en guidelines health agriculture werner 2005

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Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11 -13 December 2005

International Standard and Guidelines: Health and Agriculture Aspects

Christine Werner Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

ecological sanitation program, Division 44 environment and infrastructure

(Ecological Sanitation Symposium, Syria, 11-13.12.2005)


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Contents

WHO Guidelines1989 version: Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture and aquaculture2005 version (upcoming): Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater

EcoSanRes GuidelinesGuidelines on the safe use of urine and faeces inecological sanitation systemsGuidelines on the use of urine and faeces in crop

productionFAO Guidelines

FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47: wastewater treatment and use in agriculture (1992)


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WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater andexcreta in agriculture and aquaculture (1989)

Category Use Person /Group

exposed

Nematodes[Eggs / kg]

Feacalcoliforms[number /

100 g]

A Application to field crop(used for raw food)

worker,consumer,

public


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Upcoming WHO guidelines, update of theguidelines from 1989, publication planned in 20063 Volumes:

safe use of wastewater in agriculturesafe use of wastewater in aquaculturesafe use of excreta and greywater

New WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater
http://www.who.int/en/


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Reuse of wastewater, greywater and excreta in agriculture andaquaculture is practiced worldwideon a large scale, however oftenwithout sufficient health proctction

measuresWHO recognise the importance of reuse of wastewater, greywater and excreta for sustainable foodproduction and improved livelihood

WHO provides guidance on healthprotection measures for safe reuseWHO recognise source-separationas a special and valid approach

source:GTZ


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The new WHO-guidelinesare:based on:

scientific consensusand best available

evidence,health based targetsgood practices and amultiple-barrier approach

to be adapted to localsocial, economic, andenvironmental factorsstriving to maximizeoverall public healthbenefits and the beneficial

use of scarce resources

source:GTZ

source:GTZ


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new WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater

key issue: better methodologies for evaluating risk

previous guidelines were based onactual risks using epidemiologicalevidenceupdated guidelines make use of all

available evidence includingQuantitative Microbial RiskAssessment (QMRA-models)data on different pathogens are usedto develop

health based targets,

required pathogen reduction andmiocrobial performance targets of wastewater and excretatreatment systems

source:GTZ

source:GTZ


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Definition: Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)DALYs are a measure of population health in terms of the burdendue to a specific disease or risk factor.DALYs attempt to measure healthy years of life lost because of disability or death from a diseaseDALYs account for not only acute health effects but also for delayedand chronic effectsdifferent health outcomes (e.g., cancer vs diarrhea) can becompared and risk management decisions can be prioritized.

adopted protection level for wastewater/excreta use inagriculture in the new WHO guideline:

tolerable additional disease burden


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Pathogen reductions achievable by various health

protection measures for wastewater use in agricultureControl measure Pathogen reduction (log units)

Wastewater treatment 16

Localized (drip) irrigation (low-growing crops) 2

Localized (drip) irrigation (high-growing crops) 4

Spray drift control (spray irrigation) 1

Spray buffer zone (spray irrigation) 1

Pathogen die-off 0.52 per day

Produce washing with water 1

Produce disinfection 2

Produce peeling 2

Produce cooking 67


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Verification monitoring of wastewater treatment for thevarious levels of wastewater treatment in Options AG:E.coli


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Health-based targets for treated wastewater use in agriculture: helminth eggs


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Example: agricultural use of wastewater,Peru

Coastal region of Peru: extremely aridWastewater treatment in stabilisation pondsIrrigation with treated effluent for restricted crops

source:Saniplan


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Example: greywater recycling through sub-surface application, India

Use of greywater inmulch trenches

Mulch filledtrench orpit

source:GTZ


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Guidelines on the safe use of urine and faecesin ecological sanitation systems (EcoSanRes)

public health issuesof agricultural reuseof urine and faeces


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guidelines on the safe use of urine and faecesin ecological sanitation systems (EcoSanRes)

focuses on the treatment and handling of faecesand urine, provides current information on riskmanagement and assessment of sourceseparation strategies

technical and behavioural barriers against diseasetransmission, sanitation treatment methods, reusein agriculturethe scope of guideline is limited to products from

urine diversion devices and dry collection systemsfor faeces.


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Recommendations for urine treatment and use :The main risks in the use of excreta are related to the faecalfraction and not the urine fraction.Technical constructions should be done in ways to minimizefaecal crosscontamination.At household level the urine can be used directly.Urine should, in large-scale systems, be stored for one monthat 20C before use.

A withholding period of one

month between fertilization andharvest should be applied.Urine should be applied close toground and preferably mixed

with or watered into the soil.UrinestrogaeinSweden(Gebers)


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Recommendations for faeces treatment and use :Faeces should be treated before use as fertilizer.Primary treatment (in the toilet) includes storage andalkaline treatment by addition of ash, lime or urea.

1-2 cups (200-500 ml; enough to cover the freshfaeces) of alkaline material should be added after each defecation.

Faeces should additionally be mixed

into the soil in such a way that theyare well covered.Faeces should not be used for fertilization of vegetables, fruits or root crops that are to be consumed

raw, excluding fruit trees.

Driedfaeces(GTZ))


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Treatment Criteria Comment

Storage (only treatment)at ambient

temperature 2-20C

1,5-2 years Will eliminate most bacterial pathogens,substantially reduce viruses, protozoa

and parasites, some ova may persist

Storage (only treatment)at 20-35C

>1 year As above

Storage and alkalinetreatment

pH >9during > 6

months

Temperature 25 or lower pH will prolong the timefor absolute elimination

Recommended storage time and treatment for faeces


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Guidelines on the use of urine and faeces incrop production (EcoSanRes)

Agronomic issues of agricultural reuse of urine and faeces


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Requirements regarding re-using of excreta for agricultural purposes,including plant growth, nutirents inexcreta, hygiene treatment of urineand faeces, etc. are discussed.

Recommendations on usingexcreta in cultivation are given.It emphasizes that urine and faecesare complete fertilizers. Urine is richin nitrogen and faeces are rich inphosphorous, potassium andorganic matter.guideline is limited to products fromurine diversion devices and drycollection systems for faeces.

source:GTZ

source:GTZ


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Recommendations for use of urine incultivation:

Urine is a quick-acting nitrogen-richcomplete fertilizer. Best effects from prior to sowing, up until two-thirds of the periodbetween sowing and harvest.Recommended application rate and timeshould be based on the desired nitrogenapplication rate (based on localrecommendations for chemical nitrogenfertilizers)Rule of thumb: apply the urine from oneperson during one day (24 hours) to onesquare metre of crop. (= 300-400 m 2per person and year)

F

otos:UrinereuseinHavanna,Cuba(GTZ)


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Recommendations for use of faeces incultivation:

Faeces should be applied and mixed intothe soil before cultivation starts. Localapplication in holes or furrows close tothe planned plants allows for economicuseThe application rate can be based on thecurrent recommendation for the use of phosphorous-based fertilizers (low

application rate with little improvementdue to the added organic matter)Faeces can also be applied at muchhigher rates for improving structure andwater-holding capacity of the soil

Fotos:Compostfrom faecesinHavanna,Cuba(GTZ)

source:GTZ


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Beneficial effects of agricultural use of urineand faeces

restored soil fertilitythrough nutrient reuse

source:

Vinners,2003

improved soil qualitythrough reuse of organics

urinefaeces &

urinenone

compostimproved soil untreated soil

after one week without water source:PetterJenssen

source:GTZ


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Covers health aspects andagronomic aspects of reuseof wastewater in agriculture

Draws on the WHOGuidelines (1989) for healthprotection measures

FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47:Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture


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FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47:Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture

FAO guidelines define userestrictions with respect tosalinity, trace elements,nitrogen, etc. in order to notproduce negative effects onproductivity and yields.Blending conventional water with treated effluent, or usingthe two sources in rotation ispossible.This means that nutrients

elimination in wastewater treatment is not necessary if reclaimed water can be blendedwith normal irrigation water.

source:GTZ


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FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47:wastewater treatment and use in agriculture

units Degree of restriction on use

none Slight to

moderatesevere

Potential irrigationproblem

Salinity (Ec w1 ) dS/m < 0.7 0.7 - 3.0 > 3.0

Na, surface irrigation me/I < 4 4 - 10 > 10

Na, sprinkler irrigation m 3 /l < 3 > 3

Nitrogen (NO 3-N)3 mg/l < 5 5 - 30 > 30

pH Normal range 6.5-8

Water quality guidelines for maximum crop production (example)


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FAO irrigation and drainage paper 47:wastewater treatment and use in agriculture

Element Recommended maximum

concentration(mg/l)

Remarks

Cd 0.01 Toxic to beans, beets and turnips atconcentrations as low as 0.1 mg/l in nutrientsolutions. Conservative limits recommendeddue to its potential for accumulation in plantsand soils to concentrations that may beharmful to humans.

Cu 0.20 Toxic to a number of plants at 0.1 to 1.0 mg/l in

nutrient solutions.Zn 2.0 Toxic to many plants at widely varying

concentrations; reduced toxicity at pH > 6.0and in fine textured or organic soils.

Pd 5.0 Can inhibit plant cell growth at very highconcentrations.

Threshold levels of trace elements for crop production

(example)

en guidelines health agriculture werner 2005

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