energy analysis 2013-14dossin.weebly.com/uploads/7/9/8/6/7986350/energy_analysis_2014-… · 1954...

2012-2013Energy AnalysisStudents use graphs of historical data and research historical and societal events to

determine and analyze trends in energy.

Grade Level:

Intermediate

Secondary

Subject Areas:

Science

Social Studies

Math

Technology

10 Energy Analysis

U.S. Energy Data

Basic Energy Information

DATE POPULATION PRODUCTION (IN QUADS) CONSUMPTION (IN QUADS)

1950 152,300,000 35.5 34.6

1960 180,700,000 42.8 45.1

1970 205,100,000 63.5 67.8

1980 227,200,000 67.2 78.1

1990 249,600,000 70.7 84.5

2000 282,200,000 71.3 98.8

2007* 301,400,000 71.4 101.4

2010 309,100,000 75.0 98.0

Energy Production By Source (Quadrillion Btu)

DATE COAL NATURAL GAS PETROLEUM URANIUM (NUCLEAR) RENEWABLES

1950 14.1 6.2 11.4 0 3.0

1960 10.8 12.7 14.9 0 2.9

1970 14.6 21.7 20.4 0.2 4.1

1980 18.6 19.9 18.2 2.7 5.4

1990 22.5 18.3 15.6 6.1 6.0

2000 22.7 19.7 12.4 7.9 6.1

2007* 23.5 19.8 10.7 8.5 6.5

2010 22.1 22.1 11.7 8.4 8.1

Energy Consumption By Source (Quadrillion Btu)

DATE COAL NATURAL GAS PETROLEUM URANIUM (NUCLEAR) RENEWABLES

1950 12.3 6.0 13.3 0 3.0

1960 9.8 12.4 19.9 0 2.9

1970 12.3 21.8 29.5 0.2 4.1

1980 15.4 20.2 34.2 2.7 5.4

1990 19.2 19.6 33.6 6.1 6.0

2000 22.6 23.8 38.3 7.9 6.1

2007* 22.7 23.7 39.8 8.5 6.6

2010 20.8 24.5 36.0 8.4 8.0

*2007—largest consumption of energy in U.S. history.

Data: EIA

©2012 The NEED Project P.O. Box 10101, Manassas, VA 20108 1.800.875.5029 www.NEED.org 11

U.S. Energy Timeline

1950’s1950 Americans owned 50 million cars; oil surpassed coal as the country’s number one fuel source

1953 First atomic reactor to produce power began operation in Idaho

1954 Bell Labs invented the !rst solar cell

1954 The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 was passed

1955 More Americans traveled by air than by train

1956 First load of containers (truck trailers) transported aboard a cargo ship by sea for less than the cost of trucking them over land

1957 Shippingport reactor in Pennsylvania was the !rst nuclear power plant to provide electricity to customers in the U.S.

1958 The Jet Age began when airline companies began replacing propeller planes with jet planes; they used kerosene, which was

less expensive than gasoline

1959 First fuel cell designed to produce electricity from hydrogen and oxygen

1960’s1960 OPEC - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries – established to control oil production

1960 First commercial-scale geothermal power plant began operation in California at The Geysers

1961 Coal had become the major fuel used by electric utilities in the United States to generate electricity

1965 Fuel cells used in the space program

1965 Recycling program started for aluminum cans

1969 Oil discovered on Alaska’s northern slope

1970’s1970 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) created

1970 First waste-to-energy plant began operation

1971 Surface mines replaced underground mines as the leading source of coal produced in the United States

1973-74 Arab oil embargo to protest Arab/Israeli War. The OPEC oil embargo focused attention on the energy crisis and resulted in:

An increase in demand for U.S. coal Gasoline rationing Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act of 1974, part of a nationwide e"ort to reduce oil consumption 55 mile per hour speed limits imposed Plastic recycling began – plastic bottles replace glass containers Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) created to regulate the nuclear industry Interest in space applications of photovoltaics grew High oil prices increased interest in other energy sources, such as wind energy

1975 Strategic Petroleum Reserve began

1976 Electric Vehicle Act enacted

1977 Trans-Atlantic oil pipeline opened

1977 Department of Energy created

1977 The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 enacted to reduce the environmental impact of surface mining,

required mines no longer being used to be “reclaimed” or restored to their natural state

1977 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) created to regulate energy production and transmission

1978 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) of 1978 enacted to promote greater use of renewable energy, cogeneration,

and small power projects

1978 Iranian Revolution shut down oil exports

1979 Nuclear accident at Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania

1979 OPEC raised crude oil prices (prices tripled between January 1979 and September 1980)

1979 President Carter announced e"ort to reduce dependence on foreign oil

12 Energy Analysis

1980’s1980 For the !rst time, nuclear energy generated more electricity than oil in the United States

1980 First PV power plant opened in Utah

1981 Government price controls end on crude oil and petroleum products – now supply and demand set domestic crude prices

1982 First solar-thermal power plant opened in California

1984 Nuclear replaced hydropower as the second-largest source of electricity in the United States, after coal

1985 New cars and light trucks required to meet a Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standard for fuel economy of 27.5

miles per gallon

1986 Clean Coal Technology Act passed

1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in the former USSR (now Ukraine)

1986 OPEC lowered price of crude for !rst time by increasing production, oil consumption grew quickly while prices remained low

1989 Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilled 240,000 barrels of crude oil in Alaska’s Prince William Sound

1989 High e#ciency PV cells developed

1990’s1990 More than 2,200 megawatts of wind energy capacity installed in California — more than half of the world’s capacity at the

time

1990 Clean Air Act Amendments required many changes to gasoline and diesel fuels to make them pollute less

1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait causing crude oil price increase

1992 Recycling legislation adopted by 15 states

1992 President Bush issued Executive Order 12780, which stimulated waste reduction, recycling, and the buying of recycled

goods in all federal agencies

1993 Two decades after the !rst oil embargo, 109 nuclear power plants operating in the U.S. provided about one-!fth of the

nation’s electricity

1997-98 Asian !nancial crisis has worldwide economic e"ects - demand for petroleum products declined and oil prices fell

1998 Electric utility deregulation began

1999 First hybrid electric vehicle, powered by both a rechargeable battery and gasoline, became available in the U.S.

2000’s2000 Americans owned 220 million cars

2000 EPA established a link between global climate change and solid waste management, noting that waste reduction and

recycling can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions

2003 U.S. sponsored a $1 billion, 10-year demonstration project to create the world’s !rst coal-based, zero-emissions electricity

and hydrogen power plant

2003 Invasion of Iraq disrupted crude oil supplies

2003 Nation’s largest-ever power outage left much of the Northeast and parts of Canada without electricity for several days

2005 Hurricane Katrina (August) and Rita (September) caused massive damage to U.S. petroleum and natural gas infrastructure

2005 In September, U.S. residential natural gas prices were the highest ever recorded, reaching $16.66 per thousand cubic feet

2005 Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005:

promoted the use of coal through clean coal technologies

required increased use of renewable fuels for transportation and new measures to reduce pollution from gasoline and diesel

2006 Coal production set a record high with 1.16 billion short tons

2006 The U.S. ranked among the top 4 countries in the world for hydroelectric generation, along with China, Canada, and Brazil,

generating 44% of the world’s electricity from hydropower

2007 Largest consumption of energy in U.S. history

2008 Oil prices reached new high – over $100 per barrel, gasoline prices broke $4.00 per gallon


2010’s2010 29 miners killed in an underground explosion at the Upper Big Branch Mine in West Virginia, the worst mining accident in

the U.S. since 1972

2010 Explosion and !re occurred on the o"shore drilling rig Deepwater Horizon while drilling an exploratory well in the Gulf of

Mexico. The accident killed 11 crew members and left oil leaking from the un!nished well into the ocean for months

2010 Secretary of the Interior Salazar announced a 6-month hold or “moratorium” on deep water drilling

2010 33 miners trapped half a mile underground in a mine collapse in northern Chile; after 69 days, everyone was rescued

2011 Tohoku earthquake and subsequent tsunami led to the accident and shutdown at Tokyo Electric Power Company’s Fukushima

Daiichi nuclear power plant and subsequent outages at other plants. As a result, LNG consumption at power companies in

Japan was up 30% in May 2011 compared to May 2010.

2011 First o"shore wind farm (Cape Wind Project o" the coast of Massachusetts) approved in U.S.

2012 In February, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued the !rst-ever combined licenses to build and operate two

new nuclear reactors at the Vogtle Power Plant in Georgia. (The NRC had not issued a license to build a new reactor since

1978.) In March, combined licenses were issued to build and operate two new reactors at the Summer Power Plant in South

Carolina.

16

E

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sis

U.S. Coal Flow, 2010Million Short Tons

Bituminous Coal

509.0

Subbituminous Coal

501.2

Production

1,085.3

Industrial 69.6

Commercial 2.7

Residential 0.3

Anthracite

1.9

Imports

19.4Stock Change

20.5

Exports

81.7

Losses and

Unaccounted For

8.9

Waste Coal

Supplied

13.9Lignite

73.2

Consumption

1,048.3

Electric Power

975.6

COAL FLOW CHART

Data: U.S. Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review

Production Consumption

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01

01

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01

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1.8

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5.5

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17

U.S. Natural Gas Flow, 2010Trillion Cubic Feet

FromNatural Gas

Wells14.76 Gross

Withdrawls26.86

From Crude Oil Wells5.78

MarketedProduction

22.57

Dry GasProduction

21.58

Consumption24.13

NonhydrocarbonGases Removed

0.70Repressuring

3.43Vented

and Flared0.16

ExtractionLoss0.99

Exports1.14

Additionsto Storage

3.30Balancing

Item0.12

Residential4.95

Commercial3.21

Industrial7.93

Transportation 0.66

ElectricPower

7.38

Imports3.74

SupplementalGaseous Fuels

0.07

WithdrawalsFrom Storage

3.30

From Coal Bed Wells

1.97From Shale

Gas Wells4.35



18

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U.S. Petroleum Flow, 2010Million Barrels Per Day

Crude OilProduction

5.51

Crude Oil Exports0.04

Crude OilStock Change

0.02

Crude OilImports

9.16

Crude OilSupply14.67

Crude OilRe�nery

and BlenderNet Inputs

14.72

Re�neryand BlenderNet Inputs

17.36

Re�nery andBlender NetProduction

18.43

MotorGasoline

9.03

PetroleumConsumption

19.15Transportation

13.51

Industrial4.39

Re�ned ProductsExports

2.17

Residential0.71

Commercial0.37

Electric Power0.17

Re�ned ProductsImports

1.21

Other Liquids Product Supplied

0.02Finished

Petroleum Products

Adjustments 0.09

Re�ned Products Stock Change

0.03

NGPLDirect Use

1.55

ProcessingGain0.44

NGPLRe�nery

and BlenderNet Inputs

1.06

Other LiquidsRe�nery and Blender Net

2.21

Crude Oil Adjustments

0.11

DistillatedFuel Oil

3.79

Lique�edPetroleum Gases 2.10

Jet Fuel 1.42

Residual Fuel Oil 0.55

Other2.24

PETROLEUM FLOW CHART



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01

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19

U.S. Electricity Flow, 2010Quadrillion Btu

Coal19.19Q

Natural Gas7.81Q

Petroleum0.38Q

Other Gases0.09Q

Nuclear Electric Power8.44Q

Renewable Energy4.20Q Other

0.16Q

GrossGeneration

of Electricity14.89Q

NetGeneration

of Electricity14.06Q

EndUse

13.25Q

Residential 4.95Q

Commercial 4.54Q

Industrial 3.28Q

Transportation0.03Q

DirectUse

0.46Q

Net Importsof Electricity

0.09Q

Unaccounted for0.15Q

Plant Use 0.83Q

T & D Losses 1.04Q

FossilFuels

27.47Q

EnergyConsumed

to GenerateElectricity

40.26Q

ConversionsLosses25.38Q

Data: Energy Information Administration/Annual Energy Review

ELECTRICITY FLOW CHART


20 Energy Analysis

Consumption and Impact

0

20

40

60

80

100

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Qu

ad

rill

ion

Btu

Fossil Fuel Consumption

Data: AER Table 1.3 and Table E1

250

300

350

400

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Ca

rbo

n D

ioxi

de

Le

ve

l (p

pm

)

Carbon Dioxide Level

275

325

375

Data: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center


Global Averages

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Av

era

ge

Te

mp

era

ture

(ºF

)

Global Average Temperature

56.3

56.5

56.7

56.9

57.1

57.3

57.5

57.7

57.9

58.1

58.3

58.5

Global Average Mean Sea Level—1880 to 2011

Se

a L

eve

l Ris

e (

mm

) S

ince

18

80

YearData: Commonwealth Scienti!c and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)

Data: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies

22 Energy Analysis

Transportation

5

10

15

20

25

30

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

En

erg

y C

on

sum

pti

on

(Q

ua

dri

llio

n B

tu)

Transportation Sector Consumption

Data: EIA Table 2.1e

0

30

60

90

120

150

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2009

Mil

lio

ns

Number of Vehicles

Personal Trucks-Vans, Pickups, SUVs

Passenger Cars

Data: DOE Transportation Energy Data Book Edition 30


Motor Vehicles

5

10

15

20

25

30

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Mile

s p

er

Ve

hic

le in

th

ou

san

ds

Motor Vehicle Mileage

*Included in Trucks until 1970

Trucks

Passenger Cars Vans, Pickups SUVs*

Data: Energy Information Administration

5

10

15

20

25

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Mile

s p

er

Ga

llo

n

Motor Vehicle Fuel Economy

*Included in Trucks until 1970

Trucks

Passenger Cars

Vans, Pickups SUVs*

Data: Energy Information Adminstration

24 Energy Analysis

Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Recycling

0

50

100

150

200

250

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Tota

l MS

W G

en

era

tio

n (

mill

ion

to

ns)

Municipal Solid Waste Generation Rates from 1960 to 2010

Total MSW Recovered by Weight Percentage of MSW Recovered

2

4

6

8

10

Pe

r C

ap

ita

MS

W G

en

era

tio

n (

po

un

ds/

pe

rso

n/d

ay

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Total MSW Recycled (million tons)

Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Rates from 1960 to 2010

Percent of MSW Generation Recycled

Total MSW Recovered by Weight Percentage of MSW Recovered

Data: EPA MSW Characterization Report



Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Recycling

Waste Generated by Weight, 2010

010

20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Rubber, Leather, and Textiles

Other Materials

Glass

Wood

Metals

Plastics

Food Scraps

Yard Trimmings

Paper & Paperboard

Million Tons

Percentage of Waste Recovered (Recycled) By Weight, 2010

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Rubber, Leather,and Textiles

Other Materials

Glass

Wood

Steel

Plastics

Food Scraps

Yard Trimmings

Paper & Paperboard

Percentage Recovered (Recycled)



energy analysis 2013-14dossin.weebly.com/uploads/7/9/8/6/7986350/energy_analysis_2014-… · 1954...

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