emteq engineering afm supplement for

EMTEQ Engineering AFM SUPPLEMENT FOR

Miramar, Florida BOEING 757 EGPWS

FAA APPROVED DATE: April 15. 2015 Doc: EMTQ-015B-FMS Rev: C of 19

SECTION I - GENERAL I.1 FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW

The EGPWS extends the functionality of the existing MK V GPWS system. Performance of the basic ground proximity alerting modes of the EGPWS is identical to this existing system. The EGPWS system integrates four main alerting functional areas into the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning Computer (EGPWC), which is a single Line Replaceable Unit (LRU). These functional areas are:

• Ground Proximity Warning (including Altitude Callouts and Bank Angle Alerting) • Terrain/Obstacle Awareness Alerting and Display (TAAD) • Terrain Clearance Floor (TCF) • Windshear Detection (if enabled)

The system operates by accepting a variety of aircraft parameters as inputs, applying alerting algorithms, and providing the flight crew with aural alert messages and visual annunciations and displays in the event that the boundaries of any alerting envelope are exceeded. The system comprises the following groups of components:

• Aircraft sensors and other systems providing input signals • The Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning Computer (EGPWC) • Flight Deck Audio Systems (Speakers & Interphone) • Alert Lights, Mode and Selector Switches, and Terrain/Obstacle Display

The EGPWS is designed to be fully compatible with normal aircraft operations. Alerts will be very rare if the pilot maintains situational awareness with respect to the terrain or obstacles. There is normally no requirement for pilot input to the system other than activation of the cockpit self-test function and activation of the Terrain/Obstacle Awareness Alerting and Display.




SECTION II - LIMITATIONS • Navigation must not be predicated upon the use of the Terrain/Obstacle Awareness Display. • Pilots are authorized to deviate from their current air traffic control (ATC) clearance to the

extent necessary to comply with an EGPWS warning. • The Terrain/Obstacle Awareness Alerting and Display (TAAD) must be inhibited by selecting

the TERR OVRD switch to OVRD in order to avoid giving unwanted alerts when taking off at, or within 15 nm of approach or landing at an airport not contained in the EGPWS Airport Database. Refer to Honeywell document 060-4267-000 for airports contained in the installed EGPWS Terrain Database.




SECTION III - EMERGENCY/ABNORMAL PROCEDURES For ditching, or other off-airport landings, inhibit the Terrain/Obstacle Awareness Alerting and Display (TAAD) and Terrain Clearance Floor (TCF) functions by selecting the TERR OVRD switch to OVRD.

SECTION IV - NON-NORMAL PROCEDURES IV.1 ENHANCED GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING - GLIDESLOPE DEVIATION ALERTING

SYSTEM (EGPWS)

EGPWS WARNING: Any of the following conditions is regarded as an EGPWS warning:

• Activation of the EGPWS “TERRAIN, TERRAIN, PULL UP”, “PULL UP”, “OBSTACLE, OBSTACLE PULL UP” or “(siren) WINDSHEAR, WINDSHEAR, WINDSHEAR” warning (if enabled).

• Red PULL UP light. • Red WINDSHEAR light (if enabled). • Pop Up of Terrain/Obstacle display with Red Warning area displayed. • Other situation resulting in unacceptable flight toward terrain or obstacles.

For recovery procedures see basic Airplane Flight Manual.

EGPWS CAUTION: Any of the following conditions are regarded as an EGPWS caution:

• Activation of the EGPWS “CAUTION TERRAIN”, “CAUTION OBSTACLE”, “TOO LOW TERRAIN”, “SINKRATE” “DON’T SINK”, “GLIDESLOPE”, “TOO LOW FLAPS” or “TOO LOW GEAR” alert.

• Amber GND PROX light. • Pop Up of Terrain/Obstacle display with Amber Alert area displayed.

For recovery procedures see basic Airplane Flight Manual.




SECTION V - NORMAL PROCEDURES V.1 PREAMBLE

The operating procedures contained in this supplement have been developed and recommended by the manufacturer and approved by the FAA for use in the operation of this system. These procedures are for guidance only in identifying acceptable operating procedures.

V.2 SYSTEM ACTIVATION

The Enhanced GPWS is active when electrical power is on, the GND PROX BITE or GND PROX SYS message is not indicated on the EICAS system display, the TERR OVRD INOP light is not on and the following systems are operational:

Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning Computer (EGPWC) Radio Altimeter #1, #2, or #3 Air Data Computer #1 or #2 ILS Receiver #1 or #2 Inertial Reference System #1 or #2 Flight Management System #1 or #2 EHSI Displays Gear and Flaps indicating systems Flight Deck Audio System (Speakers or Interphone) Stall Warning Computer #1 or #2 (if Windshear Detection function has been enabled)

Two Fault indications are provided for the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System. The GND PROX BITE or GND PROX SYS message on the EICAS system display indicates a failure in either the GPWS function or Windshear Detection function or both. The TERR OVRD INOP light indicates a failure in the Terrain/Obstacle Awareness Alerting and Display functions. In the event that Radio Altimeters are not functioning, the basic GPWS modes (Modes 1 to 6), Windshear Detection and Terrain Clearance Floor will not be available. However, the enhanced feature of Terrain/Obstacle Awareness Alerting and Display will be available.




V.3 EGPWS INDICATORS AND CONTROLS

The following indicators and switches are associated with the EGPWS:

Indicator/Control Color Location Function

PULL UP light RED Next to Standby ADI EGPWS Pull Up warnings

GND PROX / GS INHIB light AMBER Next to EICAS EGPWS cautions

Press to inhibit glideslope alerts

WINDSHEAR light & annunciation (if enabled)

RED Next to Standby ADI and on each EADI

WINDSHEAR warning

GND PROX BITE or GND PROX SYS annunciation

AMBER or

WHITE

On EICAS Indicates GPWS and/or Windshear Warning are inoperative.

GM) PROX/CONFIG GEAR OVRD switch

none In front of Co-Pilot Inhibits GPWS Mode 4A “Too Low Gear” caution. (May be manually reset by pilot)

GND PROX FLAP OVRD switch

none In front of Co-Pilot Inhibits GPWS Mode 4B “Too Low Flaps” caution. (May be manually reset by pilot)

TERR select switches (2) WHITE In front of each pilot near EHSI

Provides manual selection/deselection of EGPWS terrain/obstacle display.

WXR select switches (2) 1 WHITE In front of each pilot near EHSI

Provides manual selection/deselection of WXR display.

TERR OVRD switch WHITE On main panel near EHSI

Inhibits TAAD and TCF functions. White OVRD illuminated when selected.

TERR OVRD INOP AMBER On main panel near EHSI

Indicates the TAAD and TCF are Inoperative

WXR ON switch 2 none On EHSI control panels

Enables display of TAAD and WXR

1 – For aircrafts with alternate weather radar display activated, these switches are placarded

INOP. 2 – For aircrafts with alternate weather radar display activated, this switch is placarded TERR and

will enable display of TAAD only.




V.4 ALERT PRIORITIES

The following lists the priority of the warnings and cautions:

EGPWC (Rank) Aural

1 Siren “WINDSHEAR, WINDSHEAR, WINDSHEAR” (if enabled)

2 “PULL UP” (Modes 1)

3 “TERRAIN, TERRAIN, PULL UP” (Mode 2)

4 “TERRAIN, TERRAIN, PULL UP” (TAAD)

5 “OBSTACLE, OBSTACLE, PULL UP” (TAAD)

6 “TERRAIN” (Mode 2)

7 “CAUTION TERRAIN” (TAAD)

8 “CAUTION OBSTACLE” (TAAD)

9 “TOO LOW TERRAIN” (Mode 4)

10 “TOO LOW TERRAIN” (TCF)

11 “MINIMIMS, RADIO ALTITUDE (@2500), 1000, 500, 400, 300, 200, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10”

12 “TOO LOW GEAR”

13 “TOO LOW FLAPS”

14 “SINKRATE”

15 “DON’T SINK”

16 “GLIDESLOPE”

17 “BANK ANGLE”

When any of the EGPWS warning or caution lights are on, all TCAS aural messages are inhibited.

V.5 ADVISORY CALLOUTS (Mode 6)

The following advisory callout is provided in this installation:

“MINIMUMS” Occurs at the highest DH value set

“RADIO ALTITUDE” Occurs at 2500 feet AGL on approach

“ONE THOUSAND” Occurs at 1000 feet AOL on approach

“FIVE HUNDRED” Occurs at 500 feet AGL on approach

“FOUR HUNDRED” Occurs at 400 feet AGL on approach

“THREE HUNDRED” Occurs at 300 feet AOL on approach

“TWO HUNDRED” Occurs at 200 feet AOL on approach

“ONE HUNDRED” Occurs at 100 feet AOL on approach

“FIFTY” Occurs at 50 feet AGL on approach

“FORTY” Occurs at 40 feet AGL on approach

“THIRTY” Occurs at 30 feet AOL on approach

“TWENTY” Occurs at 20 feet AGL on approach

“TEN” Occurs at 10 feet AOL on approach

“BANK ANGLE BANK ANGLE” Occurs when roll attitude is excessive




V.6 WINDSHEAR WARNING (if enabled)

See basic Airplane Flight Manual

V.7 USE OF THE TERRAIN/OBSTACLE AWARENESS DISPLAY The Terrain Awareness Display may be selected independently for one or both pilots by pressing the respective WXR/TERR select switch (on the EFIS Control Panel; see Figure 1) to ON and selecting the respective TERR switch to ON (See Figures 2 and 3). The EHSI must be in EXP VOR, EXP ILS, or MAP mode in order to show terrain data. The displayed terrain information may be used as one component of maintaining awareness of separation from terrain. The display is not intended to be used for navigation purposes.

Note: For aircrafts with alternate weather radar display activated, the EFIS control panel switch is placarded TERR.

Selecting the WXR switch to ON will change the EHSI to a weather radar display. To deselect either a terrain or weather radar mode and show the EHSI with a black background, reselect the active (illuminated WXR ON or TERR ON) switch

Note: For aircrafts with alternate weather radar display activated, the WXR switch is placarded INOP.

For operations in day VFR conditions where terrain clearance may be assured visually and other Nav Display information is important, the radar/terrain brightness may be set to a low level relative to the other Nav Display information. In the “pop-up” mode, the Terrain Display brightness may need to be manually adjusted as required to adequately display terrain. For operation near convective activity, pilots may select weather radar on one display and terrain on the other. Weather radar and terrain information cannot be displayed simultaneously on a single EHSI display. If only one display is operational, crew should use the weather radar as usual. In order to allow normal approaches and landings without inappropriate EGPWS cautions or warnings, the Terrain Display, as well as the caution and warning threshold, is modified as the airplane approaches the airport. This change in alert programming is only performed at airports that are contained in the EGPWS database (see Honeywell document 060-4267-000 for airports contained in the installed EGPWS database). Consequently, EGPWS must be inhibited (TERR OVRD switch to OVRD) at airports that do not meet these criteria, in order to prevent inappropriate alerts.




V.8 OPERATION OF TERRAIN DISPLAY V.8.1 Before Takeoff and for all Regimes of Flight

Select WXR/TERR ON, on the EFIS control panels (Figure 1), and select the respective TERR switchlight for one or both pilots (Figures 2 and 3). Adjust brightness of display as required for clarity of weather, terrain and TCAS information.


757 EGPWS PANEL LAYOUT

Note: Location and size of EGPWS annunciators are approximate and are not drawn to scale.

Note: For aircrafts with alternate weather radar display activated, the WXR switch is

placarded INOP.




Note: For aircrafts with alternate weather radar display activated, the EFIS control panel

switch is placarded TERR.

(PRIMARY ORIENTATION SHOWN)

Note: For aircrafts with alternate weather radar display activated, the WXR switch is placarded INOP.

(PRIMARY ORIENTATION SHOWN)




V.9 SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS

• If there is no terrain data in the database for a particular area, then Terrain Awareness alerting is not available for that area. The affected display area is colored MAGENTA.

• If the Terrain Awareness and TCF features of the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning

System have been inhibited, or the TERR OVRD INOP light is illuminated, the EGPWS will revert to basic Ground Proximity Warning System protection (Mode 1-6 and Windshear, if enabled). In this standard GPWS condition, the system may give little or no advance warning time for flight into precipitous terrain where there are few or no preceding obstructions. If the aircraft is flown toward obstructing terrain, the GPWS will give no warnings if all the following conditions apply:

— The aircraft is in landing configuration. — The aircraft is in a stabilized descent at a normal approach descent rate. — There is no ILS Glideslope signal being received by the Enhanced Ground

Proximity Warning System (i.e., there is no ILS available or the Glideslope receiver connected to the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning Computer is not tuned to the appropriate ILS frequency).

For the above conditions, the only alerts available are the Advisory Callouts.

• Terrain clearances or descent rates during radar vectoring that are not compatible with

those required by the minimum regulatory standards for Ground Proximity Warning equipment may cause unwanted warnings or alerts.

• The EGPWS uses onboard measurement of air mass parameters and aircraft

acceleration for the detection of windshear. The system cannot predict severe windshear that may be ahead of the aircraft.

• The Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System database, displays and alerting

algorithms currently do not account for man-made obstructions in all areas.

SECTION VI - PERFORMANCE No Change




SECTION VII - SYSTEM DESCRIPTION VII.1 GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING

The six Modes of the Ground Proximity Warning function (see Figure 4) form the backbone of the system. The primary design objective has been to maintain the integrity of this function independent of the other functions. For example, loss of the Terrain Awareness Display function will not affect the operation of the GPW function (provided that the input signals necessary for GPW operation are still available). The GPWS Modes 1 through 5 and Mode 6 Altitude Callouts employ the same algorithms that are used in the MK V system. GPWS Mode 6 Bank Angle Advisory Callout produces a “BANK ANGLE, BANK ANGLE” aural alert which advises of a roll attitude that is excessive for the flight conditions. Above 150 feet AGL the callout occurs at 40 degrees. Below 150 feet AGL the callout angle is reduced progressively with altitude to 10 degrees below 30 feet but is inhibited below 5 feet. The callout occurs again if roll attitude increases by 20%. When roll attitude increases to 40% above the initial callout angle the callout repeats continually.

MODE 1

EXCESSIVE DESCENT RATE"SINKRATE""PULL UP!"

MODE 2

EXCESSIVE TERRAINCLOSURE RATE

"TERRAIN..TERRAIN""PULL UP!"

MODE 5

EXCESSIVE DEVIATIONBELOW GLIDESLOPE

"GLIDESLOPE"

MODE 6

EXCESSIVE BANK ANGLE"BANK ANGLE!"

ALTITUDE CALL-OUTS"...FIVE HUNDRED..."

MODE 3

SINK AFTER TAKEOFF"DON'T SINK!"

MODE 4

TOO CLOSE TO TERRAIN"TOO LOW - TERRAIN"

"TOO LOW - GEAR""TOO LOW - FLAPS"

FIGURE 4: GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING MODES




VII.2 ENVELOPE MODULATION

The envelope modulation feature provides improved caution/warning protection at some key locations throughout the world, while improving nuisance margins at others. This is made possible with the use of GPS navigational signals with IRS backup information as necessary. All position data is cross checked to ground based navigational aids, altimeter and heading information, and stored terrain characteristics prior to being accepted for envelope modulation purposes. This guards against possible navigational position errors. Modes 4, 5, and 6 are expanded at some locations to provide caution/warning protection consistent with normal approaches. Modes 1, 2, and 4 are desensitized at other locations to prevent nuisance warnings that result from unusual terrain or approach procedures. In all cases, very specific information is used to correlate the aircraft position and phase of flight prior to modulating the envelopes. The tables that store the Envelope Modulation data are maintained in non-volatile memory.

VII.3 WINDSHEAR DETECTION (if enabled)

Mode 7 produces alerts for flight into an excessive windshear condition during takeoff or final approach. The Windshear warning produces aural and visual output indications.

The Windshear detection employs the same algorithms that are used in the MK V system.

Windshear detection is active on takeoff once the aircraft pitch angle exceeds 5° and the airspeed exceeds 70 knots. The windshear detection will remain active on takeoff until the aircraft exceeds 1500 feet AGL. Windshear detection is active on approach between 1500 feet AGL and 1 foot AGL. Caution and warnings are provided when the level of windshear exceeds predetermined threshold values. The actual windshear value measured represents the vector sum of inertial vs. airmass accelerations along the flight path and perpendicular to the flight path. These shears result from vertical winds and rapidly changing horizontal winds.

Windshear warnings are given for decreasing head wind (or increasing tail wind) and severe vertical down drafts.




VII.4 TERRAIN CLEARANCE FLOOR

The Terrain Clearance Floor (TCF) alert, illustrated in Figures 5, adds an additional element of protection to the standard Ground Proximity Warning modes. It creates an increasing terrain clearance envelope around the intended airport runway directly related to the distance from the runway. TCF alerts are based on current aircraft location, nearest runway center point position and radio altitude. TCF is active during takeoff mode when Mode 4 protection is not available, and during cruise and final approach. This alert mode complements the existing Mode 4 protection by providing an alert based on insufficient terrain clearance even when in landing configuration. The TCF envelope is limited to a minimum value of 245 feet when it is determined that the aircraft’s position is to the side of the runway. Included in the TCF alert function is a runway field clearance floor alert based on aircraft position, destination runway center point position and MSL altitude above the runway. This alert extends only 5 NM from the end of the runway.

Alerts for TCF illuminate EGPWS cockpit lights and produce aural messages. When an aircraft penetrates the TCF alert envelope the aural message “TOO LOW TERRAIN” will be given.

This aural message will occur two times when initial envelope penetration occurs, and one time thereafter for each 20% degradation in Radio Altitude. At the same time the EGPWS warning lights will illuminate. The lights will remain on until the alert envelope is exited.

"TOO LOW TERRAIN"

5 12 15Distance to Selected Runway Center (NM)

400AGL

700AGL

5NM

12NM

15NM

RUNWAY

FIGURE 5: TERRAIN CLEARANCE FLOOR




VII.5 TERRAIN/OBSTACLE AWARENESS ALERTING

A feature of the EGPWS is the incorporation of the Terrain/Obstacle Awareness Alerting and Display functions. These functions use aircraft geographic position, aircraft altitude and a terrain/obstacle database to predict potential conflicts between the aircraft flight path and the terrain or obstacles and to provide graphic displays of the conflicting terrain/obstacle. The terrain/obstacle awareness alerting algorithms continuously compute terrain/obstacle clearance envelopes ahead of the aircraft. If the boundaries of these envelopes conflict with terrain/obstacle elevation data in the terrain/obstacle database, then alerts are issued. Two envelopes are computed, one corresponding to a Terrain/Obstacle Caution Alert level and the other to a Terrain/Obstacle Warning Alert level. The algorithms are designed to meet the following criteria:

• Operational Compatibility - Minimal unwanted alerts during normal flight operations

and approach procedures • Improved Terrain/Obstacle Awareness Warning Times - Provide adequate alert

times for all flight phases and conditions • Robustness - Tolerant of aircraft position errors, altitude signal errors and database

errors.

The Caution and Warning envelopes “look down and ahead” of the aircraft as a function of airspeed, flight path angle, and distance to nearest runway. If the terrain or obstacle penetrates the Caution Envelope boundary, the aural message “CAUTION, TERRAIN” or “CAUTION OBSTACLE” is generated, and alert discretes are provided for activation of visual annunciators. Simultaneously, terrain/obstacle areas that conflict with the caution criteria are shown in solid yellow color on the Terrain/Obstacle Awareness Display. If the terrain or obstacle penetrates the Warning envelope boundary, the aural message “TERRAIN TERRAIN, PULL UP” or “OBSTACLE, OBSTACLE, PULL UP” is generated, and alert discretes are provided for activation of visual annunciators. Simultaneously, terrain/obstacle areas that conflict with the warning criteria are shown in solid red color on the Terrain/Obstacle Awareness Display.




VII.6 TERRAIN AWARENESS DISPLAY

The Terrain/Obstacle Awareness Display may be manually selected or will automatically “pop-up” in the event of a Terrain/Obstacle alert (if neither EHSI is displaying terrain/obstacle information, the EHSI is in EXP VOR, EXP ILS, or MAP mode, and the EFIS control panel WXR/TERR switch has been selected to ON).


The terrain/obstacle awareness function maintains a display of terrain and obstacles in front of the aircraft. Non-threat terrain/obstacles are depicted as several densities of dot patterns in green, yellow, or red. The dot density and color are a result of the vertical distance between the aircraft and the terrain/obstacles and whether the aircraft is higher or lower than the elevation of the terrain/obstacles. Terrain/obstacles are not shown (i.e. black color) if below the lowest terrain band depicted and/or within 400 feet of the runway elevation nearest the aircraft. If there is no terrain data in the database for a particular area, that portion of the display is colored MAGENTA. See table 1 for a summary of terrain/obstacle display color descriptions. Table 1 shows the threat condition associated with each color and is pictorially presented in Figures 6, 7 and 8.

TABLE 1: DISPLAY COLOR AND PATTERNS

Color Display Logic Description

Solid Red Terrain/obstacle Threat Area – Warning

Solid Yellow Terrain/obstacle Threat Area – Caution

Medium Density (50%) Red Dots

Terrain/obstacle that is more than 2000 feet above aircraft altitude

Medium Density (50%) Yellow Dots

Terrain/obstacle that is between 1000 and 2000 feet above aircraft altitude

Low Density (25%) Yellow Dots

Terrain/obstacle that is 500 (250 with gear down) feet below to 1000 feet above aircraft altitude

Solid Green Shown only when no Red or Yellow terrain or obstacle areas are within range on the display. Highest terrain/obstacle not within 500 (250 with gear down) feet of aircraft altitude.

Medium Density (50%) Green Dots

Terrain/obstacle that is 500(250 with gear down) feet below to 1000 below aircraft altitude or terrain/obstacle that is the middle elevation band when there are no Red or Yellow terrain or obstacle areas within range on the display.

Low Density (16%) Green Dots

Terrain/obstacle that is 1000 to 2000 feet below aircraft altitude. Or terrain/obstacle that is the lower elevation band when there are no Red or Yellow terrain or obstacles areas within range on the display

Black No significant terrain/obstacle.

Magenta Dots Unknown terrain.




With the terrain/obstacle display selected on the EHSI, the EGPWS will display numbers representing the highest and lowest terrain within the selected map range. The elevation numbers are expressed in hundreds of feet above sea level (e.g. 125 is 12,500 feet MSL) with the highest elevation on top and the lowest on the bottom. The color of the elevation numbers will match the color of the terrain that is represented. If there is no appreciable difference between the highest and lowest terrain/obstacle within the selected map range or all terrain/obstacles within the selected range are within 400’ of the elevation of the nearest airport, only the number indicating the highest terrain/obstacle will be displayed.

YELLOW CAUTION AREA

PEAKS ELEVATIONSTOP - HIGHEST TERRAIN/OBSTACLE

BOTTOM - LOWEST TERRAIN/OBSTACLE(COLORS MATCH TERRAIN/OBSTACLE

DISPLAYED)

BACKGROUND TERRAIN

RED WARNING AREA

078039

FIGURE 6: TERRAIN/OBSTACLE DISPLAY (FOR ILLUSTRATION ONLY) The 500/250-foot GREEN to YELLOW interface is below the airplane in order to account for altimetry and/or terrain/obstacle height errors. For situational awareness with respect to terrain/obstacle shown on the display, the pilot should assume that the YELLOW or RED terrain/obstacle are at or above the airplane; GREEN terrain/obstacle and below the airplane. These interface levels are biased upwards, proportional to descent rates greater than 1000 feet per minute.




FIGURE 7: PEAKS TERRAIN/OBSTACLE DISPLAY AT HIGH RELATIVE ALTITUDE

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FIGURE 8: PEAKS TERRAIN/OBSTACLE DISPLAY AT LOW RELATIVE ALTITUDE

Reference Altitude is projected down from actual aircraft altitude to provide a 30 second advanced display of terrain/obstacle when descending more than 1000 FPM.

Terrain/obstacle is not shown if it is below the lowest band and/or is within 400 feet (or lower if version -218-218 is installed) of the runway elevation nearest the aircraft.

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