energy and energy balance

8/8/2019 Energy and Energy Balance

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ENERGY and ENERGY BALANCE

ENERGY BALANCE

Amount of Intake = Energy Expended

ENERGY SYSTEMS

1. External Energy Cycle

2. Internal Energy CycleChemical Energy

Electric energyMechanical energy

Thermal energy


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ENERGY INTAKE

1. SOURCES OF FOOD ENERGYCHO (Primary Energy Source) GlucoseCHON (Stored Energy) Amino Acids

FATS (Back up Fuel) Lipids

2. SOURCES OF STORED ENERGYGlycogen

Adipose TissueMuscle Mass


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ENERGY OUTPUT1. Body Function Work

2. Regulation of Body Temperature3. Processes of Tissue Growth and Repair

*METABOLISM the total chemical changes that occur during energy output.

3 FACTORS AFFECTING TOTAL ENERGYREQUIREMENT

1. Basal Metabolism / Resting Energy2. Physical Activity

3. Thermal Effect of Food (TEF) / Specific Dynamic

Action of Food (SDA)


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BASAL METABOLISM is the sum of all internal workingactivities of the body at rest.

METHODS OF DETERMINING BMR

1. CLINICAL METHODSa. INDIRECT CALORIMETRY

b. THYROID FUNCTION TESTc. SERUM PROTEIN-BOUND INTAKE

2. CALCULATION METHODSa. GENERAL FORMULA

b. HARRIS BENEDICT FORMULAc. BIOLOGIC BODY WEIGHT


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d. WHO/FAO/UNO METHOD 1984 METHOD

PHYSICAL & MUSCULAR ACTIVITY is dependent onthe following factors;

1. Amount of Muscle Used2. Weight of Body Involved3. Length of Time of Activity


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ENERGY EXPENDITURE / HOUR

LightActivity

120-150Kcal

Light Moderate150 300

Kcal

Moderate300 420

Kcal

HeavyActivities

420 600Kcal

PersonalCare

DressingWashingShavingSitting

Rocking

HouseworkMaking

BedsIroningWashingClothes

Light Work

YardworkDigging

MechlLawnMower Pullingweeds

Yard workChopping

WoodDiggingHoles

ShovelingSnow


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SPECIFIC DYNAMIC ACTION / THERMAL EFFECTS

OF FOOD= 5 to 10% of the total body energy


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ENERGY

Energy causes things to happen around us. It is thecapacity to do work . The food we eat contains energy.

We use that energy to work and play. Energy can betransformed into another sort of energy. But it cannot becreated AND it cannot be destroyed. Energy has always

existed in one form or another.

Food energy is the amount of energy in food that is

available through digestion.Energy Balance means Energy Input = Energy Output


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Factors Affecting Energy Output a. Physical activities

b. Digestive process - thermic effect of foodcauses 10-15% increase in the basal metabolic rate

c. Basal Metabolic rate (BMR) - sum of allworking activities of the body at rest.

Ways of computing for BMR

1. Rule of Thumb - most commonly

usedBMR = 1kcal x Actual Body weight in kg x 24 hours

i.e.: BMR = 1kcal x 65 kg x 24 hours


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i.e.: BMR = 66.5 + (13.75 x 65) + (5 x 167.64)

(6.75 x 46)= (66.5 + 893.75 + 838) 310.50 = 1798.45 310.50 BMR = 1,487.95

Factors Influencing BMR

FACTOR HIGHER BMR LOWER BMR

1 Body Size Tall Short2 Sex Male Female by 6-10%


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3

Body

Temperatur e (BT) High BT Low BT

4 GrowthWith growthspurts, i.e.

Infants, Children,pre-pubescents,

adolescents

5 Age Below 40 years

old

a. Between 40-50 5%decrease every 10 yrs.

b. 60 10% decreaseevery 10 years

6 Hormonal influence

a.Pregnant 20-

Norepinephrine


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25% higher

b. Lactating 30% higher

c.Hormone-SecretingGlands:

T3 -Triiodothyroxin

e which is 5xpotent thanthyroxine

T4 - ThyroxineAdr


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enal Gland

Pituitary Gland

Epinephrine

7Body

Composition More body mass Less body mass

8 State of Nutrition or

Body Condition

a. Long period of starvation

Active lifestylec. With cardio or

renald. Disease - due

to labored

a. ObeseShort-term fasting (sleep)

UndernourishedHypothyroidisme. 15-20%

Overweight vs.DBW


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body organ

Higher altitude

f. 10%

Underweight vs. DBWg. During soundsleep 10% lower

]

Overweight vs. Underweight

OVERWEIGHT(OBESITY)

UNDERWEIGHT


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BMR is lower if

actual weight is15-20% morethan the DBW

BMR is lower if

actual weight is10% lower thanthe DBW

Positive Energy:Input > Output

Negative Energy:Input < Output

Causes hazardsin the body

Flabby musclesand lacks adipose

tissue

Causes hazards inthe body like: bonemalformation,

growth retardation,insufficient organ


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function

Increased risk of surgerySocial

implication:Lower Self-

Esteem

Increased risk of developing

diseases:a. Diabetes Mellitus

b. CVDc. Osteo

Increased risk of developing

diseases:a. PEMb. Wasting

disease (easilydamaged and


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porosis

d. Liver diseasee. Kidne

y failure

irreparable)

c. Slowresistance todisease (muchsignificant vs.

obesity)d. Amenorr

heae. Anorexia

nervosaf. Bulimiag. Chronic

DietingSyndrome


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Conditions in Assessing Basal

Metabolic Rate

1. Client must be in a post-absorptive state or fasting at least 12 hours after last meal.

2. Client must be awake but lying quietly, freefrom nervousness, stress, tension and physical

fatigue.3. Environment temperature should be

maintains at 20-25C

Types of Clinical Assessment Indirect Calorimetry

Thyroid Function Test


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Serum Protein-Bound Iodine -

Iodine synthesizes thyroxine, the chief hormonesecreted by the thyroid gland which facilitates releaseof energy.

Commonality of the Fuel Nutrients1. They all provide energy (fuel nutrients).

2. They all embody the essence of whatthey provide (energy).

Other Sources of Fuel Nutrientsa. Glycogen - particularly abundant in theliver and to a lesser extent in the muscles. They are

easily depleted thus the need to replenish.


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b. Fat storage or Adipose Tissue -

facilitates synthesis and storage of fat. Such cells arebloated with globules of triglycerides, the nucleusbeing displaced to one side and the cytoplasm seen

as a thin line around the fat droplet.c. Muscle Mass - energy stored as

proteins.d. Krebs cycle

Also known as Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle which is is a series of chemical reactions of

central importance in all living cells that utilize oxygenas part of cellular respiration. In aerobic organisms

such as humans, the citric acid cycle is part of ametabolic pathway involved in the chemical


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conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into

carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usableenergy . It is the second of three metabolic pathwaysthat are involved in fuel molecule catabolism and ATP

production, the other two being glycolysis andoxidative phosphorylation.

The citric acid cycle also provides precursors for manycompounds such as certain amino acids, and some of

its reactions are therefore important even in cellsperforming fermentation.

By-products of Krebs cycle

1. Carbon dioxide


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2. Water 3. Energy

energy and energy balance

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