end of wwi - dr. charles best secondary school …end of war in sight russian revolution •march...
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End of WWI
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End of War in Sight
1) Russian Revolution begins • Rebellions & revolts break out
within Russian military (war is a failure) and society (widespread hunger)
• Czar Nicholas is forced to abdicate
• 1917 a provisional government is formed (temporary)
• 1917 October, Bolsheviks under Vladmir Ilyich Lenin ▫ Promise of “Peace, Land and
Bread” ▫ Communist party
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End of War in Sight
Russian Revolution
• March 1918, Russia signs the treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany
▫ Russia would give lands in Eastern Europe to Germany in exchange for allowing Russia to exit from the war
• Germany now only had the western front to deal with
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End of War in Sight
Germany:
• Focuses offensive in the west and attacks at Ypres, Somme, Passchendaele, Vimy Ridge
• Causes German forces to be exhausted
▫ No reserves, no fresh troops, little food and supplies
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End of War in Sight
2) US enters the war (April 1917):
• Due to Germany sinking neutral ships 1917
• US wanted to protect its trading partners
• Last Hundred Days – Allied victories (Canadians to take part in Amiens, Arras, Mons)
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The Last 100 Days
Aug 8
Aug 26-Sept 2
Nov 11
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End of War in Sight
2) US enters the war (April 1917): • Central Powers collapse
▫ Kaiser Wilhelm (Germany) abdicates and flees to Holland
• Armistice to take effect Nov 11, 11:00am, 1918 • A Canadian Soldier (Private George Price) was
the last recorded soldier to die on the western front minutes before the armistice ▫ Killed by a sniper
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Paris Peace
Conference &
The Treaty of
Versailles
Georges Clemenceau
Woodrow Wilson David Lloyd George
Vittorio Orlando
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Canada’s Role at the PPC
• Entente and the new German leadership (Weimar Republic) met in Paris to discuss the terms of the peace agreement
• Borden fought for Canada to have its own seat at the conference – representing themselves, not Britain
• Borden signed the Treaty of Versailles • Borden fights to have Canada as a member of the
League of Nations ▫ Principle of the League of Nations was collective
security
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Understanding the debate
• League of Nations
▫ Precursor to the “UN” – to ensure collective security
• Reparations
▫ Payback (money)
• Alsace-Lorraine
▫ Taken from France by Germany in 1870
• Self-determination
▫ A culture/nation should rule itself
• Rhineland
▫ Area along the Rhine that borders between France and Germany
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Questions
1. What punishments should be laid on Germany?
2. Who is to blame for the war?
3. What is the best way to stop a war ever happening again?
Explain your reasoning for each.
Understand the main goals of your leader.
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Interesting WWI stats:
• 1 in 7 men died on the front lines (9 million)
• 1 in 3 men were disabled (22 million)
• $400 billion spend on the war from all sides (about $4 trillion today)
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Interesting WWI stats:
Entente- Losses:
• Military Casualties:
▫ 5.7 million
• Civilian Casualties:
▫ 3.67 million
• Military Wounded:
▫ 12.8 million
http://www.flandersfieldsmusic.com/WWI-statistics.html
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Interesting WWI stats:
Central Powers (Triple Alliance) - Losses:
• Military Casualties:
▫ 4.02 million
• Civilian Casualties:
▫ 5.2 million
• Military Wounded:
▫ 8.42 million
http://www.flandersfieldsmusic.com/WWI-statistics.html
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Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
1. Germany was to no longer have colonies
▫ Former German colonies would be handed over to the League of Nations who would appoint member countries to administer them temporarily (Mandate System)
▫ Mandatories were supposed to help the colony rebuild so that they could be self-sufficient
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Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
2. Saar Coal field given to France for 15 years
▫ Coal was the main fuel used at the time and this would cripple Germany economically
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Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
3. Rhineland to be demilitarized
▫ Still belongs to Germany but they can’t have military in this area
▫ Britain and France could station troops here
▫ Acts as a buffer zone for France
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Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
4. Alsace and Lorraine returned to France
▫ Was taken by Germany in the Franco-Prussian war, 1870
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Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
5. Anschluss is forbidden
▫ Anschluss is the historical joining of Austria and Germany
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Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
6. German Military limitations
▫ Air force is banned
▫ Limited to 100,000 soldiers (for defence)
▫ Navy is confiscated and either given to Allies or destroyed
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Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
7. Reparation payments to be made to the victors of the war
▫ A commission was set up to figure out an amount that Germany would pay the Allies
▫ Settled at $33billion in 1921 (lowest estimate = $330billion today)
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Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
8. War Guilt Clause
▫ Germany was to accept full blame for causing the war
▫ Seen as an insult to the Germans
▫ Used to justify reparations
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Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was cancelled
▫ So Russia gave up these lands for nothing
▫ A large portion of this land becomes Poland
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Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
9. League of Nations
▫ To keep peace through collective security
▫ Members could place sanctions on belligerent countries
▫ America doesn’t join
▫ No military forces
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Aftermath of the War
• People continued to suffer
▫ Widespread hunger
▫ Crops and transportation systems ruined by war
• Spanish Flu spread across Europe and then to North America via returning soldiers
▫ Killed millions
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Assignment
• Review the Terms of the Treaty of Versailles and read “Why did the victors not get everything they wanted?” (optional but very helpful)
• Explain which country got the best deal out of the Treaty of Versailles.
▫ Make reference to the treaty terms and explain how it benefits a certain country . (14 Points, League of Nations, Self-Determination, Reparations, Anschluss, Rhineland, etc.)