Unit 6 - Business and pleasure

Objectives The students will be able to know the countries and cities around the world. The students will be able to use present continuous and present simple:

positive, negative and question forms The students will be able to use question words The students will be able to know shopping phrases

Unit details Countries and cities Present continuous: positive, negative and question forms Present simple or present continuous? Question words Shopping phrases

Teaching activities Discussion about countries and cities Explaining the usage of present continuous and present simple: positive,

negative and question forms Discussion on question word usage. Group students and discuss shopping. Listening to the tape Do exercises

Teaching materials Course book Tape White board

Homework / Assignments Finding the names of countries and cities around the world Make sentences with present continuous and present simple: positive,

negative and question forms Make sentences with question words

A list of all the countries of the world and their capital cities split into continents.

Capital Cities of Countries in Europe

Country Capital City Albania Tirana Andorra Andorra la Vela Austria Vienna Belarus Minsk Belgium Brussels Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bulgaria Sofia Croatia Zagreb Cyprus Nicosia Czech Republic Prague Denmark Copenhagen England London Estonia Tallinn Finland Helsinki France Paris Georgia Tbilisi Germany Berlin Greece Athens Hungary Budapest Iceland Reykjavik Ireland Dublin Italy Rome Latvia Riga Liechtenstein Vaduz Lithuania Vilnius Luxembourg Luxembourg Macedonia Skopje Malta Valletta Moldova Chisinau Monaco Monaco Montenegro Podgorica The Netherlands Amsterdam Northern Ireland Belfast Norway Oslo Poland Warsaw Portugal Lisbon Romania Bucharest Russian Federation Moscow San Marino San Marino Denmark Copenhagen Scotland Edinburgh

Slovakia Bratislava Slovenia Ljubljana Spain Madrid Sweden Stockholm Switzerland Bern Ukraine Kiev Wales Cardiff

Capital Cities of Countries in AfricaCountry Capital City Algeria Algiers Angola Luanda Benin Porto-Novo Botswana Gaborone Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Burundi Bujumbura Cameroon Yaounde Cape Verde Praia Central African Republic Bangu Chad N'Djamena Comoros Moroni Congo, Republic of Brazzaville Congo, Democratic Republic of the Kinshasa Cote d'Ivoire Yamoussoukro Djibouti Djibouti Egypt Cairo Equatorial Guinea Malabo Eritrea Asmara Ethiopia Addis Ababa Gabon Libreville Gambia Banjul Ghana Accra Guinea Conakry Guinea-Bissau Bissau Kenya Nairobi Lesotho Maseru Liberia Monrovia Libya Tripoli Madagascar Antananarivo Malawi Lilongwe Mali Bamako Mauritania Nouakchott Mauritius Port Louis Morocco Rabat

Mozambique Maputo Namibia Windhoek Niger Niamey Nigeria Abuja Rwanda Kigali Sao Tome and Principe Sao Tome Senegal Dakar Seychelles Victoria Sierra Leone Freetown Somalia Mogadishu South Africa Pretoria Sudan Khartoum Swaziland Mbabane Tanzania Dar es Salaam Togo Lome Tunisia Tunis Uganda Kampala Western Sahara El Aaiun Zambia Lusaka Zimbabwe Harare

The Capital City of Countries in AsiaCountry Capital City Afghanistan Kabul Armenia Yerevan Azerbaijan Baku Bahrain Manama Bangladesh Dhaka Bhutan Thimphu Brunei - Darussalam Bandar Seri Begawan Burma (Myanmar) Rangoon Cambodia Phnom Penh China Beijing East Timor Dili India New Delhi Indonesia Jakarta Iran Teheran Iraq Baghdad Israel Jerusalem Japan Tokyo Jordan Amman Kazakhstan Astana Korea(North) Pyongyang Korea(South) Seoul

Kuwait Kuwait City Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Laos Vientiane Lebanon Beirut Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Maldives Male Mongolia Ulan Bator Nepal Kathmandu Oman Muscat Pakistan Islamabad Philippines Manila Qatar Doha Saudi Arabia Riyadh Singapore Singapore Sri Lanka Colombo (Commercial

Capital)Sri Jayawardenepura-Kotte (Administrative Capital)

Syria Damascus Taiwan Taipei Tajikistan Dushanbe Thailand Bangkok Turkey Ankara Turkmenistan Ashgabat United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Uzbekistan Tashkent Vietnam Hanoi Yemen Sana

The Capital City of Countries in North America Country Capital CityAntigua and Barbuda St. John's Bahamas Nassau Barbados Bridgetown Belize Belmopan Canada Ottawa - Ontario Costa Rica San Jose Cuba Havana Dominica Roseau Dominican Republic Santo Domingo El Salvador San Salvador Greenland Nuuk Grenada St. George's Guatemala Guatemala City

Haiti Port-au-Prince Honduras Tegucigalpa Jamaica Kingston Mexico Mexico City Nicaragua Managua Panama Panama City St. Kitts and Nevis Basseterre St. Lucia Castries St. Vincent and The Grenadines Kingstown Trinidad and Tobago Port-of-Spain United States Washington D.C.

Capital Cities of Countries in Oceania Country Capital CityAustralia Canberra Fiji Suva Kiribati Tarawa Marshall Islands Majuro Micronesia Palikir Nauru Yaren New Zealand Wellington Palau Koror Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Samoa Apia Solomon Islands Honiara Tonga Nuku'alofa Tuvalu Funafuti Vanuatu Port Vila

Capital Cities of Countries in South AmericaCountry Capital CityArgentina Buenos Aires Bolivia La Paz (seat of gov.)

Sucre (legal capital) Brazil Brasilia Chile Santiago Colombia Bogota Ecuador Quito Guyana Georgetown Paraguay Asuncion Peru Lima Suriname Paramaribo Uruguay Montevideo Venezuela Caracas

Present Continuous

รู�ปกรู�ยา Subject + (is, am, are) + (verb+ing).

การใช้�1.ใช้� present continuous เมื่�อการกระทำ�านั้��นั้ก�าลั�งดำ�าเนั้�นั้อยู่��ต่�อหนั้�า(ในั้ขณะทำ��พู�ดำประโยู่คนั้��นั้)

1. The sun is shining.

2. The bees are humming.

3. What are you doing?

ในกรูณี�ที่��ผู้��พู�ดต้�องการู เน�นคำ�าว่�า ก�าลั�ง ให้�ห้น�กแน�นย��งขึ้ !น น�ยมเต้�มคำ�า just ลังขึ้�างห้น�า(just ในกรูณี�เช่�นน�!ไม�ม�คำ�าแปลัในภาษาไที่ย)เช่�น4. The children are just having breakfast.

2.ใช้� present continuous ในั้เหต่#การ$ทำ��ดำ�าเนั้�นั้อยู่��เป%นั้ประจำ�าในั้ขณะทำ��พู�ดำน��เป'นขึ้�อยกเว่�นจากห้ลั�กที่�ว่ไปที่��ว่�า ใช่� present simple ก�บเห้ต้*การูณี+ที่��เก�ดขึ้ !นเป'นปรูะจ�า เช่�น

1. My son works hard this term.

2. He tries his best now.

ปรูะโยคำที่�!งสองน�!ใช่�ต้ามห้ลั�กที่��ว่ไป ซึ่ �งจะพูบว่�าเป'นปรูะโยคำเน0อย ๆ ไม�กรูะฉั�บกรูะแฉัง ปรูะโยคำด�งกลั�าว่จะม�คำว่ามห้มายด�ย��งขึ้ !นไปอ�ก ถ้�าใช่� present continuous คำ0อ

1. My son is working hard this term.

2. He is trying his best now.

3.ใช้� present continuous แสดำงเหต่#การณ$ในั้อนั้าคต่ ซึ่*�งคาดำว่�าจำะต่�องเป%นั้เช้�นั้นั้��นั้แนั้�นั้อนั้

การูใช่� present continuous ในคำว่ามห้มายที่��เป'นอนาคำต้น�! ปกต้�เขึ้าใช่�ก�บกรู�าที่��ม�การูเคำลั0�อนที่��(verbs of movement) แต้�จะใช่� ก�บกรู�ยาอ0�นบ�างก4ได�

1. We are going to Paris on Sunday.

2. Dang is coming here next week and is staying here until May.

3. What are you doing next Sunday?

กร�ยู่าทำ��ไมื่�ใช้�ในั้ continuous tenses

hear ได�ย�น love จ�าได�see เห้4น hate เกลั�ยดfeel รู� �ส ก know รู� �smell ได�กลั��น understand เขึ้�าใจtaste ได�รูส,รู� �รูส believe เช่0�อว่�า

ห้มายเห้ต้* ฯลัฯ

กรู�ยาที่��ไม�ใช่�ใน continuous ได�แก� กรู�ยาแสดงการูรู�บรู� � (verbs of

perception) แสดงภาว่ะขึ้องจ�ต้ใจ(state of mind) คำว่ามรู� �ส ก(feeling)

ห้รู0อแสดงส�มพู�นธภาพู (relationship) เช่�น

เม0�อต้�องการูจะบอกว่�า ก�าลั�งม�อาการูเช่�นน�!อย�� คำงใช่�เพู�ยง present

simple เที่�าน�!น เช่�น1. I don't see anything here. (ไม�ใช่� I am not seeing....)

2. I see what you mean. (ไม�ใช่� I am seeing...)

3. Do you hear the noise? (ไม�ใช่� Are you hearing...)

Forming the present continuous tense

This tense is formed using two components: the verb BE (in the present tense), and the -ING form of a verb. Here are the rules, using the example verb "sing":

Subject BE -ing form

I

You / We / They

He / She / It

am

are

is

singing

singing

singing

How to make the -ING form

With many verbs, you can simply add -ING to the end of the verb. However, with some verbs, you need to change the ending a little. Here are the rules:

Verb ending in... How to make the -ING form

Examples

1 vowel + 1 consonant

1 vowel + 1 consonant + E

[anything else]

Double the consonant, then add –ING

Remove E, then add -ING

Add -ING

swim - swimminghit - hittingget - getting

come - cominglose – losingsay - sayinggo - going

Forming a negative

Negatives in the simple present are formed by adding not or n't after the verb BE:

Positive sentence Negative sentence Contracted negative

I am eating.

You are working.

He is driving.

She is teaching.

I am not eating.

You are not working.

He is not driving.

She is not teaching.

I'm not eating.

You aren't working.

He isn't driving.

She isn't teaching.

It is raining.

We are reading.

They are writing.

It is not raining.

We are not reading.

They are not writing.

It isn't raining.

We aren't reading.

They aren't writing.

Forming a question

Yes/no questions are created by moving the verb BE to the beginning of the sentence. WH- questions are formed by moving the verb BE, and then adding the WH- word. Here are some examples:

Statement Yes/no questions Wh- questions

I am eating.

You are crying.

He is going.

She is arriving.

It is sleeping.

We are leaving.

They are fighting.

Am I eating?

Are you crying?

Is he going?

Is she arriving?

Is it sleeping?

Are we leaving?

Are they fighting?

What am I eating?

Why are you crying?

Where is he going?

When is she arriving?

Why is it sleeping?

When are we leaving?

Why are they fighting?

Exercises

Present Continuous tense

1. She / wear / earring ________________________________________

2. It / rain / today ________________________________________

3. I / have / good time ________________________________________

4. Train / come ________________________________________

5. They / wait / train ________________________________________

6. I / study ________________________________________

7. We / walk / school ________________________________________

8. We / plan / our work ________________________________________

Change each sentence to a negative.

Make the following sentences negative. Don't forget to include the period at the end!

1. I am thinking. ________________________________________

2. You are singing. ________________________________________

3. He is eating jelly. ________________________________________

4. She is studying hard. ________________________________________

5. It is raining now. ________________________________________

6. We are having tea. ________________________________________

7. They are driving to Toronto. ___________________________________

Questions in the Present Continuous TenseCreate a question using the sentence provided

1. I'm riding a bike. [WHAT]

__________________________________________________________

2. She is having a party. [YES/NO]

__________________________________________________________

3. We are waiting because the bus is late. [WHY]

__________________________________________________________

4. She's going to work. [WHERE]

__________________________________________________________

5. It's raining hard. [YES/NO]

__________________________________________________________

6. We are travelling by ship. [HOW]

__________________________________________________________

7. He's cooking bacon for supper. [WHAT]

__________________________________________________________

8. You're giving her flowers for her birthday. [WHY]

__________________________________________________________

Present simple tense

Present simple tense คำ0อ tense ที่��ใช่�เม0�อพู�ดถ้ งส��งที่��เป'นคำว่ามจรู�ง โดยอาจเป'นคำว่ามจรู�งในขึ้ณีะน�!น เช่�น คำว่ามสามารูถ้เฉัพูาะอย�างขึ้องบ*คำคำลัห้น �ง เช่�น ปรูะโยคำที่�� 1 ห้รู0อก�จว่�ต้รูปรูะจ�าว่�นขึ้องบ*คำคำลัห้น �ง เช่�นปรูะโยคำที่�� 2 ห้รู0อส��งที่��เป'นคำว่ามจรู�งต้ลัอดกาลั เช่�นปรูากฏการูณี+ในธรูรูมช่าต้�ในปรูะโยคำที่�� 3

1. John plays football well.2. My parents read the newspaper everyday.3. The sun rises in the east.

ในปรูะโยคำที่��พู�ดถ้ งคำว่ามจรู�งที่��เป'นอ*ปน�ส�ยห้รู0อเก�ดขึ้ !นต้ามปกต้�อาจใช่�คำ�ากรู�ยาว่�เศษณี+ที่��บอกคำว่ามถ้��ในการูเก�ดขึ้องเห้ต้*การูณี+ที่��พู�ดถ้ ง (Adverbs of Frequency) ในปรูะโยคำด�ว่ย เช่�น everyday, always, usually, sometimes, often ห้รู0อ never.

ส��งที่��คำว่รูจ�าเก��ยว่ก�บการูใช่� present simple tense คำ0อจะต้�องใช่�ปรูะธานแลัะกรู�ยาในปรูะโยคำที่��สอดคำลั�องก�น โดยม�ห้ลั�กด�งน�!คำ0อ

เม0�อปรูะธานเป'นเอกพูจน+ กรู�ยาจะต้�องอย��ในรู�ปเอกพูจน+ด�ว่ย คำ0อกรู�ยาจะต้�องเต้�ม s แลัะเม0�อปรูะธานเป'นพูห้�พูจน+ กรู�ยาจะต้�องอย��ในรู�ปพูห้�พูจน+ คำ0อกรู�ยาไม�ต้�องเต้�ม s

เม0�อต้�องการูเปลั��ยนปรูะโยคำ present simple tense ให้�เป'นปรูะโยคำคำ�าถ้ามแลัะปรูะโยคำปฏ�เสธ จะใช่� verb to do ได�แก� 'do',

'does' เป'นกรู�ยาช่�ว่ย โดยม�ห้ลั�กการูใช่�ด�งน�!1. ส�าห้รู�บปรูะโยคำคำ�าถ้าม ใช่� verb to do น�าห้น�าปรูะโยคำ เช่�น

Does John play football very well?

Do they walk to school everyday?เม0�อเรูาต้�องการูที่�าเป'นปรูะโยคำปฎิ�เสธแลัะปรูะโยคำคำ�าถ้ามให้�เอา V to do (do, does)

มาเป'นกรู�ยาช่�ว่ยในปรูะโยคำคำ�าถ้ามที่��เป'นแบบ yes - no questions ให้�เอาdo, does ว่างไว่�ห้น�าปรูะโยคำ

Does he, she, it work?

Do you, we, they, I study?

ให้�เอา V to do (do, does) มาช่�ว่ยในปรูะโยคำคำ�าถ้ามแบบ wh - questions

เช่�น Where do you come from? I come from Surin.How do you do?

ปรูะโยคำปฎิ�เสธให้�เต้�ม not ห้ลั�งคำ�า do, does

He, She, It does not (doesn't) work. I, You, We, They do not (don't) study.

Note: เม0�อเอา V to do มาใช่�ในปรูะโยคำปฎิ�เสธแลัะปรูะโยคำคำ�าถ้ามกรู�ยาแที่�ไม�ต้�องเต้�ม s ห้รู0อ es

เม0�อเรูาต้�องการูที่�าเป'นปรูะโยคำปฎิ�เสธแลัะปรูะโยคำคำ�าถ้าม ให้�น�าเอา

V to do (did) มาช่�ว่ย Did he, she, it work? Did you, we, they, I work?

2. ส�าห้รู�บปรูะโยคำปฏ�เสธ ใช่� verb to do + not น�าห้น�ากรู�ยา เช่�นJohn does not play football very well.We do not wash our hair everyday.

ห้ลั�กการูใช่� verb to do คำ��ก�บปรูะธานแสดงอย��ในต้ารูางต้�อไปน�! คำ0อ

Verb to do ปรูะเภที่ขึ้องปรูะธานdoes - ปรูะธานที่��เป'นคำ�านาม

เอกพูจน+ เช่�น a boy, the cat,

a table

- ปรูะธานที่��เป'นสรูรูพูนามเอกพูจน+ คำ0อ he, she, it

do - ปรูะธานที่��เป'นคำ�านามพูห้�พูจน+ เช่�น the men,

the children, dogs

- ปรูะธานที่��เป'นสรูรูพูนาม

พูห้�พูจน+ คำ0อ we, they,

you

- ปรูะธานที่��เป'นสรูรูพูนาม คำ0อ I

ขึ้�อคำว่รูจ�าเก��ยว่ก�บการูใช่� verb to do ในปรูะโยคำคำ�าถ้าม

แลัะปรูะโยคำปฏ�เสธขึ้อง present simple tense คำ0อ เม0�อม� do ห้รู0อ does แลั�ว่ กรู�ยาแที่�ขึ้องปรูะโยคำจะเป'นกรู�ยาช่�องที่�� 1 ที่��อย��ในรู�ปพูห้�พูจน+เสมอ

ในกรูณี�ที่��กรู�ยาขึ้องปรูะโยคำ คำ0อ verb to be เม0�อต้�องการูเปลั��ยนปรูะโยคำบอกเลั�าให้�เป'นปรูะโยคำปฏ�เสธ จะเต้�ม not ห้ลั�ง verb to be ในปรูะโยคำได�เลัย จะไม�ต้�องใช่� verb to do เป'นกรู�ยาช่�ว่ย เพูรูาะ verb to be สามารูถ้เป'นได�ที่� !งกรู�ยาแที่�แลัะกรู�ยาช่�ว่ย

ร�ปแบบของประโยู่ค

บอกเลั�า ค�าถามื่ ปฏิ�เสธ

ค�าบอกเว่ลัาแสดำงการใช้� present simple

tense

คำ�าเด�ยว่ กลั*�มคำ�า

IYouWe

They……He SheIt

V1

……..

V1

Do

…….

Does

Iyouwe

they…….

hesheit

V1

IYouWe

They…….

HeSheIt

do not

(don’t)……..

does not(doesn’t)

V1

always เสมอoften บ�อยๆusually ม�กจะfrequently บ�อยๆgenerally, normally โดยที่��ว่ไป

sometimes บางคำรู�!ง บางคำรูาว่occasionallyrarely

แที่บจะไม�seldom

every day (week, month, year)

once a week = ส�ปดาห้+ลัะคำรู�!ง

twice a day = ว่�นลัะ 2 คำรู�!งon Sunday = ที่*กว่�นอาที่�ต้ย+(on + ว่�น + s = ที่*กว่�น..........)

หลั�กการใช้� 1) ใช่�ก�บเห้ต้*การูณี+ที่��กรูะที่�าซึ่�!าๆ เป'นปรูะเพูณี�แลัะเป'นน�ส�ย (Repeated actions, customs and habits)

He visits his family every weekend. Ethiopians celebrate Christmas on 7 January. He goes to bed at nine o'clock every night. I usually get up at 6.00 am. Students sometimes go to class late. Niti plays tennis every weekend. He says hello every time he sees me. I sometimes go to the movies with her. He comes to her place several times a week. Ladda usually goes shopping on Sunday. He gets up early everyday.

2) ใช่�ก�บเห้ต้*การูณี+ที่��เป'นจรู�งเสมอ (universal truth)

The earth goes round the sun.

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The sun shines by day; the moon shines by night. It's cold in winter. The earth moves round the sun. The sun rises in the east. Birds fly. Actions speak louder than words.

3) ใช่�ก�บคำว่ามสามารูถ้ (ability)

He plays the guitar very well. That man speaks English as well as he speaks his own language. My father works as a vice-president of that company. My daughter plays the piano very well. My family lives near the river. The last train leaves at midnight

4) ใช่�แที่น Future ห้ลั�งคำ�า if, unless, in case ในขึ้ณีะที่��ปรูะโยคำเง0�อนไขึ้ แลัะคำ�า when, until, as soon as, before, after

If the weather is fine tomorrow, we will have a picnic. We will go out when the rain stops. We can't begin playing before the whistle blows. I will eat before he arrives.

5) คำ�ากรู�ยาบางคำน เรูาจะไม�ใช่�รู�ป present continuous

tense แม�ว่�าเห้ต้*การูณี+น�!นจะก�าลั�งเก�ดขึ้ !น ห้รู0อก�าลั�งด�าเน�นอย��ในป:จจ*บ�นก4ต้าม เช่�น verb to be - I am late now. กรู�ยาเห้ลั�าน�!แบ�งออกเป'น 6 ช่น�ดคำ0อ

5.1 กรู�ยาที่��บ�งภาว่ะที่��บ�งคำ�บไม�ได� (verb for states over which we have no control)

ได�แก� กรู�ยา see, hear, feel, taste, smell เช่�น I see that it is raining again. I hear someone knocking at the door. This towel feels very soft. This soup tastes good. His breath smells bad.

5.2 กรู�ยาที่��แสดงคำว่ามน กคำ�ด (verb for ideas) เช่�น know

(รู� �), understand (เขึ้�าใจ), think (คำ�ด), believe (เช่0�อ), disbelieve (ไม�

เช่0�อ), suppose (สมม*ต้�), doubt (สงส�ย), agree (เห้4นด�ว่ย), disagree (ไม�เห้4นด�ว่ย), realize (ต้รูะห้น�ก), consider (พู�จารูณีา), notice (ส�งเกต้), recognize (จ�าได�), forget (ลั0ม), remember (จ�า), recall (รูะลั กได�) เช่�น

He now knows as much about the lesson as you do. I believe what he is saying is true. We agree to his suggestion. The teacher considers him as an industrial student.

5.3 กรู�ยาที่��แสดงคำว่ามช่อบแลัะคำว่ามไม�ช่อบ (Verbs for

liking and disliking) เช่�น like (ช่อบ), dislike (ไม�ช่อบ), love (รู�ก), hate

(เกลั�ยด), detest (ช่�งช่�ง), prefer (ช่อบ), forgive (ยกโที่ษ), trust (ไว่�ใจ), distrust (ไม�ไว่�ใจ) เช่�น

I liked the movie I saw yesterday. She detests people who are unkind to animals. We prefer to go out without him. I distrust this young lady.

5.4 กรู�ยาที่��แสดงคำว่ามปรูารูถ้นา (verbs for wishing) เช่�น wish (ปรูารูถ้นา), want (ต้�องการู) desire (ปรูารูถ้นา) เช่�น

He wishes he was a millionaire. She wants to go to Italy. We all desire happiness and health.

5.5 กรู�ยาที่��แสดงคำว่ามเป'นเจ�าขึ้อง (Verbs of possession) เช่�น possess (เป'นเจ�าขึ้อง), have (ม�), own (เป'นเจ�าขึ้อง), belong to (เป'นขึ้อง) เช่�น

He possesses two new cars. She has more money than she needs. I own several acres of land. This bicycle belongs to my brother.

5.6 กรู�ยาเฉัพูาะบางคำ�า (Certain other verbs) เช่�น be (เป'น อย�� คำ0อ), appear (ปรูากฏ), seem (ด�เห้ม0อน), mean (ห้มายคำว่ามว่�า), please (พูอใจ), displease (ไม�พูอใจ), differ (แต้กต้�าง), depend (ขึ้ !นอย��ก�บ, พู �งพูา), resemble (ด�เห้ม0อน), deserve (สมคำว่รูได�รู�บ), refuse

(ปฏ�เสธ), result (ส�งผู้ลัให้�), suffice (พูอเพู�ยง), consist of (ปรูะกอบด�ว่ย), contain (ปรูะกอบด�ว่ย), hold (บรูรูจ*), fit (เห้มาะสม คำ��คำว่รู),

suit (เห้มาะสม) เช่�น She is very selfish. He resembles his father. She refuses to marry him. New Zealand consists of two islands. The pink dress she is wearing suits her. ......etc...

6. ใช่�ก�บ adverbs of time ด�งต้�อไปน�! often (บ�อยๆ), always (เสมอๆ), sometimes

(บางคำรู�!ง), usually (โดยปกต้�), generally (โดยปกต้�), normally

(โดยปกต้�), frequently (บ�อยๆ), rarely (แที่บจะไม�เคำย นานๆ คำรู�!ง),

seldom (แที่บจะไม�เคำย นานๆคำรู�!ง), scarcely (แที่บจะไม�เคำย นานๆ คำรู�!ง), hardly (แที่บจะไม�เคำย), never (ไม�เคำย), in general (โดยปกต้�), now and again (บางคำรู�!งบางคำรูาว่), from time to time (บางคำรู�!งบางคำรูาว่) occasionally (บางโอกาส), as a rule (ต้ามกฎิ), once a

week (ส�ปดาห้+ลัะคำรู�!ง), once a month (เด0อนลัะคำรู�!ง), twice a week (สองคำรู�!งต้�อส�ปดาห้+), three times a week (สามคำรู�!งต้�อส�ปดาห้+), every

day (ที่*กว่�น), every other day (ว่�นเว่�นว่�น), every (night / month, week /

year / Thursday) เช่�น He is never late for school. He always studies grammar in the morning. She visits her parents every month.

always every month. sometimes every year.

once a week frequently twice a month usually every other day generally on Sundays rarely on week days

seldom when (ever) he sees me habitually when (ever) he comes here every day whenever he can

every week whenever you want

7.ใช่� present simple ก�บส��งที่��ก�าห้นดแน�นอนแลั�ว่ว่�าจะกรูะที่�าในอนาคำต้

I leave by the 6.20 train this evening. He sets sail tomorrow and comes back next week. We attack at dawn.

8.อาจใช่� present simple ในการูสรู*ปเรู0�องน�ยาย ห้รู0อลัะคำรู Bassanio wants to go to Belmont to woo Portia. He asks Antonio to lend him money. Antonio says that he hasn't any at the moment until his ships come to port.

ใช่� present simple tense ห้ลั�งคำ�าเช่0�อมเห้ลั�าน�! เพู0�อบรูรูยายเห้ต้*การูณี+ที่��เก�ดขึ้ !นในอนาคำต้

เช่�น

Malee will call you as soon as she arrives.I will stay home if it rains.We want to know the truth before we leave.

หลั�กการใช้� will

โคำรูงสรู�างขึ้องปรูะโยคำ Subject + will +Verb1

Shall ใช่�ก�บบ*รู*ษที่�� 1 คำ0อ I , we

Will ใช่�ก�บบ*รู*ษที่�� 2,3 แลัะคำ�านาม ได�แก� You,he,she,it, they,Mary,etcExample

Future simple Until + Present simple

I’ll wait until I see him

When + present simple Future simple

WhenAs soon asAfterIf / Unless

I see him I’ll phone you.

- I will go to the United Stated soon. ฉั�นจะเด�นที่างไปสห้รู�ฐอเมรู�กาในเรู4ว่ ๆ น�!

- I will leave Thailand for Japan next week.ฉั�นจะเด�นที่างจากปรูะเที่ศไที่ยไปปรูะเที่ศญี่��ป*=นส�ปดาห้+ห้น�า

- We shall travel round the world tomorrow.

พูว่กเรูาจะเด�นที่างไปเที่��ยว่รูอบโลักพูรู* �งน�!- I will have the midterm exam next month. ฉั�น

จะสอบกลัางภาคำเด0อนห้น�า- Mr.Thongchai will show his concert at the

National Theater next month. คำ*ณีธงช่�ยจะแสดงคำอนเสรู�>ต้ที่��โรูงลัะคำรูแห้�งช่าต้�เด0อนห้น�า

Exercises

1. จงเปลั��ยนก�รู�ยาในว่งเลั4บให้�ถ้�กต้�อง1. I (give) it to them when they (visit) us.2. I (not send) the parcel until I (hear) from you.

3. As soon as they (phone) me, I (contact) you.4. I (see) you before I (fly) to Paris.5. They (send) you the money before they (leave).6. When I (talk) to him, I (give) him your news.7. She (visit) her parents before she (go) to the airport.8. I (finish) this when I (be) at the office.9. I (send) you a postcard when I (get) to Bermuda.10. She (do) her homework before she (go) out.11. After I (visit) the hospital, I (go) and see her parents.12. I (phone) Mary when we (get) to San Francisco.13. I (call) you as soon as we (sign) the contract.14. He (not do) anything before you (tell) him to.15. You (be) very surprised when you (meet) him.16. I (talk) to you when the game (be) over.17. When she (hear) this, she (be) very pleased.18. You probably (not like) him when you (meet) him.19. As soon as I (hear) the results, I (let) you know.

20. When they (find out) about this, there (be) trouble.

2. เปลั��ยนก�รู�ยาในว่งเลั4บโดยใช่� present simple tense

1. Cuckoos (not build).....nests. they (use)….the nests of the after birds.2. The last train (leave)….the station at

11.30.3. He usually (speak)….so quickly that I

(not understand)….him.4. Hardly anyone (wear)….a hat nowadays.5. Dang (have)….his hair cut twice a

month.6. History (be)….the story of the past

events.7. The cat will scratch you if you (pull)

….her tail.8. Water always (freeze)….at 0 degree

Celsius.9. He sometimes (come)….to see me on

Saturday.10. I (tell) my father as soon as he (come)

….back from work.11. When he (go)….to the university, he

(visit)….. us less often.12. I always (buy)….lottery tickets but I

never (win)….anything.13. Mrs. Brown rarely (go)….shopping with

her hasband.14. I (stay) till she (get)….back.15. You always (write)….with your left hand?

3. ขึ้�ดเส�นใต้�รู�ปกรู�ยาที่��ถ้�กต้�องขึ้องปรูะโยคำ ต้�อไปน�!1. My brother (play, plays) football in

the afternoon.2. I (go, goes) to work by bus.3. You should wait until your teacher

(arrive, arrives).4. One (see, sees) stars only at night.5. Mrs. White’s secretary (work, works)

from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.6. Cats (like, likes) to chase mice.7. My father (drive, drives) me to

school every morning.8. We usually (buy, buys) stamps from

the post office.9. Jenny (stay, stays) with her aunt in

Australia.10. Fish (live, lives) in water.

4. เต้�มปรูะโยคำให้�สมบ�รูณี+1. I ________ in a bank.

work works workes 2. She ________ in Florida.

live lives livees

3. It ________ almost every day in Manchester. rain rains raines

4. We ________ to Spain every summer. fly flys flies

5. My mother ________ eggs for breakfast every morning. fry frys fries

6. The bank ________ at four o'clock. close closies closes

7. John ________ very hard in class, but I don't think he'll pass the course.

try trys tries

8. Jo is so smart that she ________ every exam without even trying.

pass passies passes

9. My life is so boring -- I just ________ TV every night. watch watchies watches

10. My best friend ________ to me every week. write writies writes

5. เต้�มปรูะโยคำให้�สมบ�รูณี+Mary and I __(1)____(work) in the same office, but we're completely different. She _(2)____ (like) coffee, but I__(3)___ (like) tea. She__(4)_____ (wash) her car every weekend, but I never__(5)____(clean) mine. She __(6)___(smile) all the time at work, but I_(7)___(feel) miserable. I__(8)___ (complain) about the boss all the time, but Mary_(9)____ (think) the boss is a nice person. When I_(10)__(finish) work, I like to drink beer with my friends, but Mary_(11)___(study) at night school. The boss_(12)____(think) Mary is perfect, but she _(13)_____(drive) me nuts!

6. จงน�าคำ�าที่��ก�าห้นดให้�ต้�อไปน�!เต้�มในช่�องว่�างให้�ถ้�กต้�อง brush comb dry eat get dressed get up go have make pick up put on rings wake up wear

Every weekday morning I (1) as soon as my alarm (2) . After 10 minutes I (3) and go to the bathroom. I (4) a shower, (5) my teeth and (6) my hair. After my shower I (7) myself with a big towel and go back to the bedroom.

In the bedroom I (8) my makeup and (9) , I sometimes (10) trousers and a blouse or top with sandals or shoes. Next I usually go to the kitchen and (11) myself a cup of tea, although I sometimes drink coffee instead of tea.

For breakfast I often (12) cornflakes, toast and marmalade and a piece of fruit. After breakfast I (13) my car keys and (14) to work.

7. น�าคำ�าที่��ก�าห้นดให้�ต้�อไปน�!ไปเต้�มในช่�องว่�างให้�ถ้�กต้�อง

study | work | like | use | do | eat | walk | teach | speak | live1. He his job, it's fun.2. They in a small flat.3. She German on Mondays.4. I breakfast at 8.00 am.5. I from home.6. We computers.7. They're very good students, they always their homework.8. He never to work, he always drives.9. Mr Bean English in London.10. His students a little English.

8.จงที่�าให้�เป'นปรูะโยคำปฏ�เสธ

1. He his job, it's boring. (not like)2. They in a small flat. (not live)3. She German on Mondays. (not study)4. I breakfast at 8.00 am. (not eat)5. I from home. (not work)6. We computers. (not use)7. They're not very good students, they their homework. (not do)8. He to work, he always drives. (not walk)

9. Mr Bean German in London. (not teach)10. His students German in class. (not speak)

9.จงที่�าปรูะโยคำน�!ให้�ถ้�กต้�อง 1. your Do the teeth you ? morning brush always in 2. Saturdays work ? Does ever on Mr Bean

3.English speak always Do in class they ? 4. fish she eat ? Does sometimes 5. ever play Do tennis we ?

10.เลั0อกคำ�าที่��ก�าห้นดให้�เต้�มในช่�องว่�างให้�ถ้�กต้�อง1. Do you_____( 1like, likes, be like) chocolate milk? 2.He _______(do does is )not want to come to the movies. 3. ______( Is Are Am) we too late to catch the bus? 4. It_____( is are am )a beautiful day today. 5.Sorry, Lisa______( am is be )not here at the moment. 6 . ________( Is Are Am) I correct? 7. Robert _____(is does are )not go to my school. 8.My parents______(live lives are live) in a 2 bedroom apartment. 9. We _______(do be ‘are ‘do are ) European. 10. You ______(looks ‘are ‘be )so happy today!

11. เลั0อกคำ�าต้อบให้�ถ้�กต้�อง

1. She ___ four languages.a. speak

b. speaks2. Jane is a teacher. She ___ French.

a. teachb. teaches

3. When the kettle ___, will you make some tea?a. boilb. boils

4. I always ___ the window at night because it is cold.

a. closeb. closes

5. Those shoes ___ too much.a. costb. costs

6. The food in Japan is expensive. It ___ a lot to live there.

a. costb. costs

7. His job is great because he ___ a lot of people.a. meetb. meets

8. He always ___ his car on Sundays.a. washb. washes

9. My watch is broken and it ___ to be fixed again.a. needb. needs

10. I ___ to watch movies.a. loveb. loves

11. I ___ to the cinema at least once a week.a. gob. goes

12. They never ___ tea in the morning.

a. drinkb. drinks

13. We both ___ to the radio in the morning.a. listenb. listens

14. He ___ a big wedding.a. wantb. wants

15.George ___ too much so he's getting fat.a. eatb. eats

16. The earth ___ round the sun, doesn't it?a. gob. goes

17. The shops in England ___ at 9:00 in the morning.

a. openb. opens

18. The post office ___ at 5:30 pm.a. closeb. closes

19. Jackie ___ two children now.a. hasb. have

20. Mr. Smith ___ too much. He always has a cigarette in his mouth.

a. smokeb. smokes

21. When the phone ___, please answer it.a. ringb. rings

Word Questions Where do you live? In Paris. When will we have lunch? At 1pm. Who did she meet? She met Ram. Why hasn't Tara done it? Because she can't. Exception! verb be simple present and simple past Where is Bombay? In India. How was she? Very well.

WH- Question Practice

Teacher or pair student says: Ask me...

what my name is. my nationality. where I live. how long I have lived there. how much a packet of cigarettes costs. where to buy sugar. where to find a cash dispenser. how big the room is. how many legs the table has. what the time is. where the whiteboard is. if I am well. how I am. if the post has arrived yet. what the film was like. what a crocodile looks like.

what Mary's address is. how big Paris is. how many people there are in London. what my favourite film is. what to do next. when to leave to catch the bus. how much money you will need. how many people there are in the room. how many cups of coffee I have each day. how long the room is. how wide the room is. how high the ceiling is. what the size of the room is. where I bought my socks. why I am not wearing a hat. why I can’t speak Russian. what ‘ameliorate’ means. how much money I can lend you. when I arrived at school. what I saw at the cinema last night. whether the film was good. who my favorite film star is. when Winston Churchill was born. whether I like swimming. whether I would like to go swimming now. whether I am going on holiday this summer. whether I have ever been abroad. if I will lend you $100. how to spell the word ‘irresistible’

Question words - 1

Fill in the question words What, Where, Why, When, How to form a meaningful question.

Example: ____ often do you play football? Answer: How often do you play football?

1. ____________ do you like best?2. ____________does Bill get up in the morning?3. ____________don't you go by bus, Max?4. _____________ hobbies does Andrew like?5. _____________do they go to every week?6. _______________ old are you Mike?7. _____________ is Susan's birthday?8. _____________are my exercise books?9. _____________ are you doing at the moment, Sally?10. _____________ do the Robinsons live?

Question words - 2 Fill in the question words What, Where, Why, When, How to form a meaningful question.

Example: ____ often do you play football? Answer: How often do you play football?

1. ________________is the weather like today?2. _______________don't you like apple-juice?3. ________________about a walk through the forest?4. _________________do you play volleyball?5. ________________is my red sweat shirt, Mum?

6. ________________do Anne and Betty get to school every day?7. _________________does your father go to work?8. ________________is the dog's bone?9. ________________are we going for a holiday by the sea again?10. __________________do you like your coffee?

shopping phrases

What can I do for you? Can I help you?

This dress doesn't fit. It is too big.

Have you got a bigger one? It's too small.

It has been reduced to $10. It's on sale at the moment.

How much is it? How much does it cost?

What size are you? 38? I think you need size 38.

I'm looking for a summer dress. Have you got any summer dresses?

I'm afraid that's too expensive. Have you got anything cheaper?

Unit 7Technology

Objective Students will be able to read the dates Students will be able to use past simple : the

verb to be and past simple: regular and irregular

Students will be able to know the computer vocabularies

Unit details dates past simple : the verb to be past simple: regular and irregular Computer vocabularies

Teaching activity Write and read the dates Make sentences with past simple : the verb to be Find out the past simple: regular and irregular Find out the meaning of Computer vocabularies Listen to the tape

Teaching materials Course book Tape White board

Homework / Assignments Write the usage of past simple: the verb to be

DatesUse international date format

(ISO)How does one write a date on the Web? There are so many formats available, most of them incompatible with others, that it can be a usability nightmare to choose a date representation when writing for an international, cross-cultural audience, as is the case on the web. Fortunately, there is one solution in the ISO-developed international date format.

The date interpretation quagmireThe worst potential usability problems come when the date is written only with numbers as in the following example, because the date's interpretation will be different from one country to another.

Imagine the following date: 02/04/03

Which does it mean?

2nd of April 2003 (European style)

4th of February 2003 (USA style)

3rd of April 2002

Your answer will depend, mostly, on which country you live in.

In most cases, writing the date in full letters would be better than the example above. Apr. 3rd, 2002, for example will be easy to understand for any English-speaking audience.

But this system does not cross borders much better than its numerical counterparts: does the French 12 Août 2042 actually mean, in English, August or October 12th?

The ISO date formatThe international format defined by ISO (IS0 8601) tries to address all these problems by defining a numerical date system as follows: YYYY-MM-DD where

YYYY is the year [all the digits, i.e. 2012]

MM is the month [01 (January) to 12 (December)]

DD is the day [01 to 31]

For example, "3rd of April 2002", in this international format is written: 2002-04-03.

Note that this format can also be used to represent precise date and time, with time zone information

Using numerical dates does have also some pitfalls with regard to readability and usability, as

explained in the Date formats FAQ. Albeit not perfect, ISO date format is, however, the best choice for a date representation that is universally (and accurately) understandable.

The Past Simple Tense of BEThe simple past is a tense used to describe complete actions or events that took place in some time before now. The time can be specified by using some adverbs, for example: yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, and so on. It is important to keep in mind that the formation of this tense is different if you are working with the verb to be or if you are working with the rest of the verbs. Let's begin then with the verb To Be. Although the past form of the verbs is the same for all the personal pronouns, the verb "to be" has two forms:

I was

he was

she was

it was

you were

they were

we were

you were

WAS for I, he, she, it and WERE for we, you , they. Look at these examples:

She was worried about her grades in school.

Maurice and Martha were in Washington last week.

Joseph was very tired, but now he is fine.

Last Christmas we were in my grandma's house.

Yesterday they were very busy.

Remember that the past tense of "to be" follows the same structure we explained before. So, when you want to turn these sentences into questions you have to do the same changes you do for the present tense. Look:

Was she worried about her grades in school?

Were Maurice and Martha in Washington last week?

Was Joseph was very tired?

Were they in your grandma's house last Christmas?

Were they very busy yesterday?

In the same way, if you want to change an affirmative sentence to negative you just have to add the negative particle not after the verb "to be":

She was not worried about her grades in school.

Maurice and Martha were not in Washington last week.

Joseph was not very tired, but now he is.

Last Christmas we were not in my grandma's house.

Yesterday they were not very busy.

Remember that the contractions of the verb "to be" and the negative word not are common in spoken language.

The past tense for the other verbs in English is a little more complicated. Some are regular verbs and follow one rule. Others are irregular verbs and their forms are very different from the infinitive.It requires that you learn the past form of every verb.Let's begin with the regular verbs:

These verbs form their past by adding the particle -ed at the end of the infinitive. For example:

want -------> wanted

copy -------> copied

sign -------> signed

fade -------> faded

watch -------> watched

Now, see the verbs in context: My mother and her sister wanted to go

shopping yesterday.

She copied many things and now she does not have money.

You signed a contract with a very important company. Congratulations!

The snow flakes faded slowly.

My family always watched "The Wonder Years".

You already know that to make interrogative sentences we need an auxiliary. In the present we used DO and DOES For the past tense we use DID:

Did your mother and her sister want to go shopping yesterday?

Did she copy many things and now she does not have money?

Did you sign a contract with a very important company? Congratulations!

Did the snow flakes fade slowly?

Did your family always watch "The Wonder Years"?

Just apply the structure of the present tense to the past to form negative sentences:

My mother and her sister did not want to go shopping yesterday.

She did not copy many things and now she has money.

You did not sign a contract with a dishonest company. Congratulations!

The snow flakes did not fade slowly.

My family did not watch "Pokemon".

Do not forget that when you use an auxiliary the main verb remains unchanged.

It is time now to see what happens to irregular verbs. Basically, they follow the same structure of the regular verbs, but you cannot just add -ed to the infinitive. These verbs have their own form for the past:

write -------> wrote

see -------> saw

bring -------> brought

take -------> took

sing -------> sang

come -------> came

These examples illustrate the changes: Monica wrote a nice article. We did not see your parents yesterday. I brought many presents from Australia. Ana's brother did not take a difficult test. That boy sang awfully in school. Did they come home late last night?

Was/were

subject Main verb

I was late

You, we, they were late

children were late

He, she ,it was late

The man was late

Was-Were exercise1.She is thirty now, so last year she __________

twenty-nine.

2.__________ it a good film?

3.I got married when I __________ twenty-seven.

4.It was a great day, but we ___________ so tired.

5.I didn't buy those jeans because they __________ too expensive.

6.When I ____________ a child we lived in Rome.

7.Where ____________ you yesterday afternoon?

8._____________ the weather good while we were away?

9.They _____________ so naughty as kids.

10.Why _____________ he so angry?

past simple

Structure

In the positive form, for regular verbs, add an -ed to the base form of the verb. If the verb ends in -y preceded by a consonant, change the -y to -ied. For irregular verbs

(most common irregular verbs).I

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

arrived late last night. (regular verb)came back late last night. (irregular

verb)

Use the conjugated helping verb 'did' + not (didn't) + the base form of the verb to

make negatives.I

YouHeSheIt

WeYouThey

didn't go to New York last week.

Use the conjugated helping verb 'did' + subject + the base form of the verb in

question forms.When Did I

YouHeShe

leave yesterday?

ItWeYouThey

Past Simple Quiz

1. When ___________(they/arrive) last week?

2. She _________(not/understand) the question yesterday.

3 .Fred _________(take) a lot of pictures on his holiday last summer.

4. What ___________(you/get) for your birthday?

5. They ___________to get the bread this morning!

6. Alice ___________(play) tennis this morning.

7. Where ___________(you/go) last weekend?

8. I __________(want) to buy that computer, but it was too expensive.

9. Why ____________(they/not/come)?

Irregular verb listsPast Past

Infinitive Simple participlebe was/were been

beat beat beaten

become became becomebegin began begunbend bent bentbet bet betbite bit bittenblow blew blownbreak broke brokenbring brought broughtbuild built builtburst burst burstbuy bought bought

catch caught caughtchoose chose chosencome came comecost cost costcut cut cutdeal dealt dealtdig dug dugdo did done

draw drew drawndrink drank drunkeat ate eatenfall fell fallen

feed fed fedfeel felt feltfight fought foughtfind found found

fly flew flownforbid forbade forbiddenforget forgot forgottenfreeze froze frozen

get got gotgive gave givengo went gone

grow grew grownhang hung hunghave had hadhear heard heardhide hid hiddenhit hit hit

hold held heldhurt hurt hurtkeep kept keptknow knew knownlay laid laid

lead led ledleave left leftlend lent lentlet let letlie lay lain

light lit litlose lost lost

make made mademean meant meant

meet met metpay paid paidput put putread read readride rode riddenring rang rungrise rose risenrun ran runsay said saidsee saw seenseek sought soughtsell sold sold

send sent sentset set setsew sewed sewn/sewed

shake shook shakenshine shone shoneshoot shot shotshow showed shownshrink shrank shrunkshut shut shutsing sang sungsink sank sunksit sat sat

sleep slept sleptspeak spoke spokenspend spent spent

split split splitspread spread spreadspring sprang sprungstand stood stoodsteal stole stolenstick stuck stucksting stung stungstink stank stunkstrike struck struckswear swore swornsweep swept sweptswim swam swumswing swung swungtake took takenteach taught taughttear tore torntell told told

think thought thoughtthrown threw thrown

understand understood understoodwake woke wokenwear wore wornwin won won

write wrote written

Computer vocabularies

backupbinarybitbrowserbytecableCD-ROMcellchatchip (integr. circuit)computerCPUcursordatabasedisk drive

downloade-mailfieldfloppy disk (diskette)gigabyte (GB)hard disk/hard drivehardwareHTMLiconinitializeInternetkilobyte (K)megabyte (MB)memorymodem

monitornetworkperipheralpixelprocessor (micro-)RAMRAM vs. Hard DiskrecordscannersoftwarespreadsheetURLvirusWorld Wide Web (or Web

Computer Vocabulary and meaning

Anti-virus software - A program that finds and removes viruses from a computer.

Memory - Memory is for the temporary storing of information while a computer is being

Backup - A copy on floppy disk or tape of files on a PC's hard disk. A backup is used in case the hard disk file(s) are erased or damaged.Bit, bytes - A bit is the smallest piece of information that computers use. For simplicity, a PC uses bits in groups of 8 called bytes (8 bits = 1 byte).Boot, boot up, boot disk - You boot (or boot up) your computer when you switch it on and wait while it prepares itself. Instructions for startup are given to the computer from the boot disk, which is usually the hard disk.Browser, to browse - A browser is a program like Netscape or Internet Explorer. You use it

used. See RAM, ROM and Cache.MHz - Megahertz. This describes the speed of computer equipment. The higher the MHz the better the performance.Modem - Equipment connected to a computer for sending/receiving digital information by telephone line. You need a modem to connect to the Internet, to send electronic mail and to fax.OCR - Optical Character Recognition. OCR lets a PC read a fax or scanned image and convert it to actual lettering.Parallel port - A socket at the back of a computer for connecting external equipment or

to view or browse the Internet.Bug - A (small) defect or fault in a program.Cache - A kind of memory used to make a computer work faster.CD-ROM - A disk for storing computer information. It looks like an audio CD.CPU - Central Processing Unit. This is a PC's heart or 'brains'.DOS - Disk Operating System. The original system used for PCs. You type in commands instead of pointing and clicking.Driver - A small program that tells a PC how a peripheral works.Electronic mail (email, e-mail) - Messages sent from one computer to

peripherals, especially printers.PC card - A device that is the same size as a thick credit card, for plugging into a slot on notebook computers. You can buy memory, modems and hard disks as PC cards.Peripheral - Any equipment that is connected externally to a computer. For example, printers, scanners and modems are peripherals.Pixel - The image that you see on the screen is made of thousands of tiny dots, points or pixels.Program Software that operates a PC and does various things, such as writing text (word-processing program), keeping accounts

another. You can see email on the screen or print it out.Floppy disk - A cheap, removable disk used for storing or transferring information. It is floppy (soft) because it is plastic. See hard disk.Floppy drive - The device used to run a floppy disk (usually drive 'A'.)Folder (directory) - A sub-division of a computer's hard disk into which you put files.Font - A particular sort of lettering (on the screen or on paper). Arial is a font. Times New Roman is another.Format - All hard disks and floppy disks have to be electronically prepared for use by a process called

(accounts program) and drawing pictures (graphics program).QWERTY - The first 6 letters on English-language keyboards are Q-W-E-R-T-Y. The first 6 letters on French-language keyboards are A-Z-E-R-T-Y.RAM, ROM - Two types of memory. RAM (Random Access Memory) is the main memory used while the PC is working. RAM is temporary. ROM (Read Only Memory) is for information needed by the PC and cannot be changed.Resolution - The number of dots or pixels per inch (sometimes per centimetre) used to create the screen image.Scanner -

formatting. Hard disks are pre-formatted by the computer manufacturer. If you buy a floppy disk that is not pre-formatted, you format it yourself, using a program that comes with your PC.Graphics card - The equipment inside a computer that creates the image on the screen.Hard disk - The main disk inside a computer used for storing programs and information. It is hard because it is metal. See floppy disk.Icon - A small image or picture on a computer screen that is a symbol for folders, disks, peripherals, programs etc.Internet -

Equipment for converting paper documents to electronic documents that can be used by a computer.Serial port - Socket at the back of a PC for connecting peripherals.Taskbar, Start button - Two areas of the screen in Windows 95. The taskbar, at the bottom of the screen, shows the programs in use. The start button, in the bottom left corner, is for opening new programs.TFT - Thin Film Transistor, a type of high quality screen for notebook computers.Virus - A small, unauthorized program that can damage a PC.

International network of computers that you connect to by telephone line. Two popular services of the Internet are the World Wide Web and electronic mail.Kb, Mb, Gb - Kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes. Used to measure computer memory and storage.

Windows - An operating system used by the majority of PCs. The current versions are Windows 98 and Windows NT.World Wide Web, WWW, the Web - WWW are initials that stand for World Wide Web. The Web is one of the services available on the Internet. It lets you access millions of pages through a system of links. Because it is 'world-wide', it was originally called the World Wide Web or WWW.

Unit 8CareersObjective The students

will be able to know Vocabulary for job and careers

The students will be able to use Past simple : questions and negatives The students will be able to know and use Past simple : irregular verbs

Unit details Vocabulary for job and careers Past simple : questions and negatives Past simple : irregular verbs

Teaching activity Discussion about Vocabulary for job and careers Make sentences with Past simple : questions and negatives Finding out Past simple : irregular verbs Listen to the tape Do exercises

Teaching materials Course book Tape White board

Homework / Assignments Find out more careers and write down what do

they do with their careers.

Pictures of careers

Naming of careers

GeneralAviators.

Brass BandsCircusCivil ServantsDancersDoctorsEntertainersHorse RacingMiners

NunsNursesPhotographersPhysicistsPolicePoliticiansPublicansRailway Workers

ScientistsTeachers

Writers

Some of careers and meaning

MERCHANT : an occupation that might mean anything involving the buying and selling of a variety of products

PACKER : one who packed goods for preservation, such as pickles or herring

PAINTRESS : a woman employed in the pottery industry to hand-paint the finished articles

PALING MAN : one who dealt in eels; fishmonger

PAN SMITH : one who made pans; metalworker

PANTER : keeper of the pantry

PARKER : one who kept a park; a caretaker

PILOT : one licensed to steer ships through difficult waters

TAILOR : one who made or repaired clothes

Negatives and Questions in the Simple Past Tense

In the simple past tense, negative and question forms are made using the auxiliary verb "do" (in its past form, "did") followed by the simple form of the

main verb. This page explains the rules.

Forming a negativeNegatives in the simple present are formed by

adding didn't (informal) or did not (formal) before the simple form of the verb. The verb BE is an

exception to this; in the case of BE, we just add n't (informal) or not (formal) after "was" or "were":

Simple past statement

Informal negative

Formal negative

I had a car. I didn't have a car.

I did not have a car.

You ate my toast.

You didn't eat my toast.

You did not eat my toast.

He was here yesterday.

He wasn't here yesterday.

He was not here yesterday.

They were in the park.

They weren't in the park.

They were not in the park.

Forming a yes/no questionYes/no questions are also created using the auxiliary did. This time, the auxiliary is placed before the subject. The verb

BE is an exception; in this case, we move BE before the subject. Here are the rules:

Simple past statement

Yes/no question

He brought his friend.

Did he bring his friend?

They had a party.

Did they have a party?

You were here. Were you here?

She was sick. Was she sick?

Forming a WH- questionWH- questions (using words such as "what", "when",

"where" etc.) are also created by putting the auxiliary did before the subject (or moving BE, as explained above). Then, you add the WH- word at the beginning. Here are

some examples:

Statement Yes/no question

WH- question

The building fell down.

Did the building fall

down?

Why did the building fall

down?

They lived in Vancouver.

Did they live in Vancouver?

Where did they live?

The store was closed.

Was the store closed?

Why was the store closed?

They were Were they What were they?

wolves. wolves?

Unit 9On the move

Objectives The students will be able to know the travel

vocabularies The students will be able to use the modal

verb ”can” and have to The students will be able to know the

Meaning e - mail The students will be able to use Asking and

giving advice The students will be able to know the Tipping

and giving business cards in different cultures

Unit details Travel vocabulary Can for possibility and permission Have to for necessary Meaning e - mail Asking and giving advice Tipping and giving business cards in different

cultures

Teaching activity Discussion and find out the Travel

vocabularies Explaining the usage of “can and have to “ Do exercises of “can and have to “ Find the meaning of e – mail

Do role play ” Asking and giving advice” Discussion about Tipping and giving business

cards in different cultures

Teaching materials Course book Tape White board

Homework / Assignments Find out the different cultures around the

world

Travel vocabulary

The words below are some of the most important used when talking about

Travel.

By railBy bus / coach

By air By sea

station bus terminal airport port

train bus aircraft ship

catch / get oncatch / get on /

boardget on / board embark

get off get offget off /

disembarkdisembark

platform departure gate departure gate quay / dock

passenger train coach / buspassenger jet /

airplaneliner

journey journey flight voyage

depart / leave depart / leave take off sail

arrive arrive land dock

engine driver's seat cockpit bridge

engine driver bus driver pilot captain

corridor / aisle aisle aisle gangway

Air Travel

1 aisle n. corridor in aeroplane between the seats [there are usually one or two]

2 baggage claim

n. place where passengers go to find their luggage (cases etc) at the end of a flight

3 board v. to get on or enter an aeroplane - on board adv.

4 boarding pass

n. special ticket showing that passenger has checked in and may board plane

5 check in v. to register for a flight, inc. checking of tickets, passports, luggage etc - also n.

6 confirmation

n. passenger’s telephone validation of return reservation; reconfirmation

7 departures board

n. large display in airport showing times, destinations etc of departing flights

8 domestic

adj. national, not international [a domestic flight is entirely within one country]

9 duty free

adj. [of products: cigarettes, perfume etc] not taxable; exempt from customs taxes

10

excess baggage

n. luggage that is more than the permitted or allowed weight

11

flight n. an aeroplane scheduled to fly a certain route at a certain time

12

gate n. the point in an airport at which a particular flight arrives and departs

13

hand luggage

n. light bags, briefcases etc that may be carried on board by passengers

14

IATA abbr. International Air Transport Association

15

immigration officer

n. government official responsible for checking passengers’ passports

16

jet lag n. extreme tiredness etc after a long flight between extreme time zones

17

runway n. the strip on which planes land and take off

18

stopover

n. a break for a day or two on an international flight

19

ticket n. receipt for transportation etc. An air ticket has one coupon for each journey

20

transit n. A transit passenger is one stopping at an airport that is not his destination

Can for possibility and permission

Modal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. Future

Negative FormsYou can also use:

can general

1. I can speak Chinese

1. I can't speak Swahili.

to be able

ability

2. SHIFTS TO "COULD" I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.

3. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" I will be able to speak Chinese by the time I finish my course.

2. SHIFTS TO "COULD" I couldn't speak Swahili.

3. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" I won't be able to speak Swahili.

can ability during a specific event

1. With a burst of adrenaline, people can pick up cars. 2. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he was able to lift the car off the child's leg.

3. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" With a sudden burst of adrenaline, he will be able to lift the car.

1. People can't pick up cars. 2. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" Even the weight lifter, couldn't lift the car off the child's leg.

3. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" Even three men working together won't be able to lift the car.

to be able

can opportunity

1. I have some free time. I can help her now. 2. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" I had some free time yesterday. I was able to help her at that time.

3. I'll have some free time tomorrow. I can help her then.

1. I don't have any time. I can't help her  now. 2. SHIFTS TO "BE ABLE TO" I didn't have time yesterday. I wasn't able to help her at that time.

3. I won't have any time later. I can't help her then.

to be able

can permission

1. I can drive Susan's car when she is out of town. 2. SHIFTS TO "BE ALLOWED" I was allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out of town last week.

3. I can drive Susan's car while she is out of town next week.

1. I can't drive Susan's car when she is out of town. 2. SHIFTS TO "BE ALLOWED" I wasn't allowed to drive Susan's car while she was out of town last week.

3. I can't drive Susan's car while she is out of town next week.

may

can request

Can I have a glass of water? Can you give me a lift to school?

(Requests usually refer to the near future.)

Can't I have a glass of water? Can't you give me a lift to school?

(Requests usually refer to the near future.)

could may

can possibility / impossibility

Anyone can become rich and famous if they know the right people. Learning a

It can't cost more than a dollar or two. You can't be 45! I thought you were about

could

language can be a real challenge.

(This use is usually a generalization or an supposition.)

18 years old.

 (This use is usually a generalization or an supposition.)

Have to for necessary 

Modal Use1. Present 2. Past 3. Future

Negative Forms

You can also use:

have to certainty

1. That has to be Jerry. They said he was tall with bright red hair. 2. That has to have been the right restaurant. There are no other restaurants on this street.

3. NONE

1. SHIFTS TO "MUST" That must not have been Jerry we saw. He was supposed to have red hair. 2. SHIFTS TO "MUST" That must not have been the right restaurant. I guess there is another one around here somewhere.

3. NONE

must, have got to

have to necessity

1. She has to read four books for this literature class. 2. She had to finish the first book before the midterm.

3. She will have to finish the other books before the final exam.

1. She doesn't have to read "Grapes of Wrath." It's optional reading for extra credit. 2. She didn't have to write a critique of "The Scarlet Letter." She had to give a presentation to her class.

3. She won't have to take any other literature classes. American Literature 101 is the only required course.

must

don't have to choice/ no obligation

1. I don't have to take any tests. The course is just for fun. 2. I didn't have to take the test. The teacher let me do a report instead.

3. I won't have to take the test. It's going to be for extra credit and I don't need the points.

REMEMBER: "Do not have to" vs. "Must not""Do not have to" suggests that someone is not required to do something. "Must not" suggests that you are prohibited from doing something

Meaning e - mailWhat is the meaning of Email

Email. Electronic mail delivered via the internet.Email is the equivalent of a normal physical letter, only that it is written on a computer and delivered via the internet. That makes email extremely fast and also inexpensive. The recent rise in spam (see also What is the meaning of Spam), i.e. unwanted email however may pose a

threat to email as today's preferred means of communication online.Importance of Email for your small businessThe two most important facets about email are that it is extremely fast and inexpensive. For small businesses this can cut costs dramatically in comparison to standard letters. Just like many years ago faxes drove down the cost of business communication, so does email today. Emails can contain pictures, documents, programs and many other attachments. As long as the attachment is on your computer. For a business to send an email is basically cost free, as the bandwidth used is minimal and most businesses have flat fee internet connections anyway.

To send or receive email your business needs to have a domain name and on this domain at least one mail user account. If you have an internet connection through an ISP you will already have the possibility for an email account. There are also free web-based email services available via the internet, such as Yahoo or Lycos. As a professional business however you should stay away from using a free web-based email service or the email accounts from your ISP. You could easily be seen as old-fashioned or even technology shy if you don't have your own domain for your business.

If you don't have your own domain name yet, write to us! You will be surprised to find out how affordable your own domain name is!

Asking and giving adviceAsking for Advice

What do you think I should do? What do you suggest?

What would you do (in this situation)?

Giving Advice I think you should get a lawyer.

Maybe you should try someplace else.

Why don’t you call the company?

Tipping and giving business cards in different cultures

To tip, or not to tip? Mmmm... it's not that straightforward. Even when we've established that we ought to give a tip for something - that this is, indeed, a 'tipping situation' - the question is, how much? And to whom, exactly? And to make matters that little bit more complicated, the rules for tipping vary greatly from country to country. What's perfectly normal behaviour in a Tokyo restaurant might be thought rude in a Texan diner. Below you will find some great advice provided by the h2g2 Community that should help us all through this cultural minefield.

Tipping by Geography

Australia

Tipping in Australia is basically non-existent.

Canada

Most service staff in Canada expect something in the 10-20% tip range, depending on what city, if it's French or English Canada, and the level of service. Tipping is expected for restaurants, bars, food delivery and taxis. You should not try to tip the police, especially the Royal Canadian Mountain Police - they will not appreciate it. 15% is a good tip in a restaurant. In Montreal, tips for a good meal at a good restaurant with good service should be tipped more. In most of English Canada, you would find it a lot harder to have the same experience, and anyway would not be expected to tip as much.

On the other hand, you should not tip if service is bad. If the service is really bad, leave a nickel - they should get the message. There is no excuse for bad service - it's so easy to give! And if you work in the service industry, the little effort can gain you a personal reward - tips!

China

You'll never have to tip anywhere in China. It's the one consolation from the fact that foreigners are charged more as a matter of government policy.When I was in Shanghai 15 years ago, people would run after me with a couple of Jiao change. Last year they kept a couple of dollars unless I waited them out. Mind you, the service has improved a thousand per cent.

Egypt

In Egypt you are expected to tip - it's a way of life. If you go on a cruise on the Nile or on Lake Nasser, at the end of the cruise you will be asked to leave tips for the boat crew and any one else involved in the tours. Tipping the guide is at your discretion, but a good guide is worth a good tip.

Similarly, if you go to somewhere like Luxury or Aswan and use a caleche (horse-drawn 'buggy') to get about, the driver will expect a tip on top of the agreed fare. It's up to you whether you pay it, but the man will look aggrieved if you don't! Taxi drivers don't get tipped.

Estonia

Tipping in Estonia is not very common. Taxi drivers like to keep the change and sometimes waiters in a fancy restaurant would too, but they won't be insulted if you don't do it. You'll noticed that some small cafés and pubs have a jar or box on the counter labeled 'Tip' on it. Looks like it's working too. At least it's a smart idea.

France

In France, in restaurants, though not at bars, service must be included in the price, by law. It is usually about 15% or so.

Germany

Tipping seems strange to many Germans. The people you expect to tip attendants for example) have a fixed price (50pfg) but tipping hairdressers

and the like may seem akin to starting a revolution.I almost never tip taxi drivers, since mostly they don't even open the door for me. But I do leave a prissier for the bin men on the first collection after Christmas. Despite my nagging suspicion that they earn more than me.Hong Kong

Hong Kong taxi drivers do not expect tips (which is a darn good thing as they mostly don't deserve them) unless they are taking you to the airport or the MTR station which connects with the airport, when the cost of carrying luggage mysteriously multiplies.I flagged a driver who spoke a little English, drove very well, cut five minutes off my usual journey time, and opened the door when we got there. He got the equivalent of 50p (last of the big spenders, here) and was happy with it. Italy

No tip is expected in restaurants throughout Italy. If you feel guilty, just remember that you are being charged a coppertop ('cover charge') or possibly for pane ('bread'), as well. If you're feeling generous, you can leave some coins on the table as you leave.

Japan

Don't.

Mexico

In Mexico tipping is expected for almost any service - if not just a common courtesy to help compensate people who are paid little for their work except for tips. Taxis, restaurants, food delivery folks all should be tipped. Generosity is appreciated, stinginess or no tip for bad service is understood or grudgingly accepted; it might be that your waiter believes in Karma - just make sure that if you go back again, return a favor.

In Monterey, you can find a parking meter and pump some coins in but it could be a meter with a short time limit. If this is the case, you can ask the patrolling meter cop to watch the meter with an appropriate 'tip' to keep him motivated, just in case it runs past the maximum time and you promptly get a ticket.

If you take a cab in Mexico City, they have to use the taximeter by law. If the meter is 'broken' you can get out and catch the next cab which will be waiting right behind. Otherwise, if you are adventurous, know where you are going and your Spanish is good enough, then you can negotiate a price. If you do, make sure you settle the price with tip included or calculate your negotiating price minus a tip. Otherwise it is common courtesy to tip the metered amount. If you are traveling all over Mexico City, you should know where you are going as the taxi driver may not, and may not have a map. It is not like catching a cab in London where they all have the 'knowledge'.

If you do find an organized cabbie who gets you where you want efficiently you should consider that. If he is not so organized, and you have to pull out your city road map - consider that he probably has a hard time making money driving you around for hours except on the extra income from tips, and the cab fare is very reasonable to begin with - maybe the road map (Guia Roji for example) would make a very nice tip.

New Zealand

Don't tip. Ever. You don't have to, people will generally be nice to you as long as you don't treat them like your personal slave. Service is almost always included, as is the sales tax, so the price you see is the price you get. The only exceptions are:

Exceptionally good service

If the menu says 'Service not Included' (rare)

Telling the taxi driver to keep the change (so he doesn't have to fumble around for 35 cents)

Conversely, New Zealanders (and Australians too) are notoriously bad tippers, and consequently get bad service sometimes in other countries.

United Kingdom

All British people know this: you do not tip cash at the bar in a pub. If you are impressed with the barkeep's service, you can offer to buy them a drink. Such an offer will be genuinely

appreciated, even though it may not be accepted. If it is, the barkeep might take the tip in the form of cash to 'have one [a drink] later'. This will generally be for half a pint of beer, or a small measure of spirits - you would not expect them to take for a larger drink unless you specifically asked them to.

It seems to be a grey area whether to tip for meals served in a pub. Generally, you have to decide whether a particular establishment is a pub that serves food (don't tip) or a restaurant with a bar (do tip).

United States

Restaurants in the USA usually call for a 15-20% tip, however, if your server is a complete jerk, you aren't expected to give them a dime of your pocket-money. Of course, you may have the misfortune of going to a restaurant that automatically includes a 15% tip in the check, but for all those US males out there who pull out their little calculators every time they receive the bill, having the tip already indicated for them can save a lot of embarrassment.

In pubs, you are expected to put a dollar or two into the pot at the bar. However, since you usually pay only at the end (rather than for each drink as you go), this does not get too excessive!

In most states of the US the tax is around 7-8%, so you just tip twice the tax - a little more or less depending on the service you got. Easy-peasy lemon-squeezy. However, some people just don't

understand what the big deal is with figuring out what 15% of the total is... You just take ten percent of the total, divide that by two, and then find the sum of both figures!

Tipping By Profession

Hairdressers

Below is an example of an international tipping dilemma that can, and will, affect us all....I never know how much to tip a hairdresser. I'd probably say ten percent, but if you go somewhere expensive and have your hair cut it can cost up to £70, even up to £150 if you have highlights or something. Then paying 10% of £150 is £15 and that seems an awful lot for a tip. And do you tip the person who cut it, and/or the person who washed it, and/or the person who coloured it, or none of them?What about if the person who cuts your hair is the owner of the salon? Do you tip him? He's making the profit from cutting your hair already... So here's what one Researcher suggests...I agree that 10% on a haircut costing £150 does seem a lot, but then it has to be seen in a relative context. The amount of work done to warrant that price (eg, highlights) are labour intensive. Unless, that is, one is visiting the latest, 'in' hairdresser, because one has the

money to be 'high maintenance' and can therefore afford to tip £15 or more.Generally I tip £1 to the person who washes my hair, and 10% to the hairdresser who cuts it, normally rounding it up to £5 for anything below £50, and the next round number for anything above that. So actually, yes, on reflection, I find I fall in line with the 10% tip.It is important to bear in mind that it is very much worth tipping slightly over the odds if you are pleased with the way your hairdresser cuts your hair, as, tipping well establishes loyalty, and they, being pleased by your tip, will put more effort and care into your next visit.

Hotel Porters

In the experience of one Australian Researcher's fiancé who works as a hotel porter, tips don't necessarily mean money. Below is a list of Items received:

Two tickets to the Sydney Opera House (Box seats) from a gentlemen with a previous engagement.

Four unworn fashion concept dresses (of which three actually fit) from an American dress designer who could not be bothered repacking them into her over-full suit case.

A $50 dollar phone card with $42 dollars left on it from an elderly couple flying out that day.

A Black Forest cake from a guest as a farewell present.

One thing that irks most porters is receiving tips in the guest's home currency. It is usually in coin (which the banks refuse to change) and it gives the impression that the guest is just dumping their unwanted and unusable coins on the porter. To begin with it's nice with all the different coins etc, but after awhile the novelty wears off.

However...I always feel embarrassed when I arrive at the hotel because I generally have not yet changed money into the local currency or if I have the wretched airline kiosk has given me only large denomination notes. A Coach Driver Speaks

One Researcher explains the rules of the road for those who want to receive good tips:I worked for 20 years as a coach driver in the UK. The work involved both private hire work (day trips, taking people to shows, weddings, discos, etc) and extended tour work (seven to ten-day holiday trips in UK and Europe). Coach drivers wages are generally very close to the minimum wage level and, therefore, they expect to be tipped every time the coach leaves the depot. Most times you get something - occasionally you don't. Strangely those who can least afford it (eg, pensioners on a day trip) always give something to the driver.

On tour work you can usually expect an average of 50p per person per day assuming that you are good at the job and everyone has a good tour. A one-day private hire will usually be worth a tip of £10-£25.Another area where tour drivers augment their income is to take the group to a 'Woollen Mill', 'Freeport' or a 'pay to get in' attraction. Most of these organisations pay a commission on money spent by passengers. As with most areas of tipping, the more you put in - the more you get out. If you turn up with a clean coach and a friendly attitude you are more likely to go home with a pocketful of appreciation.

Tipping Awareness

An Understandable Faux Pas

It can happen to best of us, as this Researcher's personal experience illustrates:Once in an Indian restaurant in Massachusetts we were pleased with the meal and the service and wanted to tip. We paid for the meal and wanted to give a 'normal' tip to the waiter. But he replied, 'This is not wanted'. So we left the restaurant without leaving a tip.The next time in the same restaurant with the same waiter, we just assumed he didn't take tips for some reason. But when leaving the restaurant, he called after us, asking why we didn't give him any tip. We apologised and referred to our last encounter, but he said he was hoping to be tipped, which we finally did.What might have gone wrong here?

In many eastern countries it is common to say one thing and mean another. Declining a tip is just part of the ritual of actually giving one. It's the same as saying 'please enter my unworthy hovel' when entering the Taj Mahal. It's an elaborate dance, so it helps to know the rules.

Waiters and Waitresses

In many places around the world, the waiting staff get paid far below minimum wage because they make up the rest of their salary in tips.

Not tipping the waiter is simply rude. A good rule of thumb for a waiter who does a good job is simply to divide five into your check and give 20 percent (far too many people give ten percent because of the ease of maths, yet 20 percent is just as easy - therefore far too many people are just plain cheap!)

Things which should not impact your tipping:

Not getting your steak cooked properly

The restaurant being out of your favourite dish

The cleanliness of the rest rooms

Difficulty in finding a parking space

Having a conflict with another diner (loud children, people smoking in a non-smoking section)

Having a bad day

Having difficulty with your date

Anything else beyond the human control of your waiter or waitress

These people rely on your handouts to make a living. They should never be punished monetarily for something they can't control. However, if they spill soup in your lap or forget to bring you a dish or a drink - dock their tip but never, ever let it fall below ten percent

10 Powerful Networking Tips Using Business Cards"

Whether you are looking for a job or running a business, giving out business cards is crucial to marketing your skills or services. Even as a job seeker, develop the mindset of running the business of YOU, Inc. Business cards speak volumes about who you are, what you offer and how serious you are marketing YOU, Inc. as a business. Oh! So, you have a resume and don't need business cards. Can you carry 10 resumes in your wallet' Do you or can you carry your resume everywhere you go' A church bell ringing lets people know they are open for business. Your business card is your bell. Here are some proven tips using business cards to increase your chances of landing a job or creating a business opportunity. 1. Never leave home without them. Before leaving home, your checklist should be expanded to include business cards, as part of "do I have my wallet/money, house keys, driver's license'" Any 'per chance' meeting is an

opportunity to give out a business card. A morning run or a quick trip to the local store could be an opportunity to network. My wife and I always ask each other 'do you have business cards', before leaving the house. Make it a habit to carry business cards. 2. Insert a business card when mailing bill payments. Bills contain advertisements. Why can't you advertise your skills or services the same way' Insert a business card with your payment. You may not think a person in South Dakota who opens your credit card bill payment can help you. Never underestimate the power of networking. A movie, entitled '6 Degrees of Separation' points out we are 6 people away from knowing someone of influence. You could be 6 people away from knowing the President of the United Sates, your favorite movie star or someone who is in a position to hire your skills or services. Each of us knows someone, who knows someone, who knows someone etc. Developing this powerful networking attitude will be a fundamental source of continued success. 3. Use proper business card etiquette. Whenever you give a business card, ask for a business card. When given a business card, don't just take it and place it in your pocket. Make the person feel important by looking at their card for a few seconds. You might see something that could be a topic of discussion. Write comments on the card such as date, location and common points of interest. These comments will prove

valuable when following up with that person. This also demonstrates a sincere interest in the other person. Then place it in your wallet. This lets them know they reside in a special place with you. "Skill with People" by Les Giblin is a book that expands on this approach. Make people feel important, in order to make yourself important to them. 4. Be generous. Give business cards out to everyone, including family and friends. Don't let vanity stop you from giving out your last business card or giving 2 at a time to each person. I have met many people who have totally missed the purpose of a business card. I once asked a person for a second business card, so I could refer his services. His response was "I only have a few cards left and I need them", as he looked again at his name on the card. Hoarding your business cards only makes your wallet feel full, not your bank account.

5. Ask for referrals. When giving a business card, people feel more comfortable when you ask; 'I would appreciate a referral, if you know anyone that could use my services'. Don't make people feel like they are on the spot. This approach disarms people much better than asking them, 'is your company hiring'' People naturally like to do favors for people. Saying 'could you do me a favor by referring my services to someone'. This always

places you in a better position with them. They will feel better about helping you. Give them 2 cards. 6. Maximize every "per chance" meeting. You never know when you might meet someone who can help you. Family or friends social events could produce unexpected encounters with people. Don't discount those events. So you're going to a birthday party for your friend's kid. You never know who you might meet. At a family holiday gathering last year, I met someone that has been instrumental in developing our business this year. Who would have thought this could happen by giving him a simple business card. 7. Place yourself at the right place at the right time. Have you been to a job fair or business conference and been disappointed with the networking results' Turn the tables around. Consider volunteering to help out at the job fair or other types of events. This puts you in a better strategic position for presenting your resume or business card. Company representatives might view you differently, if they know you are willing to go the extra mile in helping them make their presence easier to manage. Get involved by visiting Eventme.com, TheLunchClub.net, Craigslist.com or view the calendar of events for JacobJavitsCenter.com to place yourself in opportunities for giving out your business card. Volunteering for events has been a very successful resource for my business partner and I

to expanding our business. Zig Ziglar, one of the most successful sales trainers in the world says "if you help enough people get what they want in life, you will get what you want in life". 8. Use "In Your Face" follow up. Did you ever have a job interview or meeting with a recruiter, potential client or employer and wonder why they never called you back' 'Out of sight, out of mind' is the operative phrase to remember. Today's economic climate dictates you might be competing with 20, 50, 100 or more other people for the same position or contract. It's quite a task for people to keep track of each individual meeting. So it's up to you to give a person a reason to call you back. Immediately after a meeting snail mail a hand written note thanking the person for their time. Insert your business card. Now you're in the driver's seat in standing out from other people. If you get no response, do it again. Patience and persistence pays off. 9. Use promotions to promote YOU, Inc. Newspapers often have stories of people being promoted to high levels in different organizations' This is an opportunity for you. Consider getting some invitation size blank greeting cards. Use the Internet's search capabilities to find out the address of the company's executive offices. Send the blank invitation type card with a hand written note sincerely congratulating a person on their promotion. Insert your business card. For the cost of a 37-cent stamp, you have just made

someone's day and may create an impression that makes a person feel compelled to respond back to you. Make it a habit to do this once a week. Remember '6 Degrees of Separation'. You just never know . . . People open invitation type envelops faster than any others. 10. Brand yourself with a slogan. Print a slogan on your business card that answers the question 'Why should I hire you' Or "What makes you different from everyone else'" A catchy phrase or slogan insures people ALWAYS associate a company name with their product or services. People remember even after the commercial is over. That's called branding. Companies pay big bucks to advertising agencies to come up with these lasting slogans. Consider doing the exact same thing on your business card. This is your insurance people remember you, after you meet. Don't just put Hortence Smiley, Accountant on your business card. Add something like "Financial Services With Integrity". A slogan makes all the difference between getting hired or not, because people will remember you long after a meeting. Happy trails networking . . . Keywords: marketing, strategy, business, sales, networking, advertising,

Unit 10In the news

Objective Students will be able to know types news and

vocabulary for the news Students will be able to use The going to

future: positive ,negative, question form, short answer

Students will be able to know the company words

Unit details Types news Vocabulary for the news The going to future: positive ,negative,

question form, short answer Company words

Teaching activity

Discussion about types news Finding out vocabulary for the news Explaining the usage of The going to future:

positive ,negative, question form, short answer

Finding out company words Listen to the tape Do exercises

Teaching materials Course book Tape White board

Homework / Assignments Find out the news types vocabularies from the

newspaper

News TypesNews Items have been categorised using a set of News Types. Currently, the active News Types are "Announcements", "Events", "Media Releases", "Academic Matters", "Alumni News", "Guild News", "Positions Vacant" "Staff Development" and "Classifieds".

Academic Matters News items on Admission, Enrolment,

Timetables, Examination Results, Training or Workshops for Students, Teaching and Learning Resources, Scholarships, Awards, Academic Staff Development

Alumni News News items of interest to Murdoch alumni. Announcements

Priority news items, eg. Establishment of new Research Centres and Institutes, which may, if deemed necessary, also be listed under other News Types.

Events

Annual/Biennial events on set days, eg. Courses and Careers Days, Orientation Day, Vet Dog Wash Day. Also, Conferences, seminars and workshops that are to be held at Murdoch or sponsored by Murdoch and public lectures and visiting speakers. Social and cultural events such as Music Club performances, Film screenings, Drama, Dinners, Luncheons, Art Exhibitions. Sport and health events such as Health workshops and sporting events at Murdoch.

Guild News Provides students with news of Guild activities and services, including and Recreation & Sports Centre notices.

Media Releases Text of statements issued to the media by staff at Murdoch University. (NOTE: News items produced by the media may not match the News Items displayed by the University's News & Events system.)

Positions Vacant Notices of job opportunities at Murdoch, including some positions only available to internal applicants.

Staff Development Staff Development activities held for staff at Murdoch University.

Classifieds Advertisements relevant to members of the Murdoch community, eg. accommodation wanted

Vocabulary for the news

Newspaper Vocabulary There are two types of newspaper -

broadsheets and tabloids. Broadsheets are the ones with large pages, and are often more serious. Tabloids have

smaller pages, and make all news as eye-catching as possible.

The words belo. After 2003 most of the broadsheets, who were losing out to the tabloids, made their pages smaller mainly so that commuters could read them easily while sitting - or standing - on crowded public transport. There are very few broadsheets left in circulation.Non-native speakers of English often have difficulty in understanding newspaper headlines and vocabulary. Using this chart will make reading the newspapers easier!The words tabloids use are shorter and snappier, catch the eye, use up less space, are more emotive - and help sell newspapers!This chart is aimed at fairly advanced students of English may be used in both types, but are mainly seen in the tabloids

Newspaper Word Meaning Example of use in Newspaper Headlinesaxe cut, cancel Council axes swimming poolsback support, agree with

Council backs bid for new tram linkban exclude, prohibit

Lager louts banned from city centre

bar exclude, ban Lager louts barred from city centrebid attempt, try Boy bids for round-the-world recordblast criticise, condemn

Ministers blasted for huge pay riseblow setback Blow to hopes for end to strikeboost increase Huge boost in exportsbreakthrough success Breakthrough in fight against cancercall request, suggestion Call for new congestion chargeclash disagree, disagreement

Minister clashes with Home Secretarycrackdown control, purge Police crackdown on drugscurb restrict Call for curb on late-night pubs and clubsdrama incident, happening

Drama as pop singer is booed by angry crowddump dismiss, sack, jilt Man in murder trial dumps defence lawyerembrace meet, agree to Government embraces new initiative on crimeface confront Prime Minister faces journalistsfear, fears worry, worries Fears for missing schoolgirlfeud quarrel, row Neighbours feud about parking spacesfury anger Fury as police arrest famous boxergo on rampage cause chaos

Fans go on rampage after soccer matchgrab confiscate, steal

Police grab stolen computershit affect Snow hits traffic on motorwayhurdle difficulty, obstacle

Funding hurdle in bid to solve tube crisiskey answer, solution Gun is key to finding murdereropt for choose Government opts for French high speed trainsoust replace, sack MP ousted by consitiuentsoutrage anger Outrage as killer is freed through legal error

plan proposal MP's back plan for 5th Terminalplea request Mayor's plea for more Government cashpledge promise London Mayor pledges better tube serviceprobe investigate, ~ion

Probe into cash missing from airportpurge control, crackdown

Purge on Capital's gun crimepush for ask for, insist on

Public pushes for better public servicesquit resign, leave Top executive found stealing quits postquiz question, interrogate

Police quiz suspected terroristrap criticise, reprove

Opposition raps Prime Ministerraid attack Police raid houses of drug dealersriddle mystery Missing musician riddlerow argument,disagreement Row over plans to lock up asylum seekerssoap (opera) popular TV series East Enders, Coronation Streetset to ready to, about to

Balloonist set to break world recordsex-romp sex, affair Soap stars caught in sex rompshake-up reform Shake-up in police bureaucracyshun avoid, hide from

Recluse actor shuns limelightsink destroy, eliminate

Lack of cash sinks plans for memorialslam criticise Prime Minister slammed by

Opposition for backing United States on war.

snag difficulty, problemNew tramline hits snag

snub avoid, fail to meetFrench President snubs Prime Minister

soar increase, rise Crime figures soar in city centresplit division, separation

Government split on whether to go to war

storm attack,anger,leave angrily Police storm crack house Storm over plans to demolish houses

Angry teachers storm out of pay negotiations

swoop raid Police swoop on illegal strip club

threat possibility Threat of more strike action by post office staffturmoil controversy, trouble

Turmoil as new road plan comes into effectvow promise Home Secretary vows to cut street crimewar rivalry Ice cream war breaks out between rival gangswed marry Robin weds sweetheart

The news headline

Two types of headlinesThere are two types of headlines. Most news stories in the Bangkok Post use sentence headlines although they may be shortened by omitting certain words as you will see later. Many feature stories and some very short news stories use phrase headlines or titles which leave out the verb. Here are some examples of both:

Sentence headlines

Police rescue 12 divers as launch sinks off Phi PhiPen manufacturers still see good future for luxury pens

Phrase headlines

Getting in touch with the spiritsHeroism and cowardice at the “Top of the World”Reward for tracing suspect

The grammar of sentence headlinesAlmost all sentence headlines in the Bangkok Post use the present tense—despite the fact that they generally describe past events. The present tense gives the subject a sense of freshness and immediacy, making it more interesting to read.

Headlines pack a great deal of information into a limited space, so it is not surprising that Bangkok Post headline writers use several methods to conserve space. One obvious example is to use abbreviations (“PM” for “Prime Minister”, etc.). But they also use a special grammar, omitting articles (“a” and “the”) and the verb “to be” wherever possible.

Cooperation agreement signed(A cooperation agreement is signed)

Australian ex-judge sworn in to represent UK queen(An Australian ex-judge is sworn in to represent the United Kingdom queen)

Be sure to notice that the omission of the verb “to be” can make the headline appear to be in the past tense when it is actually present tense, passive voiceHeadline vocabularyAnother way to conserve space in headlines is to use short words instead of long ones. In the example below notice the various ways the headline writer can shorten the headline “MP criticises dishonest election plan”. The Bangkok Post uses about one hundred easily-learned short words in its news headlines. Here are a few of the most common.

probe

investigate, investigation

graftcorruptionbid attempt, offer

row quarrel or disagreement

The going to future

Be going to + Verb (base form) Frank is going to study Medicine.Where are they going to stay when they come?She isn't going to buy the new house afterall.

The future with 'going to' is used to express planned events or intentions. These events or intentions are decided on before the moment of speaking. NOTE 'Going to' or '-ing' are often both correct for planed events. 'Going to' should be used for distant future intentions (example: He's going to study Law)

Oh no! Look at those clouds. It's going to rain.Be careful! You're going

Used for future predictions based on physical (usually visual) evidence.

to drop those dishes!

Present Continuous (be + '-ing') He's coming tomorrow afternoon.What are we having for dinner?I'm not seeing the doctor until Friday.

Used for planned or personally scheduled events. Usually used with principle verbs such as: come, go, begin, start, finish, have, etc. NOTE 'Going to' or '-ing' are often both correct for planed events. 'Going to' should be used for distant future intentions (example: He's going to study Law)

structure

Future with 'going to'Conjugate the helping verb "be" + 'going to' + verb (base form).

I'm going to (I am) You're going to (You are)He's going to (He is)She's going to (She is)It's going to (It is) We're going to (We are)You're going to (You are)They're going to (They are)

work this evening.

Conjugate the helping verb "be" + not + going to verb (base form)

I'm not going to (I am not)You aren't going to (You are not)He isn't going to (He is not)She isn't going to (She is not)It isn't going to (It is not)We aren't going to (We are not)You aren't going to (You are not)They aren't going to (They are not)

come this evening.

Question word + conjugate the helping verb 'be' + subject going to + verb (base form)

What

am I going toare you going tois he going tois she going tois it going to are we going toare you going toare they going to

do tomorrow?

Exercises

1.It (rain) ___________________

2.They (eat)_________________stew.

3.I (wear)__________________blue shoes tonight.

4.We (not / help)__________________you.

5.Jack (not / walk)___________________home.

6.(cook / you)______________dinner?

7.Sue (share / not)________________her biscuits.

8.(leave / they)______________the house?

9.(take part / she)______________in the contest?

10. I (not / spend)_______________my holiday abroad this year

Write questions in going to future.

1.(he / cook dinner / tonight)______________________________________

2.(you / run / in the race)________________________________________

3.(they / climb / that mountain)____________________________________

4.(she / exercise / at the gym / in the afternoon)_____________________

5.(you / carry / that heavy box)_____________________________________

6.(computer / crash)_____________________________________________

7.(we / eat / fish / tonight)________________________________________

8.(he / play football / tomorrow)____________________________________

9.(Lucy / call / a taxi)_____________________________________________

10. (you / sing / a song / for us)____________________________________