endocrine - natureboy · endocrine chapter 47 • endocrine & nervous system • components •...
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endocrinechapter 47
• endocrine & nervous system• components
• Endocrine cells• Endocrine glands• Neurosecretory cells
• hormones vs. local signallers• target cells
• membrane-bound receptors• nuclear receptors
• steroids/lipid soluble
integration
signalling• signal categories
• autocrine• act on same cell or type
• paracrine• local signalers
• endocrine• hormones - long distance signalers
• pheromone
• paracrine regulation• Growth factors • nitric oxide (NO)• Prostaglandins (PGs) -- modified fatty acids.
• placenta• inflammation • blood flow to lungs.
paracrine
endocrine• invertebrates
• arthropods - extensive endocrine systems • prothoracicotrophic
hormone (PTTH),• ecdysone • juvenile hormone (JH)
Ecdysone
Brain
PTTH
EARLY LARVA
Neurosecretory cells
Corpus cardiacum
Corpus allatum
LATERLARVA PUPA ADULT
Low JHJuvenile
hormone (JH)
Prothoracicgland
• human endocrine system (9 glands)• hypothalamus
• tropic hormones• releasing hormones • inhibiting hormones
• pituitary• neurohypophysis • adenohypophysis
Posteriorpituitary
(neurohypophysis)Anteriorpituitary
Neurosecretory cells of the
hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Axon
HORMONE OxytocinADH
Kidney tubulesTARGET Mammary glands,uterine muscles
• pituitary• posterior pituitary
• oxytocin • antidiuretic hormone
• anterior pituitary• growth hormone (HGH)
• gigantism• acromegaly• hypopituitary dwarfism
• Prolactin (PRL)• Gonadotropins
• Follicle-stimulating hormone • Luteinizing hormone
• Endorphins
• pineal gland • melatonin
• pineal eye (parapineal or parietal eye)
• thyroid gland • development,
bioenergetics, and homeostasis
• hyperthyroidism• hypothyroidism
• Infants: cretinism.• Adults: weight gain,
lethargy, cold intolerance.• endemic goiter• calcitonin
• parathyroid glands (4)• parathyroid hormone
• hypoparathyroidism• tetany
• hyperparathyroidism -- • calciphylaxis --
• pancreas• Exocrine function• Endocrine function
• Insulin -- secreted by beta cells• hypoinsulinism: hyperglycemia
• Type I diabetes mellitus• Type II diabetes mellitus
• glucagon -- secreted by alpha cells.
Hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
glands
Pineal
Gonads
Adrenal cortex
Pancreas
glands