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31-1 Reptiles
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What Is a Reptile?
What Is a Reptile?
A reptile is a vertebrate that has dry, scaly skin, lungs, and terrestrial eggs with several membranes.
These characteristics enable reptiles to live their entire lives out of water.
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Evolution of Reptiles
Evolution of Reptiles
Reptiles were the first vertebrates that were not dependent on water for reproduction.
The first reptile fossil dates back to the Carboniferous Period.
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Evolution of ReptilesDinosaurs
During the late Triassic and Jurassic periods, a great adaptive radiation of reptiles took place.
The Mesozoic Era is often called the Age of Reptiles.
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Evolution of Reptiles
Triassic Reptiles
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Evolution of Reptiles
All of dinosaurs belonged to one of two major groups:
• Ornithischia, or “bird-hipped” dinosaurs
• Saurischia, or “lizard-hipped” dinosaurs
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Form and Function in Reptiles
Adaptations that have contributed to the success of reptiles on land are:
• well-developed lungs
• a double-loop circulatory system
• a water-conserving excretory system
• strong limbs
• internal fertilization
• shelled, terrestrial eggs
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Form and Function in Reptiles
Body Temperature Control
Reptiles are ectotherms.
Ectotherms are animals that rely on behavior to control body temperature.
To warm up, they bask in the sun or stay under water at night.
To cool down, they move to the shade or take shelter in underground burrows.
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Form and Function in Reptiles
Kidney
Liver Heart
Cloaca
Bladder
Lung Digestive tract
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Form and Function in Reptiles
Reproduction
Most reptiles are oviparous, laying eggs that develop outside the mother’s body.
All reptiles reproduce by internal fertilization, in which the male deposits sperm inside the female’s cloaca.
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Form and Function in Reptiles
The shell and membranes protect the embryo and prevent the egg from drying out.
This type of egg, an amniotic egg, is one of the most important adaptations to life on land.
An amniotic egg has four membranes—the amnion, the yolk sac, the chorion, and the allantois.
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Groups of Reptiles
Groups of Reptiles
The four surviving groups of reptiles are:
• lizards and snakes
• crocodilians
• turtles and tortoises
• tuatara
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Groups of Reptiles
Lizards
Most lizards have four legs and clawed toes.
Most lizards have external ears and movable eyelids.
Some lizards have evolved into highly specialized forms.
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Groups of Reptiles
Snakes
Snakes have no legs.
Snakes have immovable eyelids and no external ear openings.
Snakes are efficient predators.
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Groups of Reptiles
Crocodilians
Crocodilians have long, broad snouts and a squat appearance.
They prey on animals such as fishes, deer, and even humans. Includes Crocodiles and Alligators
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Groups of Reptiles
Turtles and Tortoises
Turtles live in water.
Tortoises live on land.
A terrapin is a turtle that lives in water that is somewhat salty.
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Groups of Reptiles
Turtles and tortoises have a two-part shell built into the skeleton:
• a dorsal part, or carapace
• a ventral part, or plastron
The head, legs, and tail emerge from holes where the carapace and plastron join.
Tortoises and most turtles pull into their shells for protection.
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Groups of Reptiles
Tuataras
Tuataras are found only on a few islands off New Zealand.
They lack external ears and retain primitive scales.
They have a “third eye,” which is part of a complex organ located on top of the brain.
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Most reptiles reproduce with
a. external fertilization and external development.
b. internal fertilization and internal development.
c. internal fertilization and external development in water.
d. internal fertilization and external development in shelled eggs.
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The yolk sac of a reptile egg functions as a
a. membrane that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide for the embryo.
b. membrane that stores wastes produced by the embryo.
c. source of nutrient-rich food for the developing embryo.
d. shock-absorbing fluid-filled sac protecting the embryo.
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Reptiles are
a. ectotherms.
b. endotherms.
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The two parts of a turtle or tortoise's shell are the
a. terrapin and plastron.
b. carapace and plastron.
c. carapace and terrapin.
d. terrapin and carapace.
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