Energy

Intro to ATP and Principles of Energy

Components of Life • Matter

–Chemicals and Elements

–Anything that has mass

(takes up space)

• Energy

–The ability to do work

Components of Life • Work

– changing or moving matter•Examples:

–List at least 3 biological examples where input of energy causes matter to change or to move.

Energy and Thermodynamics• Two main categories of energy

–Stored energy is called Potential energy – if accessed has the potential to do work

–Energy that is actively doing work is called Kinetic energy

–Think of a rubber band!

Energy and Thermodynamics

• Many forms energy can come in: –Chemical: glucose, ATP–Thermal: heat–Radiant: sun

Energy and Thermodynamics

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only be changed from one form to another

• In other words, nothing can “run out” of energy, it can only be converted to an unusable form. –Light Glucose ATP heat

How is Matter Changed in living things?

• Metabolism–ALL the biochemical reactions in cells used to obtain or use energy;

–Anabolism (biosynthesis)–Metabolic reactions that use energy to build new compounds

How is Matter Changed?

–Catabolism (Degradation)

–Metabolic pathways which breakdown large molecules

Source of Energy• Matter is changed

–Fusion happens in the sun

•H He, then others elements

• Energy is released in the form of Electromagnetic radiation

• Plants convert EMR to Chemical energy (glucose!)

Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

The only molecule cells can use to do work: Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

(a.k.a. ATP)

Basically a Nucleotide with two extra phosphates!

• Energy molecule for life

• Hydrolyzing (breaking off) third phosphate frees energy which allows the cell to do work–We are left with ADP, which can be

recycled

What’s the deal with ATP?

• To recycle ADP, the cell uses energy from glucose to add a third phosphate

–ATP is made again

This is a cycle!!! Draw it!

What’s the deal with ATP?

ADP and ATP

ADP + PhosphateATP

ADP/ATP Cycle

Electron Carriers

• Molecules that “pick up” high energy electrons and carry them until their energy is needed elsewhere

• Examples: NADPH (PS), NADH (CR) and FADH2 (CR)

Electron Carriers

• Are also cyclic molecules

• Draw the cycles! (see next few pages)

Photosynthesis

Chloroplast

H2O

O2

Sugars

CO2

Light-Dependent Reactions

CalvinCycle

NADPH

ATP

ADP + PNADP+

Chloroplast

Section 8-3

Light

Energy is transferredFrom the sun intothe chloroplasts.

The energy createsATP (from ADP + P)And NADPH from NADP+ and H.

These molecules transfer their energy to chemical processes in the Calvincycle glucose

Cellular Respiration

• Cytoplasm and mitochondria

Glycolysis Krebscycle

ElectronTransportChain

FAD+

NAD+

Cellular Respiration

• NADH and FADH2 donate “energy” to to create ATP from ADP in the cristae of the mitochondria. The Hydrogen is released and the molecules revert back to NAD and FAD (return to Krebs cycle and glycolysis to be reused to carry energy from the breakdown of more glucose molecules.

Energy Flow and Life