Encyclopedic Reference of Genomics and Proteomicsin Molecular Medicine

DETLEV GANTEN . KLAUS RUCKPAUL (Eds.)

Encyclopedic Reference ofGenomics and Proteomicsin Molecular Medicine

Volume 1A-L

With 297 Figures and 112 Tables

Professor Dr. Detlev GantenCharitCampus Charit MitteSchumannstr. 20/2110117 Berlinganten@charite.de

Professor Em. Dr. Klaus RuckpaulMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-BuchRobert-Rssle-Strae 1013125 BerlinGermanybrandenburg@mdc-berlin.de

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Preface

The development of molecular medicine is closely linked with the rapidly growing knowledge in molecularbiology, molecular genetics and genome research. Research findings in these fields have led to a shift in therapeutictargets. Whilst until recently only gene products such as enzymes and cell receptors represented targets ofdiagnostic processes, today the information carriers DNA and RNA themselves are evolving into target molecules,or medicinal drugs. Alongside researching into interactive processes on a cellular level drawn from thebiochemical advances made in the past century mutation and disorders of mechanisms of gene expression arebecoming the object of clinical research and of application in diagnosis and therapy. Hence, genomics andproteomics are developing into new fields of research, and their results are substantially influencing the futureorientation of the fundamentals for diagnosis and therapy.

These new research fields including molecular biology have generated a huge amount of new terms, abbreviations(acronyms) which need explanation. Therefore these encyclopedic references are aimed at making all thoseacquainted with selected terms most frequently used in genomics and proteomics in molecular medicine who arenot directly involved in those termini by their research.

The theoretical background of molecular medicine is based on the assumption that one or more molecular and/orgenetic causes (e.g. changes caused by point mutation, deletions, shift in the reading frame etc.) underlie theoutbreak of all diseases. Inversely, however, this does not necessarily imply that every mutated gene leads to adisorder in the sense of genetic determinism. There are forms of mutation that result in a transformed gene productwithout triggering any disease. For an illness to take shape many other factors besides a changed gene play a role,such as the endogenous disposition (e.g. inherent damage caused by previous illnesses) and exogenous factors (ofenvironmental nature, strain through incompatibility of medication, drinking and smoking etc.). Genomics andproteomics are evolving into key technologies of advances in molecular medicine.

The transfer of molecular biological knowledge into therapeutic treatment is still at the initial stage. So far, resultsin gene therapy have fallen short of high-flying expectations. Instead, diagnostic methods based on molecularbiology have found their way into medical practice.

Molecular medicine is scientifically based both on classical medicine, which is characterized by a phenotypicaldescription of symptoms, and on the specific genotypical characterization of methods employed in molecularbiology and genetic engineering. For the first time, this enabled a systematic analysis of the molecular causes ofillnesses in a precise and rapid manner hitherto unattained. Molecular biological methods such as high-throughputtechniques based on biochips are already being applied in various medical fields, and have significantly improveddiagnosis, for instance in the prediction of risk estimation in certain illnesses, or with regard to sensitivity andspecificity of treatment. This widens diagnostic scope in areas such as hereditary diseases of monogenetic origin,which until now could only be described phenomenologically, and enables preventive treatment and causal therapyof such diseases in the future. Evidently, even the molecular causes of uninfluenceable pleiotropic diseases arebecoming increasingly tangible, moving their therapeutic treatment within reach.

This has a decisive impact on medical work. Nevertheless, molecular medicine, too, will retain its basic characterwhich is precise clinical observation and integral medical care. Without thorough medical examination anddetailed phenotypical description neither phenotype-genotype association of any significance can be derived,nor can the possibilities of detailed gene standardisation be fully exploited. The conventional physical examinationand the analysis of the gene profile remain of equal importance in the domains of both research as well as medicalcare.

The spectacular publication on the human genome comprising 3.2 billion base sequences, which appearedsimultaneously in the journals Nature (International non-commercial project, Head: Francis Collins) andScience (Genetic engineering company Celera Genomics, Head: Craig Venter) on the 50th anniversary of thedouble helix discovery by James Watson and Francis Crick in April 2003, marked a new era in biological basicresearch and in the knowledge of the components of human life. The successful decoding of the sequence raises thequestion about its function in the organism.

Recent sequencing of the human genome (published in 2004; Nature 431, p.915, p.927, p.933) revealed that (withan accuracy of 99.999%) 2.85 billions of base pairs out of a total of 3.08 billions of base pairs have beendetermined; thus 99% of the genome which contains the genes have been identified. Consequently, the number ofgenes had to be corrected to 20,000-25,000 from the estimated 100,000 genes in the 90s, and 30,000-40,000 in2001. The genetic information for proteins comprises only 1.5% of the genome. 98.5% of the genome may beassigned to the so-called junk-DNAwith so far largely unknown functions. Such data are erroneous. As parts of thegene expression products, introns, for example, contain regulative sequences for gene expression and sequencesthat are responsible for correct splicing. These sequences must be allocated to a specific gene as essentialconstituents and can therefore affect the assessment significantly.

Decoding the entire sequence of the genome is but the first step of a far more complex task: Understanding thefunctional significance of the sequences. So the determination of the sequences logically entails their functionaldeciphering as the following step. This field of research is known as Functional genomics. It deals with theallocation of parts of the entire sequence to defined gene structures. This also includes the attribution of intronsequences to functions within the regulation process of gene expression that are only partly understood so far, aswell as the control of all subsequent steps up to the final protein synthesis.

Alternative splicing is a major cause of transcriptome diversification. A single primary transcript yields differentmature RNAs which lead to the production of proteins with various functions. This can be performed by alternativepromoters. For 23.245 gene loci in the human genome over 43.000 transcripts are known. The alternativetranscripts range from 2 to 40 (for details see Functional genomics).

Comparison with analysed genomes of other organisms are extremely useful in the process of allocating sequenceparts to whole gene sequences. In the meantime a number of gene sequences have been fully deciphered, as forexample those of prokaryote micro-organisms such as Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori, and eukaryotemicroorganisms such as bakers yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and of polycellular organisms like the wormCaenorhabditis elegans, or those of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and of different vertebrates: e.g. man,mouse, rat and the green puffer-fish Tetraodon nigroviridis. Also the sequence of the bovine genome is availablein a rough sketch with the exact decoding to be expected in 2005. These comparative studies revealed only 1183species specific genes in the human genome. In all, about 200 genomes of various species have been sequencedand published.

The human chromosomes 21, 22, 14, 7, 6, and Y have been fully analysed and the results were published in 2003.Recently, an academic research team decoded the base sequence of the second smallest human chromosome 22 andmade it accessible to the researching public. Chromosome 22 has 33 million base pairs with 545 genes. Defects onthis chromosome are likely to be the cause of diseases such as schizophrenia, leukemia, immune deficiencies, bonecancer and brain tumours. Similarly, a German-Japanese research team succeeded in completely decoding thesmallest carrier of genetic information in humans (chromosome 21) with 225 genes, some of which play a role indiseases like Alzheimer, ALS (amyotrope lateral sclerosis), myoclonic epilepsy, innate deafness, and Downssyndrome.

Two further chromosomes whose anomalies cause diseases are chromosomes 5 and 6. Chromosome 6 representsthe largest human chromosome with 166.880 million base pairs. It has 1557 functional genes for, inter alia, themajor histocompatibility complex (MHC), hereditary haemochromatosis with multi-organ dysfunction, juvenile-onset form of Parkinsons disease, and gene abnormalities are implicated as a contributory cause of schizophrenia,epilepsy, cancer and heart disease. Chromosome 5 has 177.7 million base pairs with 923 protein coding genesincluding for instance those for protocadherine and the interleukine gene families. In some regions deletion cangenerate disorders including spinal muscular dystrophy.

After enormous 12 years lasting efforts, recently (2005), the sequence of the human X-chromosome (thedetermining chromosome for women: XX = female, XY = male) was completely deciphered. It comprises1098 native genes as compared with only 78 genes of the male Y-chromosome. It is of interest that about10% of the X-chromosome play an important role in man and do not have any function in women. TheX-chromosome contains only 4% of all human genes but is linked with every 10th hereditary monogeneticdisease.

vi Preface

Recently, American scientists succeeded in introducing a human gene associated with the generation ofParkinsons disease into the genome ofDrosophila, which produced impaired balance and other typical symptomsof nervous disease similar to those of people suffering from Parkinsons. This example demonstrates the immensesignificance of model organisms within the framework of functional genomics in the quest of grasping the humangenome in its entirety.

So far a functional role could be allocated to specific gene products of about 5,000 genes, accounting for about20% of the estimated total of 20,000 to 25,000 genes and about 3% of the total stock of human DNA. Thus a largenumber of genes still needs to be similarly allocated, and their molecular structures to be determined. This is thebasic content of proteomics which in analogy to genomics has two complimentary objectives: the functionalanalysis and localization of gene products and the comprehension of their molecular structure.

As in the quest of the genome sequence which united scientists of six different nations to cooperate in a jointproject, once again in 2001 a team of international researchers founded the Human Proteome Organisation(HUPO) to investigate into the significance of the enzymes coded by the genes. Proteome stands for the entireprotein in a cell. In view of the magnitude of the task it seems quite plausible that the main project was split into5 individual sub-projects: Human Plasma Proteome Project (HPPP), Sweden, USA; Human Liver ProteomeProject (HLPP), Canada, China, France; Proteomics Standard Initiative (PSI), all countries; Human BrainProteome Project (HBPP), Germany; International Mouse and Rat Proteome Project (MRPP) Canada, Germany.

All projects aim at decoding the functional network of proteins in the human organism, at the characterization andlocalization of proteins in normal and diseased humans and those of model organisms, and at disseminatingknowledge and respective technologies so as to find clues for the treatment of diseases.

The second objective of proteomics is to determine the structure of gene products, a field that is primarily a part ofbasic research. Any overview of the latest developments in molecular medicine in this encyclopedia would beincomplete if it were restricted to clinical findings alone. The fundamental principles of molecular medicine areessentially based on the knowledge of cellular and molecular biological processes which are introduced intoclinical practice through application in diagnosis. Moreover, the application of the whole range of geneticengineering tools resulted in radical changes in biotechnology and medical drug research. The application ofgenetic engineering in the pharmaceutical industry has led to a notable rationalization of production processes. Insome cases the application of the processes made production of certain substances available that had so far beeninaccessible for medical treatment. This marked the onset of the therapeutic use of medical drugs which couldpreviously only be produced in chemical synthetic processes, rendering them unsuitable for large scale production.

The forthcoming gain in knowledge in functional genomics and proteomics with regard to very complex processesof growth, cell division and differentiation, and their respective mechanisms of regulation (such as first, second andthird messenger, transcription factors and the corresponding cis-elements on the promoters) also pave the way fornew strategies in the development of medical drugs.

Transforming these scientific results into useful medical drugs requires the knowledge of the structure ofmolecules, which is necessary for understanding the functional interaction of nucleic acids, proteins and ligands ona molecular level. This is made possible by ascertaining the molecular structures through X-ray radiation,synchrotrone radiation, nuclear magnetic resonance by super-conducting high performance magnets (up to 900MHz) or other spectroscopic methods. All these processes complement each other in terms of applicability andsignificance of the evidence yielded. Another possibility of structure determination is the application of theoreticalmethods for predictive structure assessment of potential drugs. In this way pharmacological effects can beestimated. These techniques utilize highly sophisticated electronic simulation methods. When linking methods ofthe combination theory with the knowledge of the topography of bonding points, structure based drug designbecomes feasible.

To date (i.e. in 2003) biotechnology and genetical engineering have brought forth approximately 10,800 productsworld-wide. Of these about 15% have been commercialized, a further 15-20% are in the licensing phase or are onthe verge of coming on the market, 30% are in the clinical test phase (Phase III) and the remaining 40% are in theclinical study phase (Phase I and II). The decoding of the human genome and its functional analysis throughgenomics and proteomics will further enhance this process as a multitude of further molecule structures is

Preface vii

unravelled, thus considerably widening the range of rational drug development. It was the comprehension ofbiotechnological methods that made the production of certain therapeutic drugs possible as for example in the caseof human insulin, erythropoetin, coagulation factor VIII, and interferon, resulting in their widespread therapeuticapplication.

Until now, however, only a few drugs have been developed with the help of structure based drug design. Amongthese are an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease 1 and an inhibitor substance of neuroaminidase of the influenza virus 2.These findings form the fundamental principles of molecular medicine. They enable rationally developed drugs toinfluence new target structures such as gene regulators (transcription factors), or the gene itself to become theobject of therapeutic manipulation, for instance by functioning as a substance-producing drug.

We would like to point out that although substantial efforts were made to compose factually correct and wellunderstandable presentations, there may be places where a definition is incomplete or a phrase in an essay isflawed. All contributors to this encyclopedia will be extremely happy to receive corrections or revised passages forinclusion in future editions of the Encyclopedic Reference of Genomics and Proteomics in Molecular Medicine.

This encyclopedia endeavours to accompany current developments and convey the present level in knowledge onmolecular causes of illnesses from a practice-oriented point of view. Acknowledged experts from variousspecialized fields such as human genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, biochemistry, physics and otherbioscience disciplines explain the most important terms, complementing information by topical surveys, numerousfigures and tables, and keywords. It is to be hoped that this compendium may contribute to understanding theadvances in molecular medicine and may find many interested readers.

Berlin, 2005

DETLEV GANTENKLAUS RUCKPAUL

viii Preface

Editors-in-Chief

PROF. DR. DETLEV GANTENCharitUniversity Medicine BerlinBerlin, Germany

PROF. EM. DR. KLAUS RUCKPAULMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC)Berlin-BuchBerlin, Germany

Field Editors

PROF. DR. WALTER BIRCHMEIERCancer Research Program, Division of Signal Transduction,Invasion, and Metastasis of Epithelial CellMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC)Berlin-BuchBerlin, Germany

PROF. DR. JORG T. EPPLENDepartment of Neurogenetics and Behavioural GeneticsInstitute of Human GeneticsRuhr University BochumBochum, Germany

PROF. DR. KLAUS GENSERDepartment of Proteomics and Molecular Mechanisms ofNeurodegenerative DiseasesMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicin (MDC)Berlin-BuchBerlin, Germany

DR. MANFRED GOSSENCancer Research Program, Division of Control of DNAReplicationMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC)Berlin-BuchBerlin, Germany

DR. BIRGIT KERSTENDepartment of Proteomics and Molecular Mechanisms ofNeurodegenerative DiseasesMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC)Berlin-BuchBerlin, Germany

PROF. DR. HANS LEHRACHDepartment of Vertebrate GenomicsMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlin, Germany

PROF. DR. HARTMUT OSCHKINATDepartment of NMR-Supported Structural BiologyForschungsinstitut fr Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)Berlin-BuchBerlin, Germany

PROF. DR. PATRIZIA RUIZDivision of Molecular GeneticsCenter for Cardiovascular ResearchCharit University MedicineBerlin, Germany

DR. PETER SCHMIEDERDepartment of NMR-Supported Structural BiologyForschungsinstitut fr Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)Berlin-BuchBerlin, Germany

PROF. DR. ERICH WANKERDepartment of Proteomics and Molecular Mechanisms ofNeurodegenerative DiseasesMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC)Berlin-BuchBerlin, Germany

Editorial Assistant

DR. CHRISTIANE NOLTEMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC)Berlin-BuchBerlin, Germany

ix

List of Contributors

SALIM ABDELILAH-SEYFRIEDMax Delbrck Center (MDC) for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanysalim@mdc-berlin.de

TILL ACKEREdinger Institute, NeuropathologyJohann-Wolfgang Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermanytill.acker@med.uni-frankfurt.de

DAVID J. ADAMSWellcome Trust Genome Campus HinxtonThe Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK

UELI AEBIM.E. Mller Institute for Structural Biology, BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerlandueli.aebi@unibas.ch

SAIMA AIJAZDivision of Cell BiologyInstitute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK

LEILA N. ALBERSDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MNUSA

REGINA ALBERTMolecular Genome AnalysisDKFZHeidelbergGermany

THOMAS ALTMANNInstitute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity PotsdamPotsdam-GolmGermanytaltmann@rz.uni-potsdam.de

PETER ANGELDeutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Divisionof Signal Transduction and Growth ControlHeidelbergGermanyp.angel@dkfz-heidelberg.dep.angel@dkfz.de

MARTIN HRAB DE ANGELISGSF Research Center for Environment and HealthNeuherbergGermanyhrabe@gsf.de

ADAM ANTEBIBaylor College of MedicineHuffington Center on AgingHouston, TXUSAaantebi@bcm.tmc.edu

STYLIANOS E. ANTONARAKISUniversity Hospital of GenevaGenevaSwitzerlandstylianos.antonarakis@medecine.unige.ch

RAJESH ARASADAAdolf-Butenandt-Institute/Cell BiologyLudwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunichGermany

HAYLEY ARCHERInstitute of Medical GeneticsUniversity Hospital of Wales, Heath ParkCardiffUKarcherhl@cardiff.ac.uk

HANS-HENNING ARNOLDCell and Molecular BiologyTechnical University of BraunschweigBraunschweigGermanyh.arnold@tu-bs.de

KHUSRU ASADULLAHCorporate Research Business Area DermatologySchering AGBerlinGermanykhusru.asadullah@schering.de

MANFRED AUERLaboratory of Sensory NeuroscienceThe Rockefeller University, New YorkNYUSAauerm@mail.rockefeller.edu

ANDREAS G. BADERThe Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CAUSA

MARIA S. BALDADivision of Cell BiologyInstitute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUKm.balda@ucl.ac.uk

MELISA J. BAPTISTANational Institute on Aging and National Institute ofNeurological Diseases and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, MDUSAbaptista@mail.nih.gov

RALF BARGOUDepartment of Hematology, Oncologyand Tumor ImmunologyRobert Rssle Clinic at the HELIOSClinical Center Berlin-BuchCharitBerlinGermany

OLIVER BARTSCHInstitute of Human GeneticsMainz University School of MedicineMainzGermanybartsch@humgen.klinik.uni-mainz.de

AMANDA E. BASSDepartments of Pathology, Dermatology, and theRobert H. Lurie Cancer CenterNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, ILUSAbass@northwestern.edu

INGO BECHMANNExperimental Neuroimmunology, Institute of Anatomy,Cell and NeurobiologyUniversity Hospital CharitBerlinGermanyingo.bechmann@charite.de

STEPHANIE BECHTELDepartment of Molecular Genome AnalysisGerman Cancer Research CenterHeidelbergGermanys.bechtel@dkfz.de

JOHANNES BECKERSGSF Research Center for Environment and HealthNeuherbergGermany

ROLAND BECKMANNInstitute for BiochemistryCharit University Medicine BerlinGermanyroland.beckmann@charite.de

MARK T. BEDFORDThe University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterScience Park Research DivisionSmithville, MOUSAmtbedford@mdanderson.org

DAVID J. BEEBEBiomedical EngineeringUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WIUSAdjbeebe@wisc.edu

CHRISTIAN BEHLDepartment of PathobiochemistryJohannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermanycbehl@uni-mainz.de

DIETRICH BEHNEDepartment of Molecular Trace Element Researchin the Life SciencesHahn Meitner Institute BerlinBerlinGermanybehne@hmi.de

JRGEN BEHRENSNikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular MedicineUniversity Erlangen-NrnbergErlangenGermanyjbehrens@molmed.uni-erlangen.de

SAVERIO BELLUSCIDevelopmental Biology Program, Departmentof SurgeryUSC Keck School of Medicine and the SabanResearch Institute of Childrens Hospital Los AngelesLos Angeles, CAUSAsbellusci@chla.usc.edu

OLIVIER BENSAUDERgulation de l'Expression GntiqueEcole Normale Suprieure (ENS)ParisFrancebensaude@wotan.ens.fr

LEE BERGMANDepartment of Molecular Genome AnalysisGerman Cancer Research CenterHeidelbergGermany

ERNEST BEUTLERThe Scripps Research InstituteDepartment of Molecular and Experimental MedicineLa Jolla, CAUSAbeutler@scripps.edu

xii List of Contributors

MARTIN BEUTLERRandall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKings CollegeLondonUKmartin.beutler@kcl.ac.uk

GIUSEPPE BIAMONTIIstituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNRPaviaItalybiamonti@igm.cnr.it

ETHAN BIERUCSD, and The Burnham InstituteLa Jolla, CAUSA

WALTER BIRCHMEIERMax-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanywbirch@mdc-berlin.de

MARIEL BIRNBAUMERReceptor Regulation Section, Laboratory of SignalTransductionNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle Park, NCUSAbirnbau2@niehs.nih.gov

CAROLINE BODENMax Delbrck Centre for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany

ROLF BODMERUCSD, and The Burnham InstituteLa Jolla, CAUSA

JUDITH M. BOERCenter for Human and Clinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlandsj.m.boer@lumc.nl

KENNETH R. BOHELERKenneth R. Boheler, Laboratory of Cardiovascular ScienceNIA/NIHBaltimore, MDUSAbohelerk@grc.nia.nih.gov

GUILLAUME BOSSISUniversity of GttingenGttingenGermany

DONALD W. BOWDENCenter for Human GenomicsWake Forest University School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NCUSAdbowden@wfubmc.edu

ALAN BRADLEYWellcome Trust Genome Campus HinxtonThe Sanger InstituteCambridgeUKabradley@sanger.ac.uk

OLE BRANDTFunctional Genome AnalysisDeutsches KrebsforschungszentrumHeidelbergGermany

SUSANNE BRAUNDepartment of BiologyInstitute of Cell BiologyETH Zurich, ZurichSwitzerland

THOMAS BRAUNM.E. Mller Institute for Structural Biology, BiocenterUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland

ALVIS BRAZMAEuropean Bioinformatics InstituteEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryOutstation-HinxtonCambridgeUKbrazma@ebi.ac.uk

MICHAEL BREITENBACHDepartment of Cell BiologyUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustriamichael.breitenbach@sbg.ac.at

KENNETH J. BRESLAUERDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, RutgersState University of New JerseyPiscataway, NJUSAkjbdna@rci.rutgers.edu

WILLIAM R. BRINKLEYDepartment of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHouston, TXUSAbrinkley@bcm.tmc.edu

List of Contributors xiii

STEFAN BRITSCHMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC)Berlin-BuchBerlinGermanysbritsch@mdc-berlin.de

M. JULIA BROSNANBHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowScotlandUKmjb8n@clinmed.gla.ac.uk

SHIRLEY R. BRUCEDepartment of ImmunologyThe University of TexasMD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TXUSA

CHRISTIAN BUCHHOLZPaul-Ehrlich-InstituteDivision of Medical BiotechnologyLangenGermany

MALTE BUCHHOLZDepartment of Internal Medicine IUniversity of UlmUlmGermanymalte.buchholz@medizin.uni-ulm.de

MARGARET E. BUCKINGHAMDepartment of Developmental BiologyCNRS, Pasteur InstituteParisFrancemargab@pasteur.fr

HEIKE BUDDEMOLISA GmbHMageburgGermany

JEAN-MARIE BUERSTEDDEInstitute of Molecular Radiobiology, GSFNeuherbergGermanybuersted@gsf.de

ALEXANDER BRKLEMolecular Toxicology, Department of BiologyUniversity KonstanzKonstanzGermanyalexander.buerkle@uni-konstanz.de

KONRAD BSSOWMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermanybuessow@molgen.mpg.de

ANNA MARIA CALELLAEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryMouse Biology UnitMonterotondoItaly

M. CRISTINA CARDOSOMax Delbrueck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanycardoso@mdc-berlin.de

MICAELA CASERTAIstituto di Biologia e Patologia MolecolariCNRRomeItalymicaela.caserta@uniroma1.it

GIUSEPPE CASTALDOCEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, scarl and Dipartimentodi Biochimica e Biotecnologie MedicheUniversity of Napoli Federico IINapoliItaly

Facolt di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e NaturaliUniveristy of MoliseIserniaItaly

ANDREW C.B. CATOForschungszentrum KarlsruheInstitute of Toxicology and GeneticsKarlsruheGermanyandrew.cato@itg.fzk.de

DORA CAVALLO-MEDVEDDepartment of PharmacologyWayne State University and Barbara Ann KarmanosCancer InstituteDetroit, MIUSA

FLORENCE CHAINIAUXUniversity of NamurNamurBelgium

SANG YUN CHOYonsei Proteome Research CenterBiomedical Proteome Research CenterSeoulKorea

ALINE CHRTIENUniversity of NamurNamurBelgium

xiv List of Contributors

MARKUS CHRISTMANNDepartment of ToxicologyUniversity of MainzMainzGermany

RICHARD I. CHRISTOPHERSONSchool of Molecular and Microbial BiosciencesUniversity of SydneySydney, NSWAustraliaric@mmb.usyd.edu.au

GEORGE P. CHROUSOSNational Institute of Child Health andHuman DevelopmentPediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology BranchBethesda, MDUSAchrousog@mail.nih.gov

ELENA CIBRIAN-UHALTEMax Delbrck CenterBerlinGermany

SVEN CICHONDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of AntwerpBelgium

Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of BonnGermanysven.cichon@uni-bonn.de

KLAUS CICHUTEKPaul-Ehrlich-InstituteDivision of Medical BiotechnologyLangenGermanycickl@pei.de

ANGUS J. CLARKEInstitute of Medical GeneticsUniversity Hospital of Wales, Heath ParkCardiffUKclarkeaj@cardiff.ac.uk

JAMES E. CLEAVERAuerback Melanoma Laboratory, UCSF Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan Francisco, CAUSAjcleaver@cc.ucsf.edu

JOHN M. COFFINDepartment of Molecular Biology and MicrobiologyTufts UniversityBoston, MAUSAjohn.coffin@tufts.edu

PIERRE COLASAptanomicsLyonFrancepierre.colas@aptanomics.com

ALASTAIR COMPSTONUniversity of Cambridge Neurology UnitCambridgeUKalastair.compston@medschl.cam.ac.uk

KATJA CONRATHCellular and Molecular Immunology, VlaamsInter-University Institute of BiotechnologyFree University of BrusselsBrusselsBelgium

MARK R. COOKSONNational Institute on Aging and National Institute ofNeurological Diseases and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, MDUSA

KEITH D. COONThe Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix, AZUSA

DAVID N. COOPERInstitute of Medical GeneticsUniversity of WalesCollege of MedicineCardiffUKcooperdn@cardiff.ac.uk

RICHARD D. CUMMINGSUniversity of Oklahoma Health Services CenterDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOklahoma CityOklahoma, OKUSArichard-cummings@ouhsc.edu

KERSTIN DANKERInstitute for Biochemistry und MolecularBiology, Campus Benjamin FranklinCharit-University Medicine BerlinBerlinGermanykerstin.danker@charite.de

PHILIPPE DAUBASDepartment of Developmental BiologyCNRS, Pasteur InstituteParisFrance

EDOUARD DELAIVEUniversity of NamurNamurBelgium

List of Contributors xv

SAMUEL DEUTSCHDepartment of Genetic Medicine and DevelopmentUniversity of Geneva Medical SchoolGenevaSwitzerlandsamuel.deutsch@medecine.unige.ch

JEAN-FRANOIS DIERICKBiovalleeGosseliesBelgiumjf.dierick@biovallee.be

MARTIN DIGWEEDInstitute of Human GeneticsCharit University Medicine BerlinBerlinGermanymartin.digweed@charite.de

MARK D. DISTEFANODepartment of ChemistryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MNUSAdistefan@chem.umn.edu

OLIVER DISTLERCenter of Experimental RheumatologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerlandoliver.distler@usz.ch

GUNNAR DITTMARMax Delbrck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany

ANNA F. DOMINICZAKBHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowScotlandUKanna.dominiczak@clinmed.gla.ac.uk

ANJA DRGEMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC)BerlinGermanya.droege@mdc-berlin.de

RAINER DUDENSchool of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEgham, SurrayUKrainer.duden@rhul.ac.uk

TRAVIS DUNCKLEYThe Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix, AZUSA

ELAINE DZIERZAKDepartment of Cell Biology and GeneticsErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlandse.dzierzak@erasmusmc.nl

CLAUDIA EDERInstitute of PhysiologyMedical Faculty CharitBerlinGermanyclaudia.eder@charite.de

ANN EHRENHOFER-MURRAYOtto-Warburg-LaboratoriesMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermanyehrenhof@molgen.mpg.de

MICHEL EICHELBAUMDr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of ClinicalPharmacologyStuttgartGermanymichel.eichelbaum@ikp-stuttgart.de

PETER EKBLOMDepartment of Cell and Molecular BiologyLund UniversityLundSwedenpeter.ekblom@medkem.lu.se

JAMES ELLISDevelopmental Biology ProgramHospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, ONCanadajellis@sickkids.ca

NATHAN A. ELLISDepartment of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoChicago, ILUSAnellis@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu

ANDREAS ENGELM.E. Mller Institute for Structural Biology, BiocenterUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerlandandreas.engel@unibas.ch

MARTIN ENGELHARDMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermanymartin.engelhard@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de

xvi List of Contributors

RICHARD A. ENGHMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermanyengh@biochem.mpg.de

MARKUS ENZELBERGERMorphoSys AGMartinsriedGermanyenzelberger@morphosys.com

JRG T. EPPLENDepartment of Human GeneticsRuhr University BochumGermanyjoerg.t.epplen@rub.de

ELISABETH ERHARDTSENNovo Nordisk A/SBagsvrdDenmarkeer@novonordisk.com

W. HOWARD EVANSMedical Biochemistry and ImmunologyCardiff University School of MedicineCardiff, WalesUKwmbwhe@cf.ac.uk

TIMOTHY M. EVANSThe Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLDAustralia

BIRTHE FAHRENKROGM.E. Mller Institute for Structural Biology, BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerlandbirthe.fahrenkrog@unibas.ch

ARTURO FALASCHIInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering andBiotechnologyTriesteItalyfalaschi@icgeb.org

PHILIP FARABAUGHDepartment of Biological SciencesUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimore, MDUSAfarabaug@umbc.edu

DIANE FATKINSr Bernice Research Program in Inherited Heart DiseasesMolecular Cardiology UnitVictor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteDarlinghurst NSWAustraliad.fatkin@victorchang.unsw.edu.au

MONICA FEDELEIstituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia SperimentaleUniversity Federico IINaplesItaly

MARC FELDMANNThe Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology DivisionFaculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUKm.feldmann@imperial.ac.uk

DIRK FELDMEYERInstitute of MedicineResearch Centre JlichJlichGermanyd.feldmeyer@fz-juelich.de

OLIVER FIEHNUC Davis Genome CenterDavis, CAUSAofiehn@ucdavis.edu

ULRICH FINCKHLaboratory Medicine Dortmund, Dr. Eberhard & PartnerDortmundGermanyfinckh@labmed.de

VRONIQUE FLAMENTUniversity of NamurNamurBelgium

BERNHARD FLECKENSTEINInstitute of Clinical and Molecular VirologyErlangenGermany

BERND K. FLEISCHMANNInstitute of Physiology IUniversity of BonnBonnGermany

LEOPOLD FLOHMOLISA GmbHMageburgGermanyl.flohe@t-online.de

EGBERT FLORYPaul-Ehrlich-InstituteDivision of Medical BiotechnologyLangenGermany

List of Contributors xvii

CLEMENS FRANZLudwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Free andUniversity College School of Medicine, Department ofBiochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK

CHRISTIAN FREUNDFreie Universitt Berlin and Institute for MolecularPharmacologyBerlinGermanyfreund@fmp-berlin.de

JEAN-NOL FREUNDINSERM U682StrasbourgFrance

MATI FRIDKINDepartments of Biological Chemistry andOrganic ChemistryWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsraelmati.fridkin@weizmann.ac.il

EVELYNE FRIEDERICHLaboratory of Molecular Biology, Genetic Analysisand ModellingPublic Research Center for HealthLuxembourgevelyne.friederich@crp-sante.healthnet.lu

MATTHIAS G. FRIEDRICHDepartment of Cardiac SciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgary, ABCanadamatthias.friedrich@ucalgary.ca

GERHARD FRITZDivision of Applied Toxicology, Institute of ToxicologyUniversity of MainzMainzGermany

CORNELIUS FRMMELFaculty of MedicineGeorg August UniversityGttingenGermanyc.froemmel@med.uni-goettingen.de

MASATOSHI FUJITAVirology DivisionNational Cancer Center Research InstituteChuohku, TokyoJapanmafujita@gan2.res.ncc.go.jp

YASUYUKI FUJITAMRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology andCell Biology Unit, and Department of BiologyUniversity CollegeLondonUKy.fujita@ucl.ac.uk

YASUHIRO FURUICHIGeneCare Research InstituteKamakuraJapanfuruichi@genecare.co.jp

ALFREDO FUSCOIstituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia SperimentaleUniversity Federico IINaplesItalyafusco@napoli.com

GIULIO GABBANIDepartment of PathologyCMU-University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerlandgiulio.gabbiani@medecine.unige.ch

UDO S. GAIPLInstitute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology,Department of Internal Medicine IIIFriedrich-Alexander University ofErlangen-NuernbergErlangenGermany

NIELS H. GEHRINGUniversity Clinic HeidelbergChildrens HospitalHeidelbergGermanyniels.gehring@med.uni-heidelberg.de

ROBERT GERLAIPsychology DepartmentUniversity of Toronto at MississaugaMississauga, ONCanadarobert_gerlai@yahoo.com

PHILIP F. GIAMPIETRODepartment of Medical Genetic ServicesMarshfield ClinicMarshfield, WIUSAgiampietro.philip@marshfieldclinic.org

MARK H. GINSBERGDepartment of Medicine, Division of RheumatologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CAUSAmhginsberg@ucsd.edu

xviii List of Contributors

ANTON GLIEDERResearch Centre Applied Biocatalysis, Institute ofMolecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyAustriaglieder@glieder.com

JRN GLKLERDepartment of Vertebrate GenomicsMax Planck Institute of Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany

RiNA GmbHBerlinGermanygloekler@ma-network.com

JOHAN GOBOMMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermanygobom@molgen.mpg.de

WOLFGANG GOEDECKEInstitute for GeneticsUniversity of EssenEssenGermanywolfgang.goedecke@uni-essen.de

LAWRENCE E. GOLDFINGERDepartment of Medicine, Division of RheumatologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, CAUSA

SARAH J. GOODFELLOWInstitute of Biomedical and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK

STEVEN GOODRICKDivision of Cell Biology, Institute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK

ERYNN S. GORDONChildrens National Medical CenterWashington, DCUSA

MICHAEL GOTTHARDTMDCBerlinGermanygotthardt@mdc-berlin.de

RALPH GRASSMANNInstitute of Clinical and Molecular VirologyErlangenGermanygrassmann@viro.med.uni-erlangen.de

KATHLEEN J. GREENDepartments of Pathology, Dermatology, and the Robert H.Lurie Cancer CenterNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, ILUSAkgreen@northwestern.edu

THOMAS M. GRESSDepartment of Internal Medicine IUniversity of UlmUlmGermanythomas.gress@medizin.uni-ulm.de

ULRICH GROSSVeterinary Clinics Dr. SchferBad NauheimGermanyulrich.gross@aranea.de

KATJA S. GROSSMANNMax Delbrck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany

MATTHEW W. GROWBiochemistry and Molecular Biology,Indiana University School of Medicine, BiotechnologyResearch and Training CenterIndianapolis, INUSA

ALEXANDER GRUNDTUniversity Clinic HeidelbergInner Medicine IIIHeidelbergGermany

THOMAS GUDERMANNPhillips-University MarburgMarburgGermanygudermann@staff.uni-marburg.de

VILMUNDUR GUDNASONIcelandic Heart Association Heart Preventive Clinic andResearch InstituteKopavogurIcelandv.gudnason@hjarta.is

KATRINA GWINN-HARDYNational Institute on Aging and National Institute ofNeurological Diseases and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, MDUSA

VOLKER HAGENResearch Institute for Molecular PharmacologyBerlinGermanyhagen@fmp-berlin.de

List of Contributors xix

WILLIAM C. HAHNDepartment of Medical OncologyDana-Farber Cancer InstituteBoston, MAUSAwilliam_hahn@dfci.harvard.edu

HIROSHI HANDATokyo Institute of TechnologyGraduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology,Midori-kuYokohamaJapanhhanda@bio.titech.ac.jp

CHRISTINE HARTMANNResearch Institute for Molecular PathologyViennaAustriahartmann@imp.univie.ac.at

FRANZ HARTNERResearch Centre Applied Biocatalysis, Institute ofMolecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyAustria

VOLKER HAUCKEInstitute for Chemistry-BiochemistryFree UniversityBerlinGermanyvhaucke@chemie.fu-berlin.de

THOMAS HUPLDepartment of Rheumatology, CharitHumboldt-UniversityBerlinGermanythomas.haeupl@charite.de

JIAN-QING HEUniversity of British Columbia McDonald ResearchLaboratories / iCAPTURE CenterVancouver, BCCanadajhe@mrl.ubc.ca

MARGARETE M.S. HECKWellcome Trust Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUKmargarete.heck@ed.ac.uk

ULF HEDINDepartment of Surgical SciencesKarolinska Hospitalulf.hedin@kirurgi.ki.se

UDO HEINEMANNMax Delbrck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanyheinemann@mdc-berlin.de

RAINER HEINTZMANNRandall Division of Cell and Molecular BiophysicsKings CollegeLondonUKrainer.heintzmann@kcl.ac.uk

CARL-HENRIK HELDINLudwig Institute for Cancer ResearchUppsalaSwedenc-h.heldin@licr.uu.se

FRITJOF HELMCHENBrain Research InstituteUniversity of ZurichSwitzerlandhelmchen@hifo.unizh.ch

VOLKHARD HELMSCenter for BioinformaticsSaarland UniversitySaarbrckenGermanyvolkhard.helms@bioinformatik.uni-saarland.de

GEOFFREY N. HENDYCalcium Research Laboratory,Royal Victoria Hospitaland Departments of Medicine, Physiology andHuman GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontreal, QCCanadageoffrey.hendy@mcgill.ca

LUDGER HENGSTBiocenter-Insbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruckAustrialudger.hengst@uibk.ac.at

STEFFEN HENNIGRZPD - Deutsches Ressourcenzentrumfr GenomforschungBerlinGermanyhennig@rzpd.de

ANDREAS HERRMANNInstitute of Biology, and Center of Biophysics andBioinformaticsHumboldt University BerlinBerlinGermanyandreas.herrmann@rz.hu-berlin.de

BERNHARD G. HERRMANNDepartment of Developmental GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermanyherrmann@molgen.mpg.de

xx List of Contributors

MARTIN HERRMANNInstitute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology,Department of Internal Medicine IIIFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NuernbergErlangenGermany

JRGEN HESCHELERInstitute of NeurophysiologyUniversity of CologneCologneGermanyj.hescheler@uni-koeln.de

MASAHIKO HIBICenter for Developmental Biology (CDB) RIKENLaboratory for Vertebrate Axis FormationHyogoJapanhibi@cdb.riken.go.jp

MARC HILDNovartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchCambridge, MAUSAmarc.hild@pharma.novartis

HANS-JRGEN HINZInstitute for Physical ChemistryWWU MnsterMnsterGermanyhinz@uni-muenster.de

MICHIO HIRANODepartment of NeurologyColumbia University Collegeof Physicians and SurgeonsNew York, NYUSAmh29@columbia.edu

ERIC P. HOFFMANChildrens National Medical CenterWashington, DCUSAehoffman@cnmcresearch.org

SABINE HOFFJANDepartment of Human GeneticsRuhr-University of BochumBochumGermanysabine.hoffjan@ruhr-uni-bochum.de

KLAUS PETER HOFMANNInstitute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charit, andCenter of BiophysicsHumboldt UniversityBerlinGermanykph@charite.de

CATHERINE HOGANMRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology andCell Biology Unit, and Department of BiologyUniversity CollegeLondonUK

JRG D. HOHEISELFunctional Genome AnalysisDeutsches KrebsforschungszentrumHeidelbergGermanyj.hoheisel@dkfz.de

MATTHIAS HOHLDepartment of Medical Biochemistry andMolecular BiologyUniversity of Saarland Medical CenterHomburgGermany

MARTIN HOLKApoptosis Research CenterChildrens Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research InstituteOttawa, ONCanadamartin@mgcheo.med.uottawa.ca

HELMUT HOLTMANNMedizinische Hochschule HannoverHannoverGermanyholtmann.helmut@mh-hannover.de

BERNHARD HORSTHEMKEInstitute for Human GeneticsUniversity Clinic EssenEssenGermanyb.horsthemke@uni-essen.de

RDIGER HORSTKORTEInstitute for Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCharitBerlinGermanyruediger.horstkorte@charite.de

RICHARD HORUKDepartment of ImmunologyBerlex BiosciencesRichmond, CAUSAhoruk@pacbell.net

LARS C. HUBERCenter of Experimental RheumatologyUniversity Hospital ZurichZurichSwitzerland

List of Contributors xxi

NORBERT HBNERMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC)BerlinGermanynhuebner@mdc-berlin.de

ULRICH HBSCHERInstitute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ZrichZrichSwitzerlandhubscher@vetbio.unizh.ch

JOERG HUELSKENEpithelial Stem Cell BiologyISRECEpalingesSwitzerlandjoerg.huelsken@isrec.unil.ch

TAKUYA IMAMURAEcole Pratique des Hautes EtudesEvryFrance

BEAT A. IMHOFDepartment of Pathology and Immunology andDepartment of Cellular Physiology and MetabolismUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerlandbeat.imhof@medecine.unige.ch

AKIHIRO INAZUMolecular Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyLaboratory, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapaninazua@mhs.mp.kanazawa-u.ac.jp

ZOLTN IVICSMax Delbrck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanyzivics@mdc-berlin.de

ZSUZSANNA IZSVKMax Delbrck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany

ANETTE JACOBFunctional Genome AnalysisDeutsches KrebsforschungszentrumHeidelbergGermany

TIMO JAEGERMOLISA GmbHMagdeburgGermany

WOLFGANG JAHNKENovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, NovartisPharma AGDiscovery TechnologiesBaselSwitzerlandwolfgang.jahnke@novartis.com

MICHAL JANITZMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsDepartment Vertebrate GenomicsBerlinGermanyjanitz@molgen.mpg.de

DIETER E. JENNEDieter E. Jenne, Max Planck Institute of NeurobiologyMartinsriedGermanydjenne@neuro.mpg.de

HENRICK K. JENSENDepartment of CardiologyAarhus University Hospital, Skejby HospitalAarhusDenmarkhkjensen@dadlnet.dk

MATTHEW C. JONESThe Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome TrustGenome CampusHinxtonCambridgeshireUKmcj@sanger.ac.uk

PETER R. JUNGBLUTMax Planck Institute for Infectious Diseases, ProteinAnalysisBerlinGermanyjungblut@mpiib-berlin.mpg.de

JERZY JURKAGenetic Information Research InstituteMountain View, CAUSAjurka@girinst.org

KLAUS H. KAESTNERDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PAUSAkaestner@mail.med.upenn.edu

BERND KAINADivision of Applied Toxicology, Institute of ToxicologyUniversity of MainzMainzGermanykaina@uni-mainz.de

xxii List of Contributors

BERND KAINADepartment of ToxicologyUniversity of MainzMainzGermany

CHAYA KALCHEIMDepartment of Anatomy and Cell BiologyHebrew University-Hadassah Medical SchoolJerusalemIsraelkalcheim@nn-shum.cc.huji.ac.il

JOACHIM R. KALDENInstitute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology,Department of Internal Medicine IIIFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NuernbergErlangenGermany

WOLFGANG E. KAMINSKIInstitute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity RegensburgRegensburgGermanywolfgang.kaminski@klinik.uni-regensburg.de

VLADIMIR V. KAPITONOVGenetic Information Research InstituteMountain View, CAUSA

MARIA KARTALOUDivision of Biological Engineering and Center forEnvironmental Health SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MAUSA

TACIANA KASCIUKOVICDivision of Gene Regulation and Expression, WellcomeTrust BiocentreUniversity of DundeeUK

RONI KASHERDepartments of Biological Chemistry and Organic ChemistryWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsraelroni.kasher@weizmann.ac.il

EPHRAIM KATCHALSKI-KATZIRDepartments of Biological Chemistry and Organic ChemistryWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsraelephraim.katzir@weizmann.ac.il

THOMAS C. KAUFMANNM.E. Mller Institute for Structural Biology, BiocenterUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland

AJAMETE KAYKASDepartment of Pharmacology, Howard HughesMedical InstituteUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, WAUSA

MICHLE KEDINGERINSERM U682StrasbourgFrancemichele.kedinger@inserm.u-strasbg.fr

GERD KEMPERMANNGerd Kempermann, Max-Delbrck-Center for MolecularMedicine (MDC) Berlin-BuchBerlinGermanygerd.kempermann@mdc-berlin.de

BIRGIT KERSTENDepartment of NeuroproteomicsMax Delbrck Center for MolecularMedicine Berlin-BuchBerlinGermanyb.kersten@mdc-berlin.de

TOMOSHIGE KINONational Institute of Child Health andHuman DevelopmentPediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology BranchBethesda, MDUSAkinot@mail.nih.gov

FRANK KIRCHHOFFDepartment of NeurogeneticsMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGttingenGermanykirchhoff@em.mpg.de

FRANK KIRCHHOFFMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGttingenGermany

GERHARD KLEBEInstitute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryPhilipps-UniversityMarburgGermanyklebe@mailer.uni-marburg.de

CHRISTOPH A. KLEINInstitute of ImmunologyLudwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermanychristoph.klein@med.uni-muenchen.de

List of Contributors xxiii

THOMAS KLEINInstitute for GeneticsUniversity of CologneCologneGermanyth.klein@uni-koeln.de

MICHAEL W. KLYMKOWSKYMolecular, Cellular and Developmental BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, COUSAklym@spot.colorado.edu

KARL-WILHELM KOCHDivision of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology andEnvironmental SciencesCarl von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburgGermanykarl.w.koch@uni-oldenburg.de

ZOLTN KONTHURDepartment of Vertebrate GenomicsMax Planck Institute of Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermanykonthur@molgen.mpg.de

JOACHIM KOPKAMax Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyGolmGermanykopka@mpimp-golm.mpg.de

PETER KOPPDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism & MolecularMedicine, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicago, ILUSAp-kopp@northwestern.edu

ULRIKE KORFMolecular Genome Analysis, DKFZHeidelbergGermanyu.korf@dkfz.de

BERNHARD KORNRZPDDeutsches Ressourcenzentrum fr Genomforschung GmbHHeidelbergGermanykorn@rzpd.de

MICHAEL KRACHTMedizinische Hochschule HannoverHannoverGermanykracht.michael@mh-hannover.de

ACHIM KRAMERInstitute for Medical Immunology, Laboratory ofChronobiologyCharit University MedicineBerlinGermanyachim.kramer@charite.de

DANIEL KRAPPMANNMax Delbrck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanyscheidereit@mdc-berlin.de

EBERHARD KRAUSEInstitute for Molecular PharmacologyBerlinGermanyekrause@fmp-berlin.de

MICHAEL KRAUSSInstitute for Chemistry-BiochemistryFree UniversityBerlinGermany

MICHAEL KRAWCZAKInstitute for Medical Informatics und StatisticsChristian-Albrechts-University KielKielGermanykrawczak@medinfo.uni-kiel.de

HANS A. KRETZSCHMARInstitute for NeuropathologyLudwig Maximilian UniversityMunichGermanyhans.kretzschmar@inp.med.uni-muenchen.de

ULRICH KUBITSCHECKInstitute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryBonnGermanyu.kubitscheck@uni-bonn.de

RONALD KHNEResearch Institute for Molecular PharmacologyBerlinGermanykuehne@fmp-berlin.de

RYOKO KURIYAMADepartment of Genetics, Cell Biology, and DevelopmentUniversity of Minnesota, MNUSAryoko@lenti.med.umn.edu

DAVID J. KWIATKOWSKIBrigham & Womans HospitalBoston, MAUSAdk@rics.bwh.harvard.edu

xxiv List of Contributors

MIN-SEOK KWONYonsei Proteome Research CenterBiomedical Proteome Research CenterSeoulKorea

Department of BiochemistryYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea

ANTONIOS KYRIAKOPOULOSDepartment of Molecular Trace Element Researchin the Life SciencesHahn Meitner Institute BerlinBerlinGermany

PATRICIA A. LABOSKYDepartment of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PAUSAplabosky@mail.med.upenn.edu

APARNA LAKKARAJUMargaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute andDepartments of Cell Biology and OphthalmologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York, NYUSA

SEAN LALMuscle Research Unit, Institute for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of SydneySydney, NSWAustraliasean@anatomy.usyd.edu.au

VICTOR S. LAMZINEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL),Hamburg c/o DESYHamburgGermanyvictor@embl-hamburg.de

E. BIRGITTE LANEDivision of Cell & Developmental BiologyUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesMSI/WTB ComplexDundeeUKe.b.lane@dundee.ac.uk

ULRICH LANGENBECKInstitute of Human GeneticsUniversity HospitalFrankfurt/MainGermanyu.langenbeck@em.uni-frankfurt.de

STIJW P DE LANGHEDevelopmental Biology Program, Department of SurgeryUSC Keck School of Medicine and the Saban ResearchInstitute of Childrens Hospital Los AngelesLos Angeles, CAUSA

CLAUDIA LANGLAISRZPDDeutsches Ressourcenzentrum frGenomforschung GmbHHeidelbergGermanylanglais@rzpd.de

NILS-GRAN LARSSONKarolinska Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine,NOVUMKarolinska University Hospital-HuddingeStockholmSwedennils-goran.larsson@labmed.ki.se

PETER LAUNDepartment of Cell BiologyUniversity of SalzburgAustria

JEANNIE T. LEEHoward Hughes Medical Institute,Department of Molecular Biology,Massachusetts General Hospital,Department of GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MAUSAlee@molbio.mgh.harvard.edu

JEAN LEHMANNTheoretical Biophysics, Department of PhysicsRoyal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSwedenjean@theophys.kth.se

HANS LEHRACHMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermanylehrach@molgen.mpg.de

TROND P. LERENMedical Genetics Laboratory, Department of MedicalGeneticsRikshospitalet University HospitalOsloNorwaytrond.leren@rikshospitalet.no

ANCY LEROYLaboratory of Experimental CancerologyGhent University HospitalGhentBelgiumancy.leroy@ugent.be

List of Contributors xxv

JEFFREY M. LEVSKYAnatomy & Structural BiologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, New York, NYUSA

The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome TrustGenome CampusHinxtonCambridgeshire, UKkem@sanger.ac.uk

CHIN LIInstitute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan

MICHAEL LIETZDepartment of Medical Biochemistry andMolecular BiologyUniversity of Saarland Medical CenterHomburgGermany

CHOONG-CHIN LIEWHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MAUSAcliew@rics.bwh.harvard.edu

DIETER LINKDepartment Robotics & ScreeningXantos Biomedicine AGMunichGermanyd.link@xantos.de

SANDY H.M. LITJENSDivision of Cell BiologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlandss.litjens@nki.nl

EVELINE S. LITSCHERBrookdale Department of MolecularCell & Developmental BiologyMount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NYUSAeveline.litscher@mssm.edu

ESTHER LIZANOInstitute for BiochemistryUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermanyelizano@uni-leipzig.de

FELIX LOOSLIDevelopmental Biology ProgrammeEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBLHeidelbergGermanyfelix.loosli@embl.de

DANIEL LOUVARDSubcellular structure and cellular dynamics, UMR 144CNRS/ICInstitute Curie Research DivisionParisFrancedaniel.louvard@curie.fr

JOACHIM LBKEInstitute of MedicineResearch Centre JlichJlichGermanyj.luebke@fz-juelich.de

WOLF-DIETER LUDWIGDepartment of Hematology, Oncology andTumor ImmunologyRobert Rssle Clinic at the HELIOS ClinicalCenter Berlin-BuchCharit, BerlinGermanyludwig@rrk.charite-buch.de

FRIEDRICH C. LUFTFranz Volhard Clinic, HELIOS Clinical Center BerlinMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine, MedicalFaculty of the CharitBerlinGermanyluft@fvk-berlin.de

RODNEY LUIMuscle Research Unit, Institute for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of SydneySydney, NSWAustraliarod@anatomy.usyd.edu.au

ALBERTO LUINIDepartment of Cell Biology and OncologyLaboratory of Molecular NeurobiologyS. Maria Imbaro (Chieti)Italyluini@negrisud.it

JAMES R. LUPSKIDepartment of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHouston, TXUSAjlupski@bmc.tmc.edu

BARBARA LUSTIGClinic for Abdominal, Endocrine and Thoracic SurgeryClinical Center NrnbergNrnbergGermany

xxvi List of Contributors

HIROSHI MABUCHIMolecular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory,Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan

ARNAUD A. MAILLEUXDevelopmental Biology Program, Department of SurgeryUSC Keck School of Medicine and the Saban ResearchInstitute of Childrens Hospital Los AngelesLos Angeles, CAUSA

MARY L. MARAZITACraniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPAUSAmarazita@sdmgenetics.pitt.edu

MARC MAREELLaboratory of Experimental CancerologyGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium

FLORIAN MARKOWETZMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlin Center for Genome Based BioinformaticsBerlinGermany

KENKICHI MASUTOMIDepartment of Medical OncologyDana-Farber Cancer InstituteBoston, MAUSA

KARL MATTERDivision of Cell Biology, Institute of OphthalmologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK

MATTHIAS P. MAYERCenter for Molecular Biology Heidelberg (ZMBH)HeidelbergGermanym.mayer@zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de

NAYEF A. MAZLOUMWeill College of MedicineCornell UniversityNew York, NYUSA

KIRSTEN E. MCLAYThe Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteWellcome Trust Genome CampusHinxtonCambridgeshire, UKkem@sanger.ac.uk

KARYN MGYSygen International plc, Department of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUKkm369@cam.ac.uk

FRAUKE MELCHIORUniversity of GttingenGttingenGermanyf.melchior@medizin.uni-goettingen.de

DIETER K. MEYERInstitute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology andToxicologyAlbert Ludwig University FreiburgFreiburgGermanydieter.meyer@pharmakol.uni-freiburg.de

BURKHARD MICHEELInstitute of Biochemistry and BiologyDepartment of BiotechnologyUniversity of PotsdamGermanybmicheel@rz.uni-potsdam.de

ERIC MILOTCentre de Recherche Guy-BernierHopital Maissoneuve-RosemontMontreal, QCCanadaericmilot.hmr @ssss.gouv.qc.ca

LILIANA MINICHIELLOEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryMouse Biology UnitMonterotondoItalyminichiello@embl-monterotondo.it

ALEXANDER A. MIRONOVDepartment of Cell Biology and OncologyLaboratory of Molecular NeurobiologyS. Maria Imbaro (Chieti)Italy

CHANDRA MOHANSimmons Arthritis Research Center and Department ofInternal Medicine/RheumatologyThe University of Texas Southwestern MedicalCenter at DallasDallas, TXUSAchandra.mohan@utsouthwestern.edu

ROLAND MOLLInstitute of PathologyPhilipp UniversityMarburgGermanymollr@med.uni-marburg.de

List of Contributors xxvii

ALESSANDRA MONTECUCCOIstituto di Genetica MolecolareCNR, PaviaItalymontecucco@igm.cnr.it

RANDALL T. MOONDepartment of Pharmacology, Howard HughesMedical InstituteUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattle, WAUSArtmoon@u.washington.edu

KEVIN L. MOOREOklahoma Medical Research FoundationOklahoma City, OKUSAkevin-moore@omrf.ouhsc.edu

JAISREE MOORTHYBiomedical EngineeringUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WIUSA

PETRA MOOSMAYERMolecular Genome AnalysisDKFZHeidelbergGermany

PATRICE MORANDEMBLGrenoble Outstation and University HospitalGrenobleFrance

INGO MORANOMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine, Departmentof Molecular Muscle Physiology, Berlin and, UniversityMedicine Berlin (Charit)Johannes-Mller Institute for PhysiologyBerlinGermanyimorano@mdc-berlin.de

MARIO MRLInstitute for BiochemistryUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermanymoerl@uni-leipzig.de

ARISTIDIS MOUSTAKASLudwig Institute for Cancer ResearchUppsalaSweden

MARTINA MUCKENTHALERDepartment of Hematology, Oncology and ImmunologyUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermanymartina.muckenthaler@med.uni-heidelberg.de

CHRISTOPH W. MLLEREMBLGrenoble Outstation and University HospitalGrenobleFrancemueller@embl-grenoble.fr

EVA-CHRISTINA MLLERMax Delbrck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanyemu@mdc-berlin.de

JRGEN J. MLLERMax Delbrck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanyjjm@mdc-berlin.de

THOMAS MLLERDepartment of Medical GeneticsMax Delbrck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanythomu@mdc-berlin.de

JOCHEN MUELLER-DIECKMANNEMBL Hamburg Outstationc/o DESYHamburgGermanyjochenmd@embl-hamburg.de

STEFAN MUNDLOSInstitute for Medical GeneticsCharit-University Medicine BerlinBerlinGermanystefan.mundlos@charite.de

THOMAS MURRAY-RUSTThe Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences andThe Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordUKthomas.murray-rust@chem.ox.ac.uk

SERGE MUYLDERMANSCellular and Molecular Immunology, VlaamsInter-University Institute of BiotechnologyFree University of BrusselsBrusselsBelgiumsvmuylde@vub.ac.be

OWEN W. NADEAUDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyKansas University Medical CenterKansas City, KSUSAonadeau@kumc.edu

xxviii List of Contributors

AKIRA NAGAFUCHIDepartment of Cellular InteractionsInstitute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, KumamotoUniversityKumamotoJapannaga-san@kaiju.medic.kumamoto-u.ac.jp

FRANOIS LE NAOURINSERM U602Hospital Paul BrousseVillejuifFranceflenaour@vjf.inserm.fr

MAHESH NARAYANBaker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthaca, NYUSA

V. NARRY KIMSchool of Biological Sciences and Instituteof Molecular Biology and GeneticsSeoul National UniversitySeoulKoreanarrykim@snu.ac.kr

HEINZ-PETER NASHEUERDepartment of BiochemistryNational University of IrelandGalwayIrelandh.nasheuer@nuigalway.ie

KLAUS-ARMIN NAVEDepartment of NeurogeneticsMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGoettingenGermanynave@em.mpg.de

LORENZ NEIDHARDTDepartment of Developmental GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermanyneidhardt@molgen.mpg.de

EVA NELISUniversity of Antwerpen, Molecular Genetics Laboratory,Peripheral Neuropathy GroupAntwerpenBelgiumeva.nelis@ua.ac.be

ALAIN NEPVEUDepartments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and OncologyMcGill UniversityMontreal, QCCanadaalain.nepveu@mcgill.ca

WALTER NEUPERTDepartment of Physiological ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichMunichGermanyneupert@med.uni-muenchen.de

ALISTAIR E.T. NEWALLHuman Cytogenetics LaboratoryCancer Research UKLondon Research InstituteLondonUK

ERICH A. NIGGMax-Planck-Institute for BiochemistryMartinsriedGermanynigg@biochem.mpg.de

MICHAEL NILGESUnit de BioInformatique StructuraleInstitute PasteurParisFrancenilges@pasteur.fr

JOHN L. NITISSDepartment of Molecular PharmacologySt. Jude Childrens Research HospitalMemphis, TNUSAjohn.nitiss@stjude.org

NADINE NORTONDepartment of Psychological Medicine, Wales School ofMedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUKnortonn@cardiff.ac.uk

MARKUS M. NTHENDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of AntwerpBelgium

Department of GenomicsLive and Brain CenterUniversitry of BonnGermany

Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of BonnGermanymarkus.noethen@uni-bonn.de

FILIPP OESTERHELTInstitute for Physical Chemistry II, AG NanoanalyticsHeinrich-Heine UniversityDsseldorfGermanyfilipp.oesterhelt@uni-duesseldorf.de

List of Contributors xxix

SHUJI OGINODepartment of Pathology, Brigham and Womens Hospital;Department of Medical OncologyDana-Farber Cancer Institute; andHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MAUSAsogino@partners.org

MARIA JOS OLIVEIRALaboratory of Experimental CancerologyGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium

IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology andImmunologyUniversity of PortPortoPortugal

CLAUDIA ORELIODepartment of Cell Biology and GeneticsErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlandsc.orelio@erasmusmc.nl

MICHAEL J. OWENDepartment of Psychological MedicineWales School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUKowenmj@cardiff.ac.uk

YOUNG-KI PAIKYonsei Proteome Research CenterBiomedical Proteome Research CenterSeoulKorea

Department of BiochemistryYonsei UniversitySeoulKoreapaikyk@yonsei.ac.kr

BENOT PALANCADERgulation de l'Expression GntiqueEcole Normale Suprieure (ENS)ParisFrance

ANDRAS PALDIEcole Pratique des Hautes EtudesEvryFrancepaldi@genethon.fr

IGNACIO PALMEROInstitute of Biomedical ResearchCSIC-UAMMadridSpainipalmero@iib.uam.es

ANJA PANNEKMax-Delbrck-Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany

ELS PARDONCellular and Molecular Immunology, VlaamsInter-University Institute of BiotechnologyFree University of BrusselsBrusselsBelgium

RENATO PAROZMBHUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermanyparo@zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de

EBERHARD PASSARGEInstitute of Human GeneticsUniversity Clinic EssenEssenGermanyeberhard.passarge@uni-essen.de

ALBERT PASTINKDepartment of ToxicogeneticsLUMCLeidenThe Netherlandsa.pastink@lumc.nl

ADAM PAVLICEKGenetic Information Research InstituteMountain View, CAUSA

MIREILLE PELLISCellular and Molecular Immunology, VlaamsInter-University Institute of BiotechnologyFree University of BrusselsBrusselsBelgium

PIVI PELTOMKIDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinlandpaivi.peltomaki@helsinki.fi

MARCO PETRELLAMcGill UniversityAIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute forMedical Research, Jewish General HospitalMontreal, QCCanada

CHRISTOPH PLASSThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OHUSAplass-1@medctr.osu.edu

xxx List of Contributors

KARL H. PLATENeurological Institute, Clinical Center of theJohann Wolfgang Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermanykarl-heinz.plate@kgu.de

G. ERIC PLUMDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,Rutgers State University of New JerseyPiscataway, NJUSA

IBET, Inc.,Columbus, OHUSA

ROMAN S. POLISHCHUKDepartment of Cell Biology and OncologyLaboratory of Molecular NeurobiologyS. Maria Imbaro (Chieti)Italy

THOMAS POLLMCHERCenter of Mental HealthClinical Center IngolstadtIngolstadtGermanythomas.pollmaecher@klinikum-ingolstadt.de

THOMAS POMORSKIInstitute of Biology, and Center of Biophysicsand BioinformaticsHumboldt University BerlinBerlinGermanythomas.pomorski@rz.hu-berlin.de

HELMUT POSPIECHDepartment of BiochemistryNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland

Biocenter Oulu and Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OuluOuluFinland

THOMAS PREISSVictor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteMolecular Genetics ProgramDarlinghurst/Sydney, NSWAustraliat.preiss@victorchang.unsw.edu.au

GABRIELE PROETZELThe Jackson LaboratoryMaine, MEUSAg.proetzel@scil.com

KATY RADDATZMDCBerlinGermany

SALLY RADOVICKSection of Pediatric EndocrinologyThe University of ChicagoChicago, ILUSAsradovici@peds.bsd.uchicago.edu

TIM W. RATZLAFFDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, PAUSA

BERND RAUTENSTRAUFriedrich-Alexander-University, Institute of Human GeneticsErlangenGermanybernd.rautenstrauss@humgenet.uni-erlangen.de

GURU REDDYCiphergen Biosystems, Inc.Fremont, CA 94555USA

WESTLEY H. REEVESDivision of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Centerfor Autoimmune DiseasesUniversity of Florida, GainesvilleFLUSAwhreeves@ufl.edu

ANDREAS S. REICHERTDepartment of Physiological ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichMunichGermanyandreas.reichert@med.uni-muenchen.de

EVAN REIDDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUKereid@hgmp.mrc.ac.uk

JRG REIMANNInstitute for Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of UlmUlmGermany

T. REINISCHInstitute for Physical ChemistryWWU MnsterMnsterGermany

CRISTOBAL G. DOS REMEDIOSMuscle Research Unit, Institute for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of SydneySydney, NSWAustraliacrisdos@anatomy.usyd.edu.au

List of Contributors xxxi

HERV-W. RMIGYM.E. Mller Institute for Structural Biology, BiocenterUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland

RAINER RENKAWITZInstitute for GeneticsJustus-Liebig-UniversityGiessenGermanyrainer.renkawitz@gen.bio.uni-giessen.de

ALEXANDRE REYMONDCenter for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerlandalexandre.reymond@medecine.unige.ch

GABRIELE RICHARDDepartment of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, andJefferson Institute of Molecular MedicineThomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PAUSA

ISABELLE RICHARDGnthon CNRSEvryFrancerichard@genethon.fr

ANNE RIDLEYLudwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Free andUniversity College School of Medicine, Department ofBiochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUKanne@ludwig.ucl.ac.uk

MARCELLA RIETSCHELDivision of Genetic Epidemiology in PsychiatryCentral Institute of Mental HealthMannheimGermanyrietschel@zi-mannheim.de

LEONIE RINGROSECentre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH)University of HeidelbergGermanyl.ringrose@zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de

SILVANO RIVAIstituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNRPaviaItalyriva@igm.cnr.it

ELIZABETH A. ROCHOWICZSection of Pediatric EndocrinologyThe University of ChicagoChicago, ILUSA

MARINA V. RODNINAInstitutes of Molecular Biology andPhysical BiochemistryUniversity of Witten/HerdeckeGermanyrodnina@uni-wh.de

ENRIQUE RODRIGUEZ-BOULANMargaret M. Dyson Vision Research Institute andDepartments of Cell Biology and OphthalmologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew York, NYUSAboulan@med.cornell.edu

STEPHANE ROMBAUTSDepartment of Plant Systems BiologyUniversity of GhentGhentBelgium

JRG RSGENInstitute of Human Biological Chemistry and GeneticsUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TXUSA

ROSSELLA ROSSIIstituto di Genetica MolecolareCNR, PaviaItaly

WOLFGANG ROTTBAUERUniversity Clinic HeidelbergInner Medicine IIIHeidelbergGermanywolfgang.rottbauer@med.uni-heidelberg.de

PIERRE ROUZDepartment of Plant Systems BiologyUniversity of GhentGhentBelgiumpierre.rouze@psb.ugent.be

ANANDA L. ROYDepartments of Pathology and Biochemistry, Programs inImmunology and GeneticsTufts University School of MedicineBoston, MAUSAananda.roy@tufts.edu

xxxii List of Contributors

JOY ROYDepartment of SurgerySt Gorans HospitalStockholmSwedenulf.hedin@kirurgi.ki.se

RICHARD RUBINCiphergen Biosystems, Inc.Fremont, CA 94555USA

THOMAS VON RDENMorphoSys AGMartinsriedGermanyvonRueden@morphosys.com

PATRICIA RUIZCenter for Cardiovascular ResearchCharit University Medicine Berlin andMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermanyruiz@molgen.mpg.de

LAURA J. RUSHThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OHUSArush.61@osu.edu

DIRK SAERENSCellular and Molecular Immunology, VlaamsInter-University Institute of BiotechnologyFree University of BrusselsBrusselsBelgium

FREDERIC SALADevelopmental Biology Program, Department of SurgeryUSC Keck School of Medicine and the Saban ResearchInstitute of Childrens Hospital Los AngelesLos Angeles, CAUSA

FRANCESCO SALVATORECEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, scarl and Dipartimentodi Biochimica e Biotecnologie MedicheUniversity of Napoli Federico IINapoliItalysalvator@unina.it

LEONA D. SAMSONDivision of Biological Engineering and Center forEnvironmental Health SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyMAUSAlsamson@mit.edu

ANDREW SANDFORDUniversity of British Columbia McDonald ResearchLaboratories / iCAPTURE CenterVancouver, BCCanadaasandford@mrl.ubc.ca

ROZANNE M. SANDRI-GOLDINDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine, CAUSArmsandri@uci.edu

MASAYUKI SANOGene Function Research CenterNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology (AIST)Tsukuba Science CityJapan

HANS MARTIN SASSKennedy Institute of EthicsGeorgetown UniversityWashington DCUSAsassh@georgetown.edu

BRIAN SAUERStowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas CityMOUSAbls@stowers-institute.org

SASCHA SAUERMax-Planck-Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermanysauer@molgen.mpg.de

CAROLINE O.S. SAVAGERenal Immunobiology, The Medical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK

ELLADA SAVVIDOUWellcome Trust Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUKelladasav@hotmail.com

UTE SCHAEPERMax Delbrck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanyuschaep@mde-berlin.de

List of Contributors xxxiii

REINHOLD SCHFERLaboratories of Molecular Tumour Pathology and ofFunctional Genomics, CharitUniversity Medicine BerlinBerlinGermanyreinhold.schaefer@charite.de

WALTER SCHAFFNERInstitute of Molecular BiologyZurich UniversityZurichSwitzerlandwalter.schaffner@molbio.unizh.ch

LEONARD C. SCHALKWYKSocial, Genetic and Developmental PsychiatryInstitute of PsychiatryLondonUKspjglcs@iop.kcl.ac.uk

CLAUS SCHEIDEREITMax Delbrck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanyscheidereit@mdc-berlin.de

HAROLD A. SCHERAGABaker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthaca, NYUSAhas5@cornell.edu

CORDELIA SCHIENE-FISCHERMax Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of ProteinFoldingHalleGermanyschiene@enzyme-halle.mpg.de

REINHOLD SCHIRMBECKInstitute for Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of UlmUlmGermanyreinhold.schirmbeck@medizin.uni-ulm.de

NIKOLAUS L. SCHLAICHInstitute Bio III (Plant Physiology)RWTH AachenAachenGermanyschlaich@bio3.rwth-aachen.de

MARTIN SCHLEEFInstitute for Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of UlmUlmGermany

MICHAEL SCHLEICHERAdolf-Butenandt-Institute / Cell BiologyLudwig-Maximilians-UniversityMunichGermanyschleicher@lrz.uni-muenchen.de

KARIN SCHLEINKOFERDepartment of Bioinformatics, BiocenterUniversity of WrzburgWrzburgGermany

MANFRED SCHLIWAInstitute for Cell BiologyUniversity of MunichMunichGermanyschliwa@med.uni-muenchen.de

CHRISTINE SCHMLDivision of Genetic Epidemiology in PsychiatryCentral Institute of Mental HealthMannheimGermanyschmael@as200.zi-mannheim.de

MICHAEL F.G. SCHMIDTDepartment of Immunology and Molecular Biology,Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFree UniversityBerlinGermanyschmidt.mfg@vetmed.fu-berlin.de

ANDREA SCHMIDTEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL),Hamburg c/o DESYHamburgGermanyandrea@embl-hamburg.de

JRG SCHMIDTKEInstitute of Human GeneticsHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermanySchmidtke.Joerg@mh-hannover.de

PETER SCHMIEDERFMP, Institute for Molecular PharmacologyBerlinGermanyschmieder@fmp-berlin.de

GERD SCHMITZInstitute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory MedicineUniversity RegensburgRegensburgGermanygerd.schmitz@klinik.uni-regensburg.de

xxxiv List of Contributors

CHRISTOPHER SCHOFIELDThe Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences andThe Chemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordUKchristopher.schofield@chem.ox.ac.uk

MARINA SCHORPP-KISTNERDeutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Division of SignalTransduction and Growth ControlHeidelbergGermanymarina.schorpp@dkfz.de

ANJA SCHRAMMELaboratories of Molecular Tumour Pathology and ofFunctional Genomics, CharitUniversity Medicine BerlinBerlinGermany

STEFAN SCHREIBERInstitute for Clinical Molecular Biology and Department ofGeneral Internal MedicineChristian-Albrechts-UniversityKielGermanys.schreiber@mucosa.de

PETER SCHUCKDivision of Bioengineering and Physical Science, ODNational Institutes of HealthBethesda, MDUSApschuck@helix.nih.gov

JRG SCHULTZDepartment of Bioinformatics, BiocenterWrzburg UniversityWrzburgGermanyjoerg.schultz@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de

INGO SCHUPPMolecular Genome AnalysisDKFZHeidelbergGermany

MATTHIAS SCHWABDr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of ClinicalPharmacologyStuttgartGermany

MANFRED SCHWABDKFZHeidelbergGermanym.schwab@dkfz.de

ANNEMARIE SCHWANHuman GeneticsRuhr-University BochumBochumGermany

MATTHIAS SCHWEIZERPaul-Ehrlich-InstituteDivision of Medical BiotechnologyLangenGermany

PETRA SCHWILLEInstitute for Biophysics/BioTecDresden University of TechnologyDresdenGermanypetra.schwille@biotec.tu-dresden.de

EVA SEEMANOVInstitute of Biology and Medical Genetics2nd Medical School, Charles UniversityPragueCzech Republiceva.seemanova@lfmotol.cuni.cz

AARON J. SHATKINCenter for Advanced Biotechnology and MedicinePiscataway, NYUSAshatkin@cabm.rutgers.edu

LIUBOV SHATKINAForschungszentrum KarlsruheInstitute of Toxicology and GeneticsKarlsruheGermany

DENISE SHEERHuman Cytogenetics LaboratoryCancer Research UK London Research InstituteLondonUKdenise.sheer@cancer.org.uk

AHMED SHERIFFInstitute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology,Department of Internal Medicine IIIFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NuernbergErlangenGermanysheriff@genethor.com

IGOR SHEVELEVInstitute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ZrichZrichSwitzerland

SEBASTIAN M. SHIMELDDepartment of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUKsebastian.shimeld@zoo.ox.ac.uk

List of Contributors xxxv

HANS-UWE SIMONDepartment of PharmacologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerlandhus@pki.unibe.ch

JEREMY C. SIMPSONCell Biology and Biophysics Programme, EuropeanMolecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)HeidelbergGermanysimpson@embl-heidelberg.de

ROBERT H. SINGERAnatomy & Structural BiologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, New York, NYUSArhsinger@aecom.yu.edu

KARL SKRINERDepartment of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyCharit University Medicine BerlinBerlinGermanykarl.skriner@charite.de

SCOTT SLATTERYDepartment of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHouston, TexasUSA

BONNIE F. SLOANEDepartment of PharmacologyWayne State University and Barbara Ann KarmanosCancer Institute, DetroitMIUSAbsloane@med.wayne.edu

ALAN J. SLUSARENKOInstitute Bio III (Plant Physiology)RWTH AachenAachenGermanyalan.slusarenko@bio3.rwth-aachen.de

ERIK LEE SNAPPDepartment of Anatomy and Structural BiologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, NYUSAesnapp@aecom.yu.edu

DIAN SOEWARTOGSF Research Center for Environment and HealthNeuherbergGermanyhrabe@gsf.de

THOMAS SOMMERMax Delbrck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanysommer@mdc-berlin.de

RALF J. SOMMERMax Planck Institute for DevelopmentalBiology, Department of Evolutionary BiologyTbingenGermanyralf.sommer@tuebingen.mpg.de

ARNOUD SONNENBERGDivision of Cell BiologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlandsa.sonnenberg@nki.nl

LENE SRENSENKarolinska Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine,NOVUMKarolinska University Hospital-HuddingeStockholmSwedenlene.sorensen@labmed.ki.se

NATALIA SOSHNIKOVAMax-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanynsochni@mdc-berlin.de

CLAUDIO SOTODepartment of NeurologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchTXUSAclsoto@utmb.edu

CHRISTOPH A. SOTRIFFERDepartment of Pharmaceutical ChemistryPhilipps-UniversityMarburgGermanysotriffer@staff.uni-marburg.de

SERHIY SOUCHELNYTSKYILudwig Institute for Cancer ResearchUppsalaSweden

RAINER SPANGMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlin Center for Genome Based BioinformaticsBerlinGermanyspang@molgen.mpg.de

JAGAN SRINIVASANMax Planck Institute for DevelopmentalBiology, Department of Evolutionary BiologyTbingenGermany

xxxvi List of Contributors

KATRIN STADEMax-Delbrck-Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanykstade@mdc-berlin.de

IGOR STAGLJARInstitute of Veterinary Biochemistry andMolecular BiologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerlandstagljar@vetbio.unizh.ch

STEFAN STAMMInstitute of BiochemistryErlangenGermanystefan@stamms-lab.net

ULRIKE STEINMax-Delbrck-Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermanyustein@mdc-berlin.de

PETER STEINBACHDepartment of Human GeneticsUniversity of UlmUlmGermanypeter.steinbach@medizin.uni-ulm.de

ALEXANDER STEPANOVDepartment of Molecular PharmacologySt. Jude Childrens Research HospitalMemphis, TNUSA

DIETRICH A. STEPHANThe Translational Genomics Research InstitutePhoenix, AZUSAdstephan@tgen.org

WOLFRAM STERRYDepartment for Dermatology andAllergology, Medical School CharitHumboldt University BerlinBerlinGermany

RANDY STRICHFox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PAUSAr_strich@fccc.edu

MILTON T. STUBBS IIInstitute for BiotechnologyMartin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germanystubbs@biochemtech.uni-halle.de

BRYAN K. SUNHoward Hughes Medical Institute,Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts GeneralHospital, Departmentof GeneticsHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MAUSAbryansun@post.harvard.edu

ZHEN-YU J. SUNDepartment of Biological Chemistry and MolecularPharmacologyHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MAUSAzhen-yu_sun@hms.harvard.edu

MICHAEL SUTTERSDivision of Renal MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MDUSAmsutters@jhmi.edu

JUHANI SYVOJADepartment of BiochemistryNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland

Department of BiologyUniversity of JoensuuJoensuuFinland

KAZUNARI TAIRADepartment of Chemistry and BiotechnologySchool of EngineeringUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapantaira@chembio.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

HIROYUKI TAKEDADepartment of Biological SciencesGraduate School of ScienceUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapanhtakeda@biol.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp

MASATOSHI TAKEICHIRIKEN Center for Developmental BiologyChuo-ku, KobeJAPANtakeichi@cdb.riken.jp

JAN F. TALTSAnimal and Veterinary Basic SciencesThe Royal Veterinary and Agricultural UniversityFrederiksbergDenmarkjft@kvl.dk

List of Contributors xxxvii

HENGLI TANGDepartment of Biological ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahassee, FLUSAtang@bio.fsu.edu

WOAN-YUH TARNInstitute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwanwtarn@ibms.sinica.edu.tw

J. PAUL TAYLORDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of Pennsylvania School of MedicinePhiladelphia, AZUSAjpt@mail.med.upenn.edu

PETER C. TAYLORThe Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Facultyof MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUKpeter.c.taylor@imperial.ac.uk

CHARLES TEASEDepartment of Biological SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUKctease@btinternet.com

HEINRICH TERLAUInstitute of Experimental and ClinicalPharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus LbeckLbeckGermanyheinrich.terlau@uni-luebeck.de

KAY TERPEProteins and Nucleic AcidsIBA GmbHGttingenGermanyterpe@iba-go.com

GERALD THIELDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Saarland Medical CenterHomburgGermanygerald.thiel@uniklinik-saarland.de

KATSUSHI TOKUNAGAUniversity of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine,Department Of Human GeneticsTokyoJapantokunaga@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp

IAN TOMLINSONLondon Research InstituteCancer Research UKLondonUKian.tomlinson@cancer.org.uk

NIELS TOMMERUPDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, WilhelmJohannsen Center for Functional Genome ResearchUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmarktommerup@imbg.ku.dk

OLIVIER TOUSSAINTUniversity of NamurNamurBelgiumolivier.toussaint@fundp.ac.be

MARY TRUSCOTTDepartments of Biochemistry, Medicine, and OncologyMcGill UniversityMontreal, QCCanada

JACK UETRECHTPharmacy and MedicineUniversity of TorontoToronto, ONCanadajack.uetrecht@utoronto.ca

PETER UETZInstitute for GeneticsForschungszentrum KarlsruheKarlsruheGermanypeter.uetz@itg.fzk.de

JOUNI UITTODepartment of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, andJefferson Institute of Molecular MedicineThomas Jefferson University, PhiladelphiaPennsylvania, MAUSAjouni.uitto@jefferson.edu

MEENA UPADHYAYAInstitute of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Wales College of MedicineCardiffUKupadhyaya@cardiff.ac.uk

SEPPO J. VAINIOBiocenter Oulu and Department of Biochemistry, Linnanmaa,Faculties of Science and MedicineUniversity of OuluOuluFinlandseppo.vainio@oulu.fi

xxxviii List of Contributors

Y. VAN DE PEERDepartment of Plant Systems BiologyUniversity of GhentGhentBelgium

J. VAN DEN HOFFPET CenterInstitute of Bioinorganic and RadiopharmaceuticalChemistry, Research Center RossendorfDresdenGermanyj.van_den_hoff@fz-rossendorf.de

DOMINIQUE VANHECKEMax Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, DepartmentVertebrate GenomicsBerlinGermanyvanhecke@molgen.mpg.de

MICHAEL VEITDepartment of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Facultyof Veterinary MedicineFree UniversityBerlinGermanymveit@zedat.fu-berlin.de

LOREDANA VERDONEDipartimento di Genetica e Biologia MolecolareUniversity La SapienzaRomeItaly

CCILE VINCKECellular and Molecular Immunology, VlaamsInter-University Institute of BiotechnologyFree University of BrusselsBrusselsBelgium

MARTIN VINGRONMax Planck Institute of Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermanyvingron@molgen.mpg.de

PETER K. VOGTThe Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CAUSApkvogt@scripps.edu

JENS VLKERDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, RutgersState University of New JerseyPiscataway, NJUSA

IBET, Inc.Columbus, OHUSA

RUDOLF VOLKMER-ENGERTMolecular Libraries, Institute for Medical ImmunologyCharite University Clinical Center BerlinBerlinrve@charite.de

REINHARD E. VOLLInstitute of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology,Department of Internal Medicine IIIFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NuernbergErlangenGermany

CAROLINA S. VOLLERTInstitute for GeneticsForschungszentrum KarlsruheKarlsruheGermany

ANNEMIEKE DE VRIESNational Institute of Public Health and the EnvironmentLaboratory of Toxicology, Pathology and GeneticsBilthovenThe Netherlandsannemieke.de.vries@rivm.nl

STEPHEN S. WACHTELReproductive GeneticsUniversity of TennesseeMemphis, TNUSAswachtel@utmem.edu

TADASHI WADATokyo Institute of TechnologyGraduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology,Midori-kuYokohamaJapan

REBECCA C. WADEMolecular and Cellular Modeling GroupEML Research gGmbHHeidelbergGermanyrebecca.wade@eml-r.villa-bosch.de

SIBYLLE WAGNERGSF Research Center for Environment and HealthNeuherbergGermany

GERHARD WAGNERDepartment of Biological Chemistry and MolecularPharmacologyHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MAUSAgerhard_wagner@hms.harvard.edu

List of Contributors xxxix

ELMAR WAHLEInstitute for BiochemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergHalleGermanyewahle@biochemtech.uni-halle.de

MARK A. WAINBERGMcGill UniversityAIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute forMedical Research, Jewish General HospitalMontreal, QCCanadamark.wainberg@mcgill.ca

HARALD WAJANTDepartment of Molecular Internal MedicineMedical Clinic and Polyclinic IIWrzburgGermanyharald.wajant@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de

OLIVER WALISKOMax Delbrck Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany

RONALD J.A. WANDERSPediatrics and Clinical ChemistryUniversity of Amsterdam, Academic Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlandsr.j.wanders@amc.uva.nl

JAYSON WANGHuman Cytogenetics LaboratoryCancer Research UK London Research InstituteLondonUK

TING WANGMolecular and Cellular Modeling GroupEML Research gGmbHHeidelbergGermany

ERICH E. WANKERDepartment of NeuroproteomicsMax Delbrck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-BuchBerlinGermanyewanker@mdc-berlin.de

DERICK G. WANSINKDepartment of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Center for MolecularLife SciencesRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlandsr.wansink@ncmls.ru.nl

PAUL M. WASSARMANBrookdale Department of MolecularCell & Developmental BiologyMount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NYUSApaul.wassarman@mssm.edu

WOLFRAM WECKWERTHMax-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyGolm/PotsdamGermany

BERHARD WEHRLE-HALLERDepartment of Pathology and Immunology andDepartment of Cellular Physiology and MetabolismUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland

SCOT WEINBERGERCiphergen Biosystems, Inc.Fremont, CA 94555USAsweinberger@ciphergen.com

ROLAND WEISResearch Centre Applied Biocatalysis, Institute ofMolecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyAustria

MANFRED S. WEISSEMBL Hamburg Outstationc/o DESYHamburgGermanymsweiss@embl-hamburg.de

ERVIN WELKERBaker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthaca, NYUSA

ANDREAS WERNERInstitute of Cell and Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of NewcastleNewcastle upon TyneUKandreas.werner@ncl.ac.uk

HAUKE WERNERDepartment of NeurogeneticsMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGoettingenGermanyhauke@em.mpg.de

SABINE WERNERDepartment of BiologyInstitute of Cell BiologyETH Zurich, ZurichSwitzerlandsabine.werner@cell.biol.ethz.ch

xl List of Contributors

LOUISE VAN DER WEYDENWellcome Trust Genome Campus HinxtonThe Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK