end of chapter exercises- chapter 2

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Routledge, 2018 In Other Words, 3 rd edition by Mona Baker End of Chapter Exercises- Chapter 2 1- Comment on any differences in meaning between the items in each of the following sets. The differences may relate to expressive or evoked meaning. For instance, some items may be register-specific or dialect-specific, others may be derogatory or neutral. If you are not familiar with a particular word or expression, consult a good dictionary of English before you comment on its meaning. car, auto, automobile, motor, limousine, limo, banger, jalopy comfortable, comfy, homely, cosy, snug (of a place) dad, daddy, pa, papa, pop, father, pater, sire, old man Now list all the words and expressions you can think of which are available in your target language for car, comfortable and father. Comment on any differences in meaning between (a) the individual items in each set, and (b) the English items above and the items in the corresponding sets in your target language. car, auto, ارة، س عربةة عربNeutral (standard Arabic) Neutral (colloquial Egyptian Arabic) Automobile ل أوتوموبل ترومبHigher tenor (obsolete) Colloquial Egyptian Arabic (obsolete) Motor موتورNot used for car, only for engine Limousine, limo نموز لSynonymous with taxi Banger زوبةLower tenor, derogatory Jalopy زة عزUsed for endearment of one’s car Other words and expressions عجلة(=Tyre- metonymic use for car) Colloquial Egyptian Arabic (register-specific) ـةّ تِ ح(=piece) Colloquial Egyptian Arabic (register-specific) رة خنز(=pig) Colloquial for a certain brand of Mercedes(register-specific) دبابة(=tank) Colloquial for truck (register- specific) Comfortable لراحةشعر با For persons (=To feel at home) Comfortable, comfy ر، م وثح رAdj. for chairs, couches Comfortable ى الراحةث علبع Adj. for places Homely ط، عائل بسAdj. for places, atmosphere, interior design Cosy ح مرAdj. for places, atmosphere, interior design Snug دافئAdj. for places, colours Other words and expressions توتَ بColloquial Egyptian Arabic ـبٓ َ ه طُ ح رColloquial Egyptian Arabic Modern Standard Arabic

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Page 1: End of Chapter Exercises- Chapter 2

Routledge, 2018

In Other Words, 3rd edition – by Mona Baker

End of Chapter Exercises- Chapter 2

1- Comment on any differences in meaning between the items in each of the following sets. The differences may relate to expressive or evoked meaning. For instance, some items may be register-specific or dialect-specific, others may be derogatory or neutral. If you are not familiar with a particular word or expression, consult a good dictionary of English before you comment on its meaning.

car, auto, automobile, motor, limousine, limo, banger, jalopy

comfortable, comfy, homely, cosy, snug (of a place)

dad, daddy, pa, papa, pop, father, pater, sire, old man

Now list all the words and expressions you can think of which are available in your target language for car, comfortable and father. Comment on any differences in meaning between (a) the individual items in each set, and (b) the English items above and the items in the corresponding sets in your target language.

car, auto, ،عربة سارة عربة

Neutral (standard Arabic) Neutral (colloquial Egyptian Arabic)

Automobile أوتوموبل ترومبل

Higher tenor (obsolete)

Colloquial Egyptian Arabic (obsolete)

Motor موتور Not used for car, only for engine

Limousine, limo لموزن Synonymous with taxi

Banger زوبة Lower tenor, derogatory

Jalopy عززة Used for endearment of one’s car

Other words and expressions عجلة (=Tyre- metonymic use for car)

Colloquial Egyptian Arabic (register-specific)

Colloquial Egyptian Arabic (piece=) حتـة(register-specific)

Colloquial for a certain brand of (pig=) خنزرة

Mercedes(register-specific)

-Colloquial for truck (register (tank=) دبابةspecific)

Comfortable شعر بالراحة For persons (=To feel at home)

Comfortable, comfy رحوثر، م Adj. for chairs, couches

Comfortable بعث على الراحة Adj. for places

Homely بسط، عائل Adj. for places, atmosphere, interior design

Cosy مرح Adj. for places, atmosphere, interior design

Snug دافئ Adj. for places, colours Other words and expressions بتوت Colloquial Egyptian Arabic

ـب Colloquial Egyptian Arabic رحه ط

Modern Standard Arabic

Page 2: End of Chapter Exercises- Chapter 2

In Other Words, 3rd edition – by Mona Baker

Routledge, 2018

Dad بابا Intimate

Daddy دادي Intimate

Pa باب Intimate

Papa, Pop بابا Intimate

Father أب، والدي Neutral and formal

Pater

Sire

Old man أبوا Evoked meaning (informal), as in my old man

Other words and expressions الباباآبا، بوي، وبا ، Intimate, dialect-specific, culture-specific

Referential, Evoked meaning الوالد، الحاج، الكبـر(formal)

2- Make a list of all the English verbs you can think of which have to do with speech, such assay, suggest, complain, mumble, mutter, murmur, whisper, speak, tell and so on. Try to groupthem into sets, starting with the more general ones.Now list all the verbs of speech you can think of in your target language, starting with the moregeneral ones. Comment on the presence or absence of any semantic gaps in your targetlanguage vis-à-vis English.Repeat this exercise using nouns which may come under the general heading of

PUBLICATIONS. In English, this would include book, newspaper, magazine, newsletter,

bulletin, journal, report, pamphlet, periodical and so on.

Say ذكرقول ، Collocations are rendered into different verbs e.g. to say prayers ( ، رفع الدعاءتلو الصلوات )

Suggest قترح

Complain شكو

Mumble, mutter, murmur تمتم، همهم، غمغم

Whisper همس

Speak تكلم، تحدث Collocations are rendered into different verbs e.g. speak the truth (قول الحققة)

Tell خبر Collocations are rendered into different forms, e.g. tell a lie صعب ) it’s hard to tell ;(كذب)

بذلك التكهن )

Book كتاب

Newspaper جردة

Magazine مجلة

Newsletter نشرة إخبارة

Bulletin نشرة

Page 3: End of Chapter Exercises- Chapter 2

In Other Words, 3rd edition – by Mona Baker

Routledge, 2018

Journal ةصحف

Report تقرر

Pamphlet مطوة

Periodical دورة

3- Make a list of ten English words which you feel are particularly difficult to translate into your

target language. Comment on the source of difficulty in each case.

Action Context-specific

Access

Control

Involve

Mandate

Typical

Interdependence Compounding

Well-being No direct equivalent

Paradigm Context-specific, discipline-specific

Gender Context-specific, culture specific

4- Make a list of some loan words that are used in your language, and comment on the types of

text in which such loan words tend to be used freely (for instance in advertisements). Now

consider how you might translate the main text in Figure 3, an advertisement by Trados which

appeared in various magazines in 2001, and what loss of propositional, expressive and/or

evoked meaning might be involved if you cannot render Dinero using a similar loan word in your

target text.

Page 4: End of Chapter Exercises- Chapter 2

In Other Words, 3rd edition – by Mona Baker

Routledge, 2018

Page 5: End of Chapter Exercises- Chapter 2

In Other Words, 3rd edition – by Mona Baker

Routledge, 2018

.Room Turkish loan أوضةColloquial Egyptian Arabic

.Logistics English loan لوجستاتUsed in a variety of texts in Modern Standard Arabic

.Pyjamas French loan بجامةAdvertisements

.Police station Turkish loan كراكونColloquial Egyptian Arabic

.Thug Turkish loan بلطجColloquial Egyptian Arabic, but was introduced into Modern Standard Arabic (e.g. national security texts)

.Pharmacy Turkish loan أجزخانةColloquial Egyptian Arabic

.Radio and television French loan الرادو والتلفزونUsed in a variety of texts in Modern Standard Arabic

.Computer, mouse English loan الكمبوتر، الماوسColloquial Egyptian Arabic

-The Trados Advertisement:

. مرة أخرى" نقود " لترجمة كلمة " الكاش" ، فلس علك إنفاق مزد من "كاش" إلى " نقود " ما إن تترجم كلمة

Back translation:

Once you translate the word “money” into “ cash ”, You won’t have to spend more “ cash ”

to translate “ money ” again.

5- Make a list of three English affixes which systematically produce forms that have no direct

equivalents in your target language. Suggest suitable paraphrases for each affix.

Co- (e.g. co-pilot) مساعد الطار An additional word is used to mean assistant

Non- (e.g. non-governmental) غر حكوم An additional word is used to mean Not

Sub- (e.g. subregional) دون إقلم An additional word is used to mean Less than, smaller than

6- Make a list of all the English words you can think of that end in -ism or -ist (such as

racism/racist, sexism/sexist, age-ism/ageist, extremism/extremist, fanaticism/fanaticist).

Comment on what these words have in common and on the pro-positional and expressive

Page 6: End of Chapter Exercises- Chapter 2

In Other Words, 3rd edition – by Mona Baker

meanings of the suffix. Now at-tempt to translate the screen shot in Figure 4, from a video

released by the Sizism Awareness Campaign (www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOxbi53J5SU).

Figure 4 Screen shot from Sizism Awareness Campaign video

Racism, racist عنصري/عنصرة

Sexism, sexist جنسان/جنسانة

Extremism, extremist متطرف/ تطرف

Fanaticism تعصب

Modernism حداثة

Perfectionist نشد الكمال، مثال

Terrorism إرهاب

Pragmatism براجماتة

-Arabic translation of figure 4, Screen shot from Sizism Awareness Campaign Video:

التعصب لأوزان معینة دون أخرى ھو الصورة الوحیدة المقبولة اجتماعیا وغیر المعلنة للظلم والاضطھاد التي تؤثر علىالناس في جمیع أنحاء العالم

Back translation:

Prejudice for certain body weights, more than others, is the only socially accepted and

undeclared form of oppression affecting people all over the world.

7- Produce two translations in your target language of the following extract from StephenHawking’s A Brief History of Time (1988:1–2). One translation should aim at giving the targetreader a straightforward account of the contents of the text. In producing the second translation,assume that Professor Hawking, or his publisher, has authorized you to use whatever strategiesare necessary to ensure that the reader’s attention is captured in these opening passages.A well-known scientist (some say it was Bertrand Russell) once gave a public lecture onastronomy. He de-scribed how the earth orbits around the sun and how the sun, in turn, orbitsaround the center of a vast collection of stars called our galaxy. At the end of the lecture, a littleold lady at the back of the room got up and said: ‘What you have told us is rubbish. The world isreally a flat plate supported on the back of a giant tor-toise.’ The scientist gave a superior smilebefore reply-ing, ‘What is the tortoise standing on?’ ‘You’re very clever, young man, very clever,’said the old lady. ‘But it’s turtles all the way down!’Most people would find the picture of our universe as an infinite tower of tortoises ratherridiculous, but why do we think we know better? What do we know about the universe, and howdo we know it? Where did the universe come from, and where is it going? Did the universe havea beginning, and if so, what happened be-fore then? What is the nature of time? Will it evercome to an end? Recent breakthroughs in physics, made possible in part by fantastic newtechnologies, suggest answers to some of these longstanding questions. Someday theseanswers may seem as obvious to us as the earth orbiting the sun – or perhaps as ridiculous asa tower of tortoises. Only time (whatever that may be) will tell.Comment on the different strategies used in each translation.

Routledge, 2018

Page 7: End of Chapter Exercises- Chapter 2

In Other Words, 3rd edition – by Mona Baker

Translation of Stephen Hawkings’s Extract:

Version (1) [straightforward[

في محاضرة عامة في علم الفلك، قدم عالم شھیر )ھو برتراند راسل وفقا للبعض( وصفا للمدار الذي یتخذه كوكب الأرض ف دورانھ حول الشمس، كما شرح كیف أن الشمس تدور حول مركز مجرتنا التي تتكون من كتلة ضخمة من النجوم.

وبعد انتھاء المحاضرة، نھضت امرأة مسنة في آخر القاعة وقالت:"إن ما قلتھ لنا ھراء، فالعالم ما ھو إلا طبق مسطح یرتكز على ظھر سلحفاة عملاقة". فعلت وجھ العالم ابتسامة متعالیة، وبادرھا بسؤالھ:" وعلام تقف ھذه السلحفاة؟" فأجابتھ:" یالك من

ذكي لماح أیھا الشاب، بل أنك في غایة الذكاء، إنھا تقف على ظھر طابور طویل من السلاحف الأخرى التي تقف كل منھا على ظھر زمیلتھا".

یرى الكثیرون أن صورة العالم المحمول على ظھور برج لا نھائي من السلاحف صورة سخیفة مثیرة للسخریة. ولكن ما الذي یجعلنا نظن أننا أدرى بذلك؟ ماذا نعرف عن ھذا العالم، وكیف نعرف عنھ ما نرید معرفتھ؟ من أین أتى ذلك العالم؟ وإلى أین یذھب؟ وھل كان لھ بدایة، وإن صح ذلك، ماذا جرى قبل أن یبدأ؟ ما ھي طبیعة الزمن؟ ھل سیأتي یوم ینتھي فیھ؟ إن التقدم

الھائل في علم الفیزیاء، والذي تحقق من خلال التقنیات الحدیثة المذھلة، یقدم إجابات لتلك الأسئلة التي طالما ظلت بلا جواب. وقد یأتي یوم تبدو فیھ ھذه الإجابات واضحة وضوح دوران الأرض حول الشمس؛ أو قد تبدو لنا سخیفة سخافة

. كفل بأن دلنا على ذلك( أا كان كنهه)الزمن وحده . لسلاحفبرج ا

Version (2) [communicative]. Strategies used: omission, explication, paraphrase using a related

word, using a more expressive word, manipulation.

لكرة صف ا أخذعلم الفلك، فكان لق محاضرة عامة ف ( راسلف أغلب الظن هو برتراند )حكى أن عالما شهرا

عرف باسم المجرة . الأرضة ومدارها حول الشمس الت تجوب بدورها حول مجموعة هائلة من النجوم، نطلق علها ما

حققة ! ذي تحكه لناما هذا الهراء ال"وبانتهاء المحاضرة، همت من مكانها آخر القاعة سدة صغر حجمها وكبر سنها لتقول

م العالم ضاحكا ثم قال "الأمر أن العالم عبارة عن لوح مسطح رتكز على ظهر سلحفاة عملاقة وما الذي حمل "، فتبس

...!"إنها سلحفاة فوق سلحفاة فوق سلحفاة! شابال كائك أهاذا ل" هازئة ، فأجابت العجوز "السلحفاة؟

إن ارتكاز الكون على برج مطلق من السلاحف تصور ما أسخف ما یراه الكثیر؛ ولكن، لماذا نرجح فھمنا الخاص على مرجعیة ھذه النظریة؟ ما أدرانا بالكون، ومن أین لنا بالدرایة؟ من أین جاء الكون وما ھو منتھاه؟ ھل كان لھ بدایة، وإن كان

بالفعل لھ بدایة، فعلام كان الحال قبل ھذه البدایة؟ ما ھي طبیعة الزمن؟ ھل سیؤول في یوم ما إلى نھایة؟ إن المكتشفات الحدیثة في علم الفیزیاء، التي توصلنا إلیھا بفضل التكنولوجیا الحدیثة المبھرة، توفر الأجوبة لجانب من ھذه التساؤلات الأزلیة. سیأتي

یوم من الأیام ربما تبدو فیھ ھذه الأجوبة واضحة وضوح دوران الأرض حول الشمس، أو ربما مضحكة كما نظریة برج السلاحف؛ فالوقت )أیا كان( ھو الفیصل الوحید.

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Routledge, 2018