Ratajczak Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy

ABSTRACT: The use of timber constructions is not common in the Italian building stock. Timber buildings are characterized by the low thermal inertia, which is one of the main reasons for the worsening of summer thermal behaviour. Hence, it represents a limit during the cooling season in hot cli-mates. The summer thermal performance of timber buildings can be improved by increasing the thermal mass of building components, but at the same time, it implies the worsening of the structure performance, which is crucial in seismic areas in Italy. Italian codes establish restric-tive limits for the design of building, particularly in southern regions because of a high seismic activity. The Fraunhofer Italia, the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano with the support of Trees and Timber Institute CNR – IVALSA studied within the TIMBEEST research project how to improve the summer performance of timber buildings without worsening the seismic perfor-mance. This study presents solutions for improving summer energy performance of timber buildings by increasing thermal mass of walls in Italian context. The research considered both building physic and structure implications for two timber construction systems - Light Timber Frame and Cross-Laminated Timber.

cafoanwedipeseFustrfoingtercofrothesuwenawistauscousbumo

2

Ita

deBoacdicerasotemacita

Fig

apitaur c

nalyere ffer

erfoque

urthrictir 1gs crwa

ompom e im

ummere allyith andsed ompsed uildore

AN

ThaliaTh

emaolzaccorcatoage

orptimpe

cterial ci

gure

al ccite

ysis per

rentormeentlhermion10 Icomardsponestru

mprmer

cho, thim

dardin a

poneto

ding acc

NA

he fian tehe fand anordinor (e soioneratisticitie

e 1.

citiees, wof

rfort timed aly thmorn weItal

mpos thent ucturovthe

ooshe e

mprod wa mentval

g wicur

ALY

firsterritfirst

in o-Bong t(CI)ol-ain coturec gis.

Syn

es. Iwhia la

rmembeacche pre, sere lianonenhe e

weuraed ermsen enerovedalls

mons inlidaith rate

YSIS

t patoryt rebu

ozeto (G), wir teoeffe (iven

nthe

In tich argeed. Ier ccordprostrudef

n capnts eneere l anbui

mal forrgyd ws.Fiitorn reate the.

S O

art oy thstra

uildin cGas

wereempficiein, n by

esis

the bel

e nuIn p

consdingopeructufinepita(wrgycar

nalyildinpar

r 11y dywallnalringeal a n

erma

OF E

of thhat aain ingscalcspare caperent [°Cy te

s Ma

seclonumbpartstrug tor dimural ed. al c

wallsy dyrriedysisng ram10 cynamls aly,

g cadyn

numal m

ENV

he raffewas acularellalcuratu

vaC]) eemp

ap f

conng tober ticuuctioo themenlim

In tities, roynad ous regwa

metecapimicand in

ampnam

merimas

VIR

reseect as rcro

atedla eulatre (alueequpera

for 1

nd fio seof

ularon e Eunsio

mitsthe

es woof

amicut. gard

alls ers oital c si

aftthe

paigmic ical ss in

ROM

earctheeferss t

d thet aled (so

e (ual tatur

110

fieldeismstu

r, twsysuroon s fo

thiwerefs, sc sSecdinweof icit

mufterwe fougn

conmo

n or

ME

ch p therredthe e eql. 20for

ol-air,

, to 2re a

cap

d strmicudy wo rtem

ocodof t

or third e evslabimucon

ng there impties ulatiwarurthin ondioderde

ENT

projermd toIta

quiv011the

, , [-])

26 °and

pital

rucc accas

refems (de 8the hermfiel

valub/floulat

ndlyhe mdesprovof

ionsrds h fiordtion

el foer to

TAL

jectmal ao a alianvale

1). Te pe[°C) 0°C. sol

l cit

cturactivises eren(LT8 (Cstr

malld euateoorstion

y, bamaxsignvedIta

s wres

ielder tns. for to pr

L R

t foandme

n teent Theerio

C]) r0,3,

Thlar r

ties

al pity wit

ncedTF aCENructl menered. Fs w

ns oasedximned.d wlian

weresultsd, twto mThtherrovi

RES

ocusd seeteoerriCo

e eqod frrefe0,6

he Cradi

of I

perfclath thd reand N 2tura

massrgyFirs

withof td o

mum. Aallsn Pre cas wwo meahe ormaide

TR

sed ism

orolitoryooliquivfromerre6 a

CI piati

Itali

formssehermesidCL013

al els imy pestlyoutthe n th

m allccos, throvarriewere

outasuroutpal dou

RAIN

on mic plogiy. Ting valem Med tand provon

ian P

mans dmal

dentLT) 3) inlem

mpleerfoy, tht ma

refhe Ilow

ordihe tinced e ctdoore thput dynutpu

NT

mapericalTheDe

ent Mayto th

0,videof t

Pro

ncesefinl mtial we

n ormenteme

ormahe mass)fereItali

wabling twoes aoutomor fhe tdat

namut d

S

apprforml pae reegreCD

y to hree,9, ed ithe

vinc

s ofned

massbui

ere srdets aentaanc

mos) inenceian le lto

o macct fo

mparfacitherta f

mic sata

ingmanarameseaee D

DD, Sepe dresinfotyp

ces

f thd by

(inildistudr to

and atioces st con LTed Vuoadthe

mostord

or thred ilitirmafromsimfro

g enncemetarchDaycal

ptemdiffespecormpica

and

he ry SIn waingsdiedo dethe

on inof tommTF bui

ulned ofe mt sudinghe sto

ies al pm th

mulaom

nvire of ter h teys (lledmberenctiv

matial ye

d as

eferI, wallss (thd. Aefine ren tethe monand

ildinerabf the

multiuitabg tosamthe

(teserfohe mationthe

onmf busign

eamCD

d alser cnt hvelyon ear

soci

renweres) inhreeA linne thquiermref

n sad Cng bilitermi-crble

o clime re rest cformmon o

e en

menuildinifi

m ofDD, so iconhoriy; bregref

iate

ncede evn die anneahe sired

ms ofereamp

CLTcom

ty Mmal mriter

waimarefeefercellsmannito

of thnerg

ntalingsicanf th[K

in thnsidzon

b) sgardferr

ed cl

d buvaluiffernd far stseisd coof benceple

T wempoMapmaria alls atic erenrencs) w

nce orinhe

gy s

l ress. nt fhe FK d]

his erin

ntal set dinged t

lass

uilduaterenfivetatismiconnebuiled bof ere osep as

ass ianain zon

ncecedwerof tng cref

simu

stra

for Free) repap

ng: l su

pog thto 1

ses -

dinged. nt see stoc anc loectidinbuistanide

ed os win tialysCL

nesd b

d bue dtimbcamferenulat

aints

cooe Ueferper a) mrfac

oint he c110

- va

g mA s

eismorenalyoad ion

ng hldinndaentiof s

well imbsis mLT s (Cbuilduild

desigber

mpancetion

s am

olinUnivrredCli

moces

oflim

0 Ita

lues

modestru

mic y) iysisandsys

heigng mard ifiedstanas i

ber madand

CDDdin

dinggner buaigned tn th

mon

ng eversd toimanthwi

f comatealian

s

els uctu

zonin tws wed costemght modbuid. Andarinpwade d LD). ng, bg wed auildin wtimbhat

ng t

enersity o TRate hly aith aoolie chn ca

for ural nes wo ere on-ms. re-del ild-Af-rds uts lls, for TF Fi-but

with and ing ere ber are

the

rgy of

RY In-av-ab-ing

har-ap-

f

The second restraint was referred to the classification of the Italian territory according to seis-mic activity of the Italian territory based on the horizontal seismic action, (as extensively de-scribed at Section 3. The research team from the CNR – IVALSA calculated the Seismic Indica-tor (SI), which is defined by the elastic horizontal ground acceleration response spectrum (Se(T), [-]). This indicator was calculated for 110 capital cities of Italian Provinces.

The results of this analysis were elaborated by Fraunhofer Italia Research and are represented by the Italian Vulnerability Map, Figure 1. This map shows nineteen classes obtained by com-bining 4 classes of the CI and 5 classes of the SI, Figure 1. These classes represent critical areas for timber buildings characterized by both summer climate indicator (equivalent CDD) and seismic indicator (Se(T)). Higher value of the CDD indicates higher cooling energy demand in buildings and higher value of the Se(T) indicates higher seismic risks, which means limitations for timber buildings with additional thermal mass loads.

3 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE

The second phase of the research project is focused on structural analysis, firstly, preliminary studies in order to define the self-weight of the case study, have been carried out and afterwards a large number of parametric linear elastic analysis have been implemented.

3.1 Preliminary studies

Italy is a country characterized by a high seismic activity including areas with low energy earthquakes (e.g. Vesuvius area, Etna area), and areas with seldom earthquakes with higher en-ergy (e.g. Eastern Sicily, Calabria Apennines), as states by the Civil Protection Department. In order to provide a Seismic Indicator (SI), which describes the seismic action on buildings, throughout the Italian territory, the horizontal seismic action on buildings was calculated by the research team from the CNR – IVALSA. To define it, the elastic horizontal ground acceleration response spectrum (Se(T), [-]) was calculated for 110 Italian capital cities according to Italian regulations (MIT 2008) and Eurocode 8 (CEN 2013), assuming the type D of ground classifica-tion. Figure 2 represents an example of elastic response spectra: x-axis shows the structural pe-riod of the building. It is also possible to affirm that the fundamental period of timber buildings presented in this study is typically between 0,1 [s] and 0,5 [s]. The calculation of Se(T) was car-ried out using Simqke software developed by the University of Brescia. The SI values were grouped into five classes according to the SI previously defined, as shown in Figure 1.

To improve the summer comfort of timber buildings, in relation also to the cooling energy demand, the strategy, which increase the thermal mass in external wall, was adopted. According to the structural analysis, the limit of the mass integration is up to 1kN per m2 of wall, namely correspond to 20% of the total weight of the considered building model. Preliminary analysis were performed on a three storey residential building made of two units as shown in Figure 3; structural walls and seismic weight were referred to the same building components evaluated with dynamic simulations. A linear static analysis were performed according to (MIT 2008) and to (CEN 2013), in order to define the seismic load and the total base shear force in particular. It was demonstrated the possibility of designing structural walls with increased weight by using standard connectors as hold downs and angular brackets. According to these consideration, im-proved building components (walls) with applied additional thermal mass were designed, as shown in Figure 5.

3.2 Parametric structural analysis

The aim of the parametric structural analysis is to characterize the behaviour of case studies, represented by a typical residential building (referenced building model) in different seismic zones, from the seismic design perspective based on effects of varying parameters. The follow-ing design parameters were considered: a) construction system (CLT or LTF) and relate be-havior factor; b) maximum soil acceleration of the different representative Italian cities (Figure

3)ofThse20buramindwaCLfodeExSesestranFl

Figsch Thupcode20inglefprsh

Fig Acno

; c)f stohe enza

008)uildmetdicaas cLT rce

efinxameismnteructnd 1oor

gurehem

hesep-lifonneescr014)g thft. Fropehow

gure

ccoolog

) seoreyearta w) us

dingter atedcalcstru pa

ned bminemic d inture100 r dia

e 2.ma -

e anft foectiribe), thhe dForer c

ws, b

e 3.

ordingy i

lecty (3thqu

was sing

g imaccd inculauctu

atterby ed cFo

n Fe hemm

aph

. Ca3 st

nalyforcion ed bhe Cdiffr eaconfby w

Ad

ng is gi

ted 3-5)uakcal

g dempocordnto atedure rn oCEcas

orceFigueighm ahrag

ase store

ysees de

by GCLTfereach figuway

dopt

to tiven

wa). ke alculesig

ortandingFig

d sta(Po

obtaEN 2e st

e Reure hts at thgms

study ca

s alaccsignGavT ant dof t

uraty of

ted c

the n by

alls

ctiolategn rnceg togureartinozzaine201tudyesis2. of

he us we

dy, ase-

llowcordns wvric

and desithe tionf ex

con

afoy th

(sta

on fed aresp

e fao the 1ng

za eed a3. y bstanSto9 m

uppeere

SFR- (rig

weddingwerc etLTign dif

n ofxam

nnec

oremhe n

and

for accoponctor

he g, fofrom

et alapp

buildnt Soreym aner fcom

RS wght)

d to g tore rt al.

TF wpar

fferf co

mple

ction

mennail

dard

theord

nse r o

geogor thm tl. 20

plyin

dingSysty hend floompo

wal).

chao threfin. (2

wallramrentonnee, co

n co

ntiols re

d or

ese cding

spef graphe the 013ng l

g sutemeigh15

ors, ose

ls in

arache dned

201ls w

metet caectionfi

onfig

nedesis

r im

casg toectr= 0phiafoela

3) aline

upems (S

ht wm, LT

ed o

n x

cterdiffd us1) a

wereers, asesionsigur

gura

d asstan

mpro

e sto (Cra fo0.8c ar

oremstic

and ear

erstrSFRwas

resTF wof 16

dire

rizeferensingande deref ans thrati

atio

ssumnce u

ove

tudyCENfor b5. Srea

menc spequela

rucRS) 3mspewal60 m

ecti

e thent dg thd Poesigferenalyhat ions

ons (

mptuse

ed) a

y buN 2builSin, Se

ntiopectual astic

ture) inm inctivls wmm

ion

e redeshe rozzgneenceysedis fs ad

(left

tioned to

and

uild201ldin

ncee(T

onedtra ato 4

c st

es hnclun alvelywerm C

-red

efersignrotaza ed. Ie cod, fofuncdop

ft) an

ns, io co

d re

ding3)

ng fPea) w

d reand4 foatic

haddedll cy. Cre 1LT

d- a

rencn paationet alIn oonnor ectioted

nd r

it isonn

late

gs landfounak G

was eferd apor Lc an

d fod dicaseCLT60 pan

and y

ced aramn al. 2

ordenecteachon o

in

resu

s ponect

ed m

locad thndaGroass

rencply

LTFnaly

otpifferes (3T pammnel

y di

bumetand 2015er totionh oof ththe

ults (

ossit the

mas

atedhe atioounsumce cyingF. Cysis

printren3 oane

m ths in

irec

uilditers tra5. Ao su

ns cof thhe cas

(rig

blee O

ss (l

d inassns

nd Amed citieg anCon (C

t dint inor 5els whickn all

ction

ing de

nslaAccummonf

he sforcse s

ght).

to OSB

ligh

n Enocirest

Accacc

es, n ininnecCEN

imenter stowalk anl ca

n -b

moescratiocordmarfigustruce lstud

affB pa

ht o

nna,atedting

celercord Fiitialctio

N 20

ensirnaloreylls hnd 1ases

blu-

odelibe

on fdingrize

uraticturloaddy.

firmanel

or h

, Cad Itg onratidinggurl q-

ons 013

ionsl any), had120s.

(lef

l ind pforcg toe thionral ding

m thls to

eav

asertalin griong tore 4-redwer) an

s ofnd e

resd a t mm

ft) a

n terprevce eo the res wwag th

at to th

vy, F

rta,ian rouPG

o th4. Tductre dnd

f 20extesultithicm a

and

rmsviouequhe Eesul

werealls,he i

the he ti

Fig

, Avreg

und GA he dThe tiondesithe

0 mernaing cknat th

ado

s of uslyuilibEurlts, e de, it i-th

limimb

gure

vellgulatypis v

diffesei

n faigne sei

m byal w

in ess

he u

opte

f basy. Fbriurocoach

efinwa

h wa

mit ober

e 3)

linoatiope Dvar

ferenism

actoed uism

y 10wall

totof

upp

ed c

se sFurtum odehiev

ned, s asall;

of Lelem

; nu

o anons D, wriabnt r

mic r ofusin

mic a

0 mls atal sf 14er f

calcu

sheatherapp

e 5 vedFig

ssigFig

LTFmen

umb

nd C(M

withble prangactif 2 ng tacti

m. Tas psup0 mfloo

ulat

ar armoproa(CE

d vagurgnedgure

F tecnts,

ber

Co-MIT

h a pa-ges ion for the ion

The pre-per-mm ors.

tion

and ore, ach EN

ary-e 3 d ae 3

ch-, as

it is lower than the resistance of the connections themselves (hold-down and shear brackets). Regarding the CLT building, on the contrary, the weak element is represented by the connec-tions; therefore the maximum number of storey is dictated by the adopted connections; innova-tive connections, as for example the new system presented by (Polastri et al. 2014), may in fu-ture permit to erect taller timber buildings.

4 ANALYSIS OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE

The third part of the research considered thermal and energy comparisons between standard building components (without thermal mass) and improved building components by the thermal mass. In order to perform thermal assessments and energy simulations for the Italian capital cit-ies, currently six winter climatic zones based on Heating Degree Days (HDD) according to (DPR 1993) are considered. In this classification, the summer climatic considerations are miss-ing. The Fraunhofer Italia Research proposed the following classification of the Italian capital cites combining HDD and CDD and identifying 13 summer climatic zones, Figure 4.

Based on climatic zones HDD and CDD, the Fraunhofer Italia Research made a multi-criteria analysis of thermal parameters for improved building components (walls) in order to find out the best solution of thermal mass integration in the building envelope for each Italian capital city. Thermal analysis methods for both standard walls and improved walls are describe in detail in the research paper of (Ratajczak et al. 2014). The multi-criteria analysis considered four types of improved walls in CLT system and three types of improved walls in LTF system.

Summer climatic zone based on CDD (α=0,6) A B C D

Win

ter

clim

atic

zon

es b

ased

on

HD

D (

DP

R41

2/93

)

A - - - -

B - - -

MESSINA, TRAPANI, AGRIGENTO, PALERMO, CROTONE, REGGIO CA-LABRIA, CATANIA, SI-

RACUSA

C - BENEVENTO, CATANZARO,

SASSARI, OLBIA-TEMPIO

NAPOLI, IMPERIA, RAGUSA, CA-GLIARI, BARI, BRINDISI, MEDIO

CAMPIDANO, CARBONIA-IGLESIAS, BARLETTA-ANDRIA-

TRANI

TARANTO, LATINA, CA-SERTA, SALERNO, CO-

SENZA, ORISTANO

D SAVONA, LA SPEZIA, TRIESTE, MACE-RATA, MASSA-CARRARA, PISA, SIENA,

ISERNIA

GENOVA, LUCCA, VITERBO, CHIETI, NUORO, VIBO VALEN-

TIA, FERMO

PESARO E URBINO, ANCONA, ASCOLI PICENO, PISTOIA, LI-

VORNO, GROSSETO, TERNI, PE-SCARA, PRATO, OGLIASTRA

CALTANISSETTA, RO-MA, FIRENZE, AVELLI-NO, FOGGIA, TERAMO,

MATERA

E

NOVARA, TORINO, VARESE, COMO, MI-LANO, BERGAMO, BOLZANO, TRENTO AOSTA, SONDRIO, VICENZA, UDINE, AREZZO, PORDENONE, VERBANO-CUSIO-OSSOLA, MONZA E DELLA

BRIANZA, BIELLA, LECCO

VERCELLI, ALESSANDRIA, BRESCIA, PAVIA, CREMONA, MANTOVA, TREVISO, VENE-

ZIA, PADOVA, LODI, MODENA, BOLOGNA, FORLI'-CESENA, CAMPOBASSO, GORIZIA, RI-

MINI

REGGIO NELL'EMILIA, PIACENZA, FERRARA, ASTI, RAVENNA, RIETI,

POTENZA, L'AQUILA

VERONA, ENNA, PAR-MA, PERUGIA, FROSI-

NONE

F CUNEO, BELLUNO

Figure 4. Classification of the Italian capital cites based on HDD and CDD.

The analysis considered the following parameters to identify the best solution: a) percentage deviation between the U-value [W m-2 K-1] of the improved wall and U-vale of standard wall; b) percentage deviation between the average of the periodic thermal transmittance Yie [W m-2 K-1] and the time shift [h] of the improved wall and average Yie and of standard wall; c) percent-age deviation between the total thickness [mm] of the improved wall and total thickness of standard wall; d) percentage deviation between the insulation thickness [mm] of the improved wall and insulation thickness of standard wall.

These parameters were weighted by 1-to-3 scale considering four types of improved walls and climatic zones HDD-CDD. It allowed to select the most suitable type of improved wall to the climatic zone. The results are represented in the Figure 5, which shows the selected im-proved walls, their layers as well as belonging to climatic zones. In these wall the following ma-terials were used to improve the thermal inertia: 1) brick (d = 5 [cm], ρ = 1800 [kg m-3], λ = 0.8 [W m-1 K-1], c = 850 [J kg-1 K-1]); 3) clay panels (d = 2.5-3.5 [cm], ρ = 1600 [kg m-3], λ = 0.73 [W m-1 K-1], c = 1000 [J kg-1 K-1]). Furthermore, the Figure 6 shows, as an example, the per-centage of improvement or worsening of the following thermal parameters between selected improved walls and standard walls in Messina city (climatic zone B-D (HDD-CDD)): a) thermal

tratimlon

Fig

ingouty busudotypdimcoa) ofma

FigCD

bucoin ca

5

bysim

mothe

annetio

ansmme ng t

gure

In g w

ut. Tof

uildurfacow pesmen

onfipo

f hoand

gureDD)

In uildomp

proation

TE

Wiy thmulTh

onie peTh

nd peerinon a

mitshifterm

e 5.

ordwithThef Bodingce aorie

s: Unsiogurwer

oursd [M

e 6.)

orddingpereogren.

EST

ithihe Flatio

he ttor erio

he cprefng and

ttanft (m th

Sel

der h boe dyolza

g moareaenta

Uw =on: ratior pes > MJ]

. Th

der g moed. ess

T C

in thFrauonsest in

od fconcfabrand

d mo

nce , [herm

lect

to eoth ynamanoodea toatio

= 1,12

on eak28°. In

herm

to odeCur, th

EL

he unhos ma

celrea

fromcepricad enodu

(U-[h])mal

ted w

evalstanmico-Boel (so voon f2 [W

2.90sev

k [kW°C;

n tot

mal

estel wrren

hus t

LS

TIMoferadells,

al bom Mt of

ationnveular

-val; d)l ca

wal

luatnda

c enozesizeolumfor W m

0 mven W] e) tal,

par

tablwith ntlythe

MBr It

e bycal

ounMayf thn. T

eloprity

lue,) deapac

ls w

te thard nergen fe: 10me S/V

m-2

m2 anthe; b)per112

ram

lishsta

y, thres

EEalia

y thelledndary to he FThepe sof

, [Wecrecita

with

he wa

gy sfor 0x1rat

V1 K-

nd erm) nurcen20 d

meter

h thandahe asult

ST a Ree Frd alry cSep

Flexe tesoluthe

W memeance

the

enealls sim11

10xio (and1], 25.

mal pumbntagdata

rs o

he pard analts of

proeseree lso conpte

xiblest cutioe co

m-2 ent e (d

erma

ergyand

mula0 I3 m(S/Vd S/SH.74 paraber ge a w

of w

percandlysif th

ojecarchUnFle

nditimbe Bcellns.

onst

K-1

facd*

al m

y ped se

ationItalim) wV): /V2

GCm2

ameof of h

were

wall

centd wis p

he T

ct, th in

niveexiBions

ber 2Box ls c

Thtruc

1]); tor *c,

mass

erfoelecns uian were

S/V2, 6 C = 2; e)eterhouhou

e ca

ls w

tagewith phasTIM

twon orersiBoxs th201is ban

he ection

b),(f, [kJ

s.

ormctedusincap

e coV1 =

wi0,6) 2 rs wurs urs alcu

with

e oim

se oMBE

o furderty o

x, wherm15. basbe

engin sy

, pe[-])

J m

mancd imng Tpitaons= 0indo6 an

cower> 2> d

ulate

the

of immproof oEES

ull-sr toof Bweremal

sed conineyste

erio); e-2 K

ce amprTRNal cside0,73ow

nd Unstr

re c26°Cdi 2ed f

erm

mprovedoutpST r

scalo vaBolze in pe

on nsiderinem.

odic) in

K-1])

as wroveNSYcitieered3, S/

coUw =rucalcuC; c

28°Cfor

al m

rovd wput rese

le, oalidazannstarfor

thedereng f Pr

c thntern)

welled wYS es. d by/V2

nfig= 1tionulatc) pC; feac

mas

vemwalls

datearc

outate

no-Balledrma

e foed fflexrefa

ermnal

l as walsofTh

y co2 = gur,2 [n tited percf) ech c

s in

ments, dta frch p

tdooa n

Bozd canc

ollowflexxibiabric

mal are

indlls, ftwe 1

omb0,4

ratio[W mbin

cenenercapi

n M

t ordatafromproj

or tnumzen.losee o

winxiblilitycati

traeal

doothe

ware160 bini4, S/on m-2

ber the

ntagrgy ital

Mess

r woa com thject

est meri

e tof te

ng ple ay ision

nsmhea

r coe ene we

coing /V3

for 2 Ksys

e pee odemcity

sina

orsellec

he et ca

celical

o Beste

paraacco strof

mittat ca

omfnergereonfithe =0S/V

K-1], stemeriof homany.

cit

eninctedeneranno

lls wl mo

Bolzd b

adigordirictlbui

tancapa

fortgy sdongur

e fol0,63V3

SHm: Cod frournd

ty, c

ng d frorgy ot b

werode

zanobuild

gmsing ly cildi

ce (acity

t of simune bratiollow3, Sand

HGCCLTfromrs >[M

clim

betom dy

be in

re del of

o cidin

s: flto

conng

(Yie

y (k

f theulatby ton winS/V4

d SC =T anm M> di

MJ m

matic

twethe

ynamnclu

desif th

ity g c

flexitw

nneccom

e, [Wk1,

e reationthe of

ng p4 =

S/V4

= 0,4and Mayi 26

m-2]

c zo

een e simmicude

ignehe d

andcom

ibilwo sctedmpo

W m[kJ

ferens wFrethe

para0,3

4; c4; dLT

y to 6°C; g)

one

themu

c simed in

ed adyna

d wmpon

lity,trat

d toone

m-2 m-2

encweree Ue reame3); bc) 2d) 2TF.

SeC; d)) en

B-

e relatimuln th

andami

werenen

, mtegio prents

K-

2 K

ced re cUnieferetersb) 4 wi

2 wiFor

epte) nunerg

D (

eferionslatiohis

d reic e

e usnts d

moduies:refas us

1]);K-1])

buicarriiverrencs: a4 windoindor ea

embumbgy d

(HD

rencs won pub

alizener

sedduri

ular en

abried

c) ; f)

ild-ied rsi-ced a) 4

win-ow ow ach ber: ber de-

DD-

ced ere arebli-

zed rgy

d to ing

rity ngi-ca-for

testhetiobebocoTwtescoarecoan

Fig

to FibuwoFude

Fig

thelow0,0

6 It du

stine teons.er froth ompwo st c

olume fa

onsind ty

gure Wibe gur

uildoodurthensi

gure Th

ermwer012

C

is wurin

ng (est . Fu

framin

ponetest

cellmnsasteiderype

e 7.

ithimo

re 8dingd fibhermity w

e 8.

he Umal r th2 [W

CO

widng th

(wacel

urthme t

verentt ce’s es anenedred e of

a) Sec

in thonit8: 1)g cobre morwoo

An

U-vabri

han W/m

ONC

delyhe s

alls,l al

hermthatrtics m

ell aenvnd bd toas

f bu

ctio

his tore) bu

ompins

re, iod f

n ex

ale dge0,0

mK]

CLU

y knsum

roollowmort en

cal multare elop

beamo tha th

uildi

on o

resed auildponsulain bfibr

amp

of es o073] fo

USI

nowmme

of, w tore, mnabandtipldesp isms he mherming

f th

searat thdingnentatiobothre in

ple

theof th [W

or th

ION

wn er p

etco trmod

bles d he ti

signs su(bo

maimalcom

he te

rch he sg cots inon oh tensu

of t

se bhe t

W/mhe e

NS

thaperi

c.) mransdulto

orizimened ubdoth n s

l enmpo

est c

prosamompn Lon test

ulati

teste

builtest

mK]exte

at stiod

minsporaritcre

zones pas

dividsiztruc

nvelone

cell

ojecme tipon

LTFthe cel

ion

ed b

ldint ce fo

erna

trucin

nimrt itty aeatental presa cudede 2cturlop ents

with

ct, time

nentF sy

extlls tand

build

ng cells’r th

al li

cturhot

izest byallowe va

dirservube

d in 00 re (and

s.

h LT

twoe. Ints uystemternthe d X

ding

com’ enhe inea

res t cli

s thy trws ariorectvinge wi

twx 1

(a) d it

TF

o tesn thsingm w

nal roo

XPS

g co

mponvelintear th

witima

heirruckto a

ous tiong thith

wo s120 by can

wal

st chis sg Cwithsidof ains

omp

onenlop ernaherm

th hates

r ask, trachcel

n. The sthe

systmmme

n be

b)lls (

cellsspe

CLTh loe. Iandsula

pone

nts we

al limal

highs. T

ssemrain

hievlls’

Thestru dimtemm); eanse ch

(a) a

s wecifiT syow-In bd thatio

ents

waere ineal tra

her Thus

mblyn, eve s ag

e enuctumen

ms: aand

s ofhang

and

wereic c

ystem-denbothe fln, r

: LT

s decal

ar tansm

thes, th

y aenabpat

ggrenvelural nsioa) md bf coged

two

e cocasem wnsith caflooresp

TF w

efinlculthermit

ermhe T

and blintial egatloppr

ons mai) m

oncd mu

o tes

onste stuwithty wasesr arpect

wall

ned latermattan

mal iTIM

disng t

flextione foprof n s

movealeulti

st ce

trucudyh hiwoos, thre mtive

l (le

accd a

al trnce (

inerMBE

sasso texibns bflexrieti2,8ystabled wiple

ells

ctedy twigh-od he madely.

eft)

cordand rans(e

rtiaEES

semest ilityby

xibilies

80 xem e anwo

e tim

inst

d bewo t-defibrextde u

and

dingthe

smixt).

a haST

mblycomy. Tattality of

x 2,8ma

nd od

mes

talle

ecautypensitre iternusin

d CL

g toe heittan

ave pro

y efmpoTheachi

allthe

80 xadeintecon

s ba

ed c

use e ofty winsunal tng

LT w

o theat lnce

betojec

fforone maing lowe mx 2

e of erchnneased

clos

twf wawooulattimCL

wall

he teloss(

tterct ai

rt. Tentsain

anws cmain

,80f a thanectod on

e to

wo dallsod ftion

mberLT s

l (ri

est ses int)

r enime

Thes in stru

nd dchan tim0 (Wtim

ngeaors. n te

o Bo

diffes hafibrn anr clasyst

ight

reqacr an

nerged t

dimdif

uctudetaangimbe

W x mber

ableThst re

olza

erenave re innd haddtem

t).

quirerossnd l

gy pto s

menfferure achiing er sL x

r frae pa

he pequ

ano c

nt wbee

nsuhighdingm w

emes thlow

perfstud

nsiorent

is ingbu

strux Hameanelpart uire

city

walen tlatih-dg is

with

entshem

wer

formdy e

onst loa ti th

uildiuctu). Te wls th(b)me

y

ls hteston;

densushig

s. Tm w

tha

manener

of ca-im-em ing

ure. The with

hat ) is nts

had ed, ; 2) sity ed. gh-

The ere

an -

nce rgy

f

performance of standard timber buildings (LTF and CLT systems) and to propose strategies for improvement of the summer performance by integrating an additional thermal mass in walls without worsening the seismic performance of buildings. The TIMBEEST project demonstrated that summer performance of timber buildings (without additional thermal mass) have a good energy performance in terms of power peak, number of hours > 26°C; number of hours > 28°C and energy demand, especially if we adopt CLT system. Nevertheless, if thermal inertia of walls increases by adopting thermal mass (brick, clay panels) as was proposed in this project, the building can gain relevant benefits in terms of reduction of insulation thickness, which is quite thick in the southern part of Italy, otherwise the summer thermal parameters of wall are not verified. For instance in Messina city the reduction of insula-tion thickness is up to 60% in LTF building. Furthermore, the improvement of the internal areal heat capacity and the long term thermal capacitance was noticed: 54% and 89% in LTF build-ings and 59% and 28% in CLT buildings, respectively. According to the structural analysis, it is possible to increase mass of walls in three storey buildings in both CLT and LTF systems in all Italian seismic zones. In five storey buildings the increase of mass in walls can be done only in zones with low earthquake risk. Currently, the evaluations of output data from the energy dy-namic simulation are in progress. As the final results of the TIMBEEST project is expected to provide the cumulative distribution function of each analysed parameters in the dynamic energy simulation for summer climatic zones (based on CDD) as well as for a single capital city.

7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions within this project for the following persons: prof. Gasparella, prof. Marco Baratieri, Ph.D. G. Pernigotto, Ph.D. A. Prada from the Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Italy, who developed the climatic indicators and performed the energy dynamic simulations. Furthermore, the authors gratefully acknowledge the support-ive sponsorship provided by the Autonomous Province of Bolzano-Bozen.

8 REFERENCES D.P.R. n. 412. 1993. Regolamento recante norme per la progettazione, l'installazione, l'esercizio e la ma-

nutenzione degli impianti termici degli edifici ai fini del contenimento dei consumi di energia, in at-tuazione dell'art. 4, comma 4, della L. 9 gennaio 1991, n. 10.

European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2013. Eurocode 8 - design of structures for earthquake resistance, part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, CEN, Brussels, Belgium

European Committee for Standardization (CEN). 2014. Eurocode 5 - design of timber structures, Part 1-1, General - Common rules and rules for buildings, CEN, Brussels, Belgium.

Gasparella A., Pernigotto G., Cappelletti F., Romagnoni P., Baggio. P. 2011. Analysis and modelling of window and glazing systems energy performance for a well insulated residential building. Energy & Building, 43(4).

Gavric I., Ceccotti A. and Fragiacomo M. 2011. Experimental cyclic tests on cross-laminated timber pan-els and typical connections. In: Proceeding of ANIDIS, Bari, Italy.

Polastri A., Angeli A., Dal Ri G. 2014. A new construction system for clt structures. In: Proceeding of the World Conference on Timber Engineering. Quebec City, Canada.

Pozza L., Scotta R., Trutalli D., Polastri A. 2015. Behaviour factor for innovative massive timber shear walls Bulletin Of Earthquake Engineering, Vol 13, Issue 11, Pag 3449-3469, DOI 10.1007/s10518-015-9765-7

Pozza L., Trutalli D., Polastri A. and Ceccotti A., 2013. Seismic design of CLT Buildings: Definition of the suitable q-factor by numerical and experimental procedures, Proceedings 2nd International con-ference on Structures and architecture, Guimarães, Portugal: 90 – 97.

Ratajczak, J., Benedetti, C., Polastri, A., Poh'siè, H., Gasparella, A., Baratieri, M., Paradisi. I. 2014. TIMber Buildings with Enhanced Energy and Seismic performance for Mediterranean region: the re-search project TIMBEEST, Proceedings of the 30th International PLEA Conference, 16-18 December 2014, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, India.

TRNSYS software. Web site: http://www.trnsys.com/. Simqke. University of Brescia. Web site: http://dicata.ing.unibs.it/gelfi/software /simqke/simqke_gr.htm.