endocrine system hormones
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Endocrine System Hormones. Regulation. Why are hormones needed? chemical messages from one body part to another communication needed to coordinate whole body homeostasis & regulation metabolism growth development maturation reproduction. growth hormones. Regulation & Communication. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
2006-2007 AP Biology
Endocrine SystemHormones
AP Biology
Regulation Why are hormones needed?
chemical messages from one body part to another
communication needed to coordinate whole body
homeostasis & regulation metabolism growth development maturation reproduction
growth hormones
AP Biology
Regulation & Communication Animals rely on 2 systems for regulation
endocrine system ductless gland which secrete
chemical signals directly into blood chemical travels to target tissue slow, long-lasting response
nervous system system of neurons, central
nerve system transmits “electrical” signal to
target tissue fast, short-lasting response
AP Biology
Regulation by chemical messengers
Axon
Neurotransmitter
Endocrine gland
Receptor proteins
Hormone carried by blood
Target cell
Neurotransmitters released by neurons Hormones release by endocrine glands
Receptor proteins
AP Biology
Classes of Hormones Protein-based hormones
polypeptides small proteins: insulin, ADH
glycoproteins large proteins + carbohydrate: FSH, LH
amines modified amino acids: epinephrine, melatonin
Lipid-based hormones steroids
modified cholesterol: sex hormones, aldosterone
AP Biology
How do hormones act on target cells Lipid-based hormones
hydrophobic & lipid-soluble diffuse across membrane & enter cells bind to receptor proteins in cytoplasm & nucleus bind to DNA as transcription factors
Protein-based hormones hydrophilic & not lipid soluble
can’t diffuse across membrane trigger secondary messenger pathway activate cellular response
enzyme action, uptake or secretion of molecules…
AP Biologynucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membraneDNA
mRNA protein
steroid hormone blood
proteincarrier2
3
5
4
S
S
S
1S
Action of lipid (steroid) hormones
receptor protein
AP Biology
Action of protein hormones
3
4
GTPactivatesenzyme
activatesenzyme
activatesenzyme
Receptorprotein
cAMP
Proteinhormone
ATP
1
2
cytoplasm Produces an action
proteinmessengercascade
G protein
AP Biology
adrenal gland
Action of epinephrine (adrenalin)
3
4
GTPactivates
protein kinase-A
activatesphosphorylase
activates adenylyl cyclase
receptorprotein
cAMP
epinephrine
ATP
1
2
cytoplasm
G protein
liver cell
glucoseglycogen
releasedto blood
AP Biology
Benefits of a 2° messenger system
Amplification!
Signal molecule Receptor protein Activated adenylyl cyclase
Amplification
Amplification
Amplification
Amplification
GTP G protein
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
Enzymatic product
Enzyme
Protein kinase
cAMP
Not yetactivated
2005-2006AP Biology
Negative Feedback Model
high
low
hormone 1
lowersbody condition
hormone 2
gland
specific body condition
raisesbody condition
gland
2005-2006AP Biology
Body Temperature
high
low
nerve signals
sweat
nerve signals
brain
body temperature
shiver brain
dilates surfaceblood vessels
constricts surfaceblood vessels
FeedbackNervous System Control
2005-2006AP Biology
liver
pancreas
liver
Blood Sugar
blood sugar level
insulin
body cells takeup sugar
from blood
liver storessugar
reducesappetite
glucagon
pancreas
liver releases
sugartriggershunger
high
low
FeedbackEndocrine System Control
2005-2006AP Biology
nephron
low
Blood Osmolarity
blood osmolarityblood pressure
ADH
increasedwater
reabsorption
increasethirst
renin
increasedwater & saltreabsorption
high
FeedbackEndocrine System Control
pituitary
angiotensinogenangiotensin
nephronadrenalgland
aldosterone
AP Biology
Endocrine & Nervous system links Hypothalamus = “master control center”
nervous system receives information from nerves around body
about internal conditions regulates release of hormones from pituitary
Pituitary gland = “master gland” endocrine system secretes broad range
of hormones regulating other glands
AP Biology
Thyroid gland
Hypothalamus
Anteriorpituitary
Gonadotropic hormones:Follicle-stimulatinghormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)
Mammaryglandsin mammals
Musclesof uterus
Kidneytubules
Posteriorpituitary
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone(TSH)
Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
Adrenalcortex
Boneand muscle Testis
Ovary
Melanocytein amphibian
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(MSH)
OxytocinProlactin (PRL)
Gro
wth
hor
mon
e (G
H)
AP Biology
Homology in hormones
prolactin
mammals
milkproduction
birds
fatmetabolism
amphibians
metamorphosis& maturation
fish
salt &water
balance
growth& development
What does this tell you about these hormones?
growthhormone
same gene family
AP Biology
Regulating metabolism Hypothalamus
TRH = TSH-releasing hormone
Anterior Pituitary TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid produces thyroxine hormones metabolism & development
bone growth mental development metabolic use of energy blood pressure & heart rate muscle tone digestion reproduction
tyrosineiodine
thyroxine
AP Biology
GoiterIodine deficiency causes thyroid to enlarge as it tries to produce thyroxine
AP Biology
Regulating blood calcium levels
Increased blood Ca++
Thyroid
ParathyroidsLow blood Ca++
Parathyroidhormone (PTH)
Increased absorptionof Ca++ from intestine due to PTH activation of Vitamin D
Reabsorption of Ca++ &excretion of PO4
Osteoclasts dissolve CaPO4crystals in bone, releasing Ca++
–Negativefeedback
2005-2006AP Biology
corpusluteumovary
Female reproductive cycle
pregnancy
maintainsuterus lining
no
yes
Feedback
estrogenegg
matures &is released(ovulation)
builds up uterus lining
FSH & LH
progesterone
progesterone
fertilized egg(zygote)
HCG
corpus luteum breaks downprogesterone drops
menstruation
corpusluteum
maintainsuterus lining
GnRH
pituitarygland
hypothalamus
2005-2006 AP Biology
Any Questions??