empowering design within the constraints of sb-10 design sb_10_ p… · empowering design within...
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Steven Murray, P.Eng., PMP
Building Science Specialist
May 7, 2015
Empowering Design within the Constraints of SB-10
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OVERVIEW - THE CONSTRAINTS
2
OBC requirements and the standards.
ASHRAE 90.1 prescriptive requirements and trade-off method for the envelope.
NECB prescriptive requirements and trade-off method for the envelope.
Summary of the prescriptive requirements - what is means in the context of OBC.
Looking at different methods of accounting for thermal bridging.
Performance Path in Practice – A compliance approach - interactive energy modeling.
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1
2012 OBC REQUIREMENTS
3
PART 12 RESOURCE CONSERVATION
Section 12.1. General
12.1.1. Application
12.1.1.1. Scope
(1) The scope of this Part shall be as described in Subsection 1.1.2. of Division A.
12.1.1.2. Application
(1) This Part applies to resource conservation in the design and construction of
buildings.
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2012 OBC REQUIREMENTS
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PART 12 RESOURCE CONSERVATION
Section 12.2. Energy Efficiency
12.2.1.2. Energy Efficiency Design Before January 1, 2017
(1) This Article applies to construction for which a permit has been applied for
before January 1, 2017.
(2) Except as provided in Sentences (3) and (4), the energy efficiency of all buildings
shall conform to Division 1 and Division 2 or 4 of MMAH Supplementary
Standard SB-10, “Energy Efficiency Requirements”
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2012 OBC REQUIREMENTS
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PART 11 RENOVATION
Section 11.1. General
11.1.2. Application
11.1.2.1. Extension, Material Alteration or Repair
(1) Where an existing building is subject to extension, material alteration or repair,
(a) the proposed construction shall comply with Section 11.3., and
(b) the performance level of the building shall be evaluated and compensating
construction shall be undertaken in accordance with Section 11.4.
Talk to your Code specialist!
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OBC SB-10 REQUIREMENTS
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Division 1
General
Section 1.1. General
1.1.1. Application of Supplementary Standard SB-10
1.1.1.3. Energy Efficiency Design after December 31, 2011
(1) Except as permitted in Sentence (2), the energy efficiency design and
construction of buildings required to comply with Sentence 12.2.1.2.(2)
of Division B of the Building Code shall comply with Division 3 of this
Standard.
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OBC SB-10 REQUIREMENTS
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1.1.1.3. Energy Efficiency Design after December 31, 2011
(2) Where the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1, “Energy Standard for
Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings” is referenced in this
Standard, it shall be the edition designated in Table 1.3.1.2.
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1.1.2.1. Energy Efficiency Design
(1) Except as provided in Sentence (2) and Article 1.2.1.1.
and except as permitted in Sentence (3), the energy
efficiency of all buildings shall be designed to:
(a) exceed by not less than 25% the energy efficiency
levels attained by conforming to the CCBFC, “Model
National Energy Code for Buildings.”
(b) exceed by not less than 5% the energy efficiency
levels attained by conforming to the
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1, “Energy Standard for
Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings”, or
(c) achieve the energy efficiency levels attained by
conforming to the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1, “Energy
Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential
Buildings” and Chapter 2.
SB-10 – DIVISION 3
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SB-10 – DIVISION 3
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Exceptions:
• Part 9, residential occupancy buildings
• Buildings with electric space heating
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?
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SB-10 – DIVISION 3
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Compliance Paths:
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CLIMATE ZONES
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CLIMATE ZONES
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ZONE 5:
Toronto, Windsor
Hamilton
ZONE 6:
Ottawa, Kingston
Kitchener, Waterloo,
London
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PRESCRIPTIVE – ZONE 6
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PRESCRIPTIVE – ZONE 6
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R2.9
R2.2
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STANDARDS IN CODES
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ASHRAE 90.1 2004
ASHRAE 90.1 2007
ASHRAE 90.1 2010 & NECB 2011
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ASHRAE 90.1 2010
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WHO ARE THEY?
American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air-conditioning
Engineers
WHAT IS THE STANDARD?
First addition developed in 1970
In 1999 the standard was put into continuous maintenance
Applies to all commercial buildings and MURBS greater than 3 stories.
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ASHRAE 90.1 OVERVIEW
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ALTERNATIVE PATHS FOR COMPLIANCE
Prescriptive
Trade-off
Energy cost budget
PRESCRIPTIVE PATH (OR TRADE-OFF) REQUIRE THAT ALL PARTS OF THE
STANDARD BE MET:
Part 5 - Building envelope
Part 6 - Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning
Part 7 - Service water heating
Part 8 - Power
Part 9 - Lighting
Part 10 - Other equipment Mandatory Provisions
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ASHRAE 90.1 OVERVIEW
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ASHRAE 2004 Baseline
ASHRAE 2007 Increased BE requirements
ASHRAE 2010 No major changes in BE requirements
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NECB 2011
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Developed by Natural Resources Canada & the National Research Council for Canada
What is the Standard? Last version was in 1997 (MNECB)
Design intent was to be roughly equivalent to ASHRAE 90.1 2010
Applies to new buildings (except part 9), additions to existing building, but silent on renovations
MNECB is referenced in LEED
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NECB OVERVIEW
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Prescriptive
Trade-off (simple or detailed)
Energy simulation (building energy compliance)
ALTERNATIVE PATHS FOR COMPLIANCE
Part 3 – Building envelope
Part 4 – Lighting
Part 5 – Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems
Part 6 – Service water heating systems
Part 7 – Electrical power systems and motors
PRESCRIPTIVE PATH (OR TRADE-OFF) REQUIRE THAT ALL PARTS OF THE STANDARD BE MET:
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ASHRAE 90.1 2010 BUILDING ENVELOPE
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ASHRAE 90.1- BUILDING ENVELOPE
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THIS MEANS THAT THE BUILDING SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO MEET THESE PROVISIONS:
Insulation
Air leakage
• Air-barrier selection and design
• Limit to fenestration and doors including cargo doors
• Vestibule
Fenestration and Doors values
• NFRC
ASHRAE 90.1- MANDATORY PROVISIONS
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ASHRAE 90.1 MANDATORY PROVISIONS
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ASHREA 90.1 Air leakage
limits
NAFS Air Leakage
limits
ASHRAE Type Limit
Glazed Swinging entrance door & revolving doors
1.0 cfm/ft2 at 1.57psf
Curtain wall & Storefront 0.06cfm/ft2 at 1.57psf
Other products 0.2cfm/ft2 at 1.57psf or 0.3 cfm/ft2 at 6.24psf
NAFS defines air leakage by performance
class (R, LC, CW and AW) and air infiltration /
exfiltration levels (A2, A3 and Fixed) and can
be more stringent:
Fixed as low as 0.2 L/s.m2 at 300Pa (or 0.04cfm/ft2 at 6.24psf) Operable as low as 0.5 L/s.m2 at 300Pa (or 0.1cfm/ft2 at 6.24psf)
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ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD
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THE PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD CAN ONLY BE
USED IF:
The vertical fenestration ≤ 40% of Gross wall Area
The skylight fenestration ≤ 5% of gross roof area
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ASHRAE 90.1 - OPAQUE AREAS
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For conditioned spaces the exterior building envelope shall comply with, either: the residential or the non-residential requirements in the tables
For semi-heated spaces the semi-exterior building envelope needs to comply with the requirements in the tables
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ASHRAE 90.1 - PRESCRIPTIVE OPAQUE AREAS
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THE TABLES CONTAINING THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ARE PROVIDED IN THE STANDARD, BY CLIMATIC ZONES, AND LOOK LIKE THIS:
For all opaque elements (except doors) compliance should be demonstrated by the following methods:
Maximum U-factors, C-factors or F-factors for the entire assembly
Minimum rated R values of insulation
Exception: For multiple assemblies within a single class of construction for a single conditioning space, weighed average can be used.
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ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE OPAQUE AREAS
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Components
Zone 5
Non-Residential Residential Semi-Heated
U factor R value U factor R value U factor R value
Roof - insulation above deck
0.048 (R20.8)
20.0c.i. 0.048 (R20.8)
20.0c.i. 0.119 (R8.4)
7.6c.i.
Roof - Attic 0.027 (R37.0)
38.0 0.027 (R37.0)
38.0 0.053 (R18.9)
19.0
Walls - Mass 0.090 (R11.1)
11.4c.i. 0.080 (R12.5)
13.3c.i. 0.151 (R6.6)
5.7c.i.
Walls - Steel framed 0.064 (R15.6)
13.0+7.5c.i. 0.064 (R15.6)
13.0+7.5c.i. 0.124 (R8.1)
13.0
Walls - Wood framed 0.064 (R15.6)
13.0+3.8c.i. 0.051 (R19.6)
13.0+7.5c.i. 0.089 (R11.2)
13.0
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ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - OPAQUE AREAS
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SO THAT MEANS:
If there is more than nails or screws going through the insulation, it is not continuous
If there are studs, girts, clips, even brick ties they need to be accounted for.
This can be done by calculating the effective U (or R) values of these assemblies
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ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - OPAQUE AREAS
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NOMINAL R VALUES
Rated R values which do not take into account framing or other element interrupting the insulation
Calculated R values which allows for the impact of thermal bridges
EFFECTIVE R VALUES vs.
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ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - OPAQUE AREAS
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Zone 4&5 = 0.064
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ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - OPAQUE AREAS
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Components
Residential
R values
Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8
Roof - insulation above deck
20.0c.i.
20.0c.i. 20.0c.i. 20.0c.i. 20.0c.i.
Roof - Attic 38.0
38.0 38.0 38.0 49.0
Walls - Mass 11.4c.i.
13.3c.i. 15.2c.i. 15.2c.i. 25.0c.i.
Walls - Steel framed 13.0+7.5c.i.
13.0+7.5c.i. 13.0+7.5c.i. 13.0+15.6c.i. 13.0+18.8c.i.
Walls - Wood framed
13.0+3.8c.i.
13.0+7.5c.i. 13.0+7.5c.i. 13.0+7.5c.i. 13.0+15.6c.i.
ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - OPAQUE AREAS
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ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - FENESTRATION
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Windows <40% of gross wall area and Skylights <5% gross roof area
All fenestration compliance shall be demonstrated through meeting:
• U factor no greater than the prescriptive requirements
• SHGC no greater than the prescriptive requirements
If there are multiple assemblies, compliance shall be based on an area-weighted average U-factor or SHGC (for a single space-conditioning and within a single class of construction).
The SHGC can be reduced using a multiplier when a permanent projection provides shading for the window
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ASHRAE 90.1 PRESCRIPTIVE - FENESTRATION
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Components
Zone 5
Residential Non-Residential Semi-Heated
U factor SHGC U factor SHGC U factor SHGC
Non-Metal Framing 0.35
0.40 for all
0.35
0.40 for all
1.20
0.40 for all
Metal Framing (curtain wall and storefront) 0.45 0.45 1.20
Metal Framing (entrance doors) 0.80 0.80 1.20
Metal Framing (operable and fixed windows, non-entrance doors) 0.55 0.55 1.20
Skylight (glass, without curb)
0-2% 0.69
0.49 0.69
0.49 1.36
NR
2-5% 0.39 0.39 NR
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ASHRAE 90.1 TRADE-OFF
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The trade-off method allows greater flexibility when some of the building envelope components are not meeting:
• The basic requirements for the Prescriptive method (e.g. > 40% window to wall ratio and/or >5% skylight to roof ratio)
• The prescriptive R or U values
• Trade-offs are made between any building envelope components (but just building envelope component)
• It implies that some of the building envelope components exceed the minimum requirements
• Schedules of operation, lighting power, equipment power, occupant density, and mechanical systems need to be the same for both the proposed building and the base building
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ASHRAE 90.1 TRADE-OFF
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THE BUILDING ENVELOPE COMPLIES WHEN:
Envelope performance
factor of proposed building
Envelope performance
factor of base building ≤
The base building is a building that has 40% fenestration to gross wall area and for which all BE components meet the prescriptive minimum U value
The envelope performance factor is calculated using the information contained in normative appendix C
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ASHRAE 90.1 TRADE-OFF
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Need to : Do take-offs for all the different BE
components i.e. floor, roof, wall and fenestration assemblies for every space-conditioning category and every orientation.
Evaluate the U values of each component including SHGC and VT for fenestration.
Enter all the numbers into a series of equations that you can find in normative Appendix C*.
COMcheck (Now has Canadian climate data). *
Axis – Raymond Letkeman Architects
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NECB 2011 BUILDING ENVELOPE
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NECB
43
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NECB - MANDATORY PROVISIONS
44
NO SPECIFIC MANDATORY PROVISIONS
But more specific than ASHRAE on how to deal with effect of structural members that may
partially and completely penetrate the envelope
In the prescriptive requirements, we find that :
Insulation should be installed in a manner that avoids affecting its R value (convection, wetting, etc.).
Insulation value required depends on zone, assembly (wall, roof or floor) and location (above or below grade or spaces heated to different temperature)
Air leakage should be controlled, including at fenestration and doors, which have limits of air leakage allowable
A vestibule is likely required
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NECB - PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD
45
THE PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD CAN ONLY
BE USED IF:
FDWR ≤ 0.40 for HDD < 4000 FDWR ≤(2000- 0.2*HDD) 3000 for 4000 ≤ HDD ≤ 7000 FDWR ≤ 0.20 for HDD > 7000
The skylight fenestration ≤ 5% of gross roof area
&
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NECB - THERMAL BRIDGING
46
THERMAL BRIDGING CREATED BY STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS
The thermal bridging effect of closely spaced repetitive structural members (e.g. studs) and of ancillary members (e.g. sill and plates) should be
taken into account.
The thermal bridging of major structural elements that are parallel to the building envelope can be ignored, provided that they do not increase the thermal transmittance to more than twice than
permitted.
The thermal bridging of major structural elements that must penetrate the building envelope need
not be taken into account, provided that the sum of the areas is less than 2% of the above ground
building envelope.
Service equipment, shelf angle, ties and associate fasteners as well as minor structural members need not be taken into account!!!
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NECB PRESCRIPTIVE INSULATION
47
The prescriptive method requires:
W
4xW W
4xW
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NECB PRESCRIPTIVE WALLS ABOVE GRADE
48
Assemblies
Any Occupancy
R values (effective)
Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8
Walls 18 20.4 23 27 31
Roofs 25 31 31 35 40
Floors 25 31 31 35 40
Walls - mass 11.4
Walls - steel framed 15.6
Walls - wood framed 19.6
No difference between residential
and non-residential
No difference between the different
type of construction
Roofs - insulation above 20.8
Roofs - attic 37.0
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NECB PRESCRIPTIVE FENESTRATION AND DOORS
49
Components U values (effective)
Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 8
All Fenestration 0.42 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.28
All Doors 0.42 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.28
No difference between residential and non-residential
No difference between the different type of assemblies
No SHGC requirements
Exceptions: Skylights that represent < 2% of gross roof area can have a
thermal transmittance of no more than 0.60
Doors that represent < 2% of gross wall area can have a
thermal transmittance of no more than 0.77
Non-metal 0.35
Metal framing (CW) 0.45
Metal framing (others) 0.55
Entrance doors 0.80
Skylights 0.58
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NECB - PRESCRIPTIVE METHOD
50
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NECB - TRADE-OFF METHODS
51
THERE ARE 2 TRADE-OFF PATHS:
Simple trade-off calculations
Detailed trade-off path
Proposed Bldg Envelope Annual Energy Consumption
Reference Bldg Envelope energy target
≤
Calculation are done using an energy model with set requirements
Proposed building
Reference building
≤
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NECB - DETAILED TRADE-OFF METHOD
52
THE DETAILED METHOD CONSISTS OF:
Same building size and shape, roof slope, and building orientation for the proposed and reference building
Same assumptions for space heating and cooling
Allowable fenestration and door areas in the proposed building can be varied, while it is set per the prescriptive requirements in the reference building
Take into account thermal mass and SHGC
Air leakage and solar absorbance cannot be varied
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COMPARISON OF THE 2 STANDARDS
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COMPARISON OF 2 STANDARDS
54
ASHRAE 90.1 2010 NECB 2011
Mandatory requirements
Yes, for all methods Not for energy modeling
Prescriptive requirements
Generally less demanding R values
Stringent, specific
• Framing Take into account Take into account
• Structure Not clear Specific (if this then…)
• Cladding attachments Take into account Some can be ignored
• Service penetrations Ignore Specific (if this then…)
• Walls More categories Less categories
• Fenestration & doors More categories Less categories
Trade-off methods Complex, no benefit if FDWR <40%
Simple or software Benefit if FDWR <40%
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OVERALL
55
Prescriptive method, for either standard, is for
simpler buildings
Trade-off method may get you the desired result, but cannot do
anything for you when most of the BE components are below
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CONCLUSION REGARDING THE STANDARDS
56
Wood frame is well suited for prescriptive but: New standards will generally require exterior insulation to meet the
max U-factor with 2x6 residential Only zone 4 in ASHRAE (but not in NEBC) could do without exterior
insulation in residential For non-combustible building, the prescriptive method is not a likely
candidate This is especially true for buildings with high window/wall ratio Exterior insulated assemblies can probably meet it but structure
penetrating through (balcony slabs, parapet, etc.) need to be taken into account
The trade-off methods is an option NECB simplified is the easiest but not necessarily best You need to have something to trade off with Glazing ratio has the biggest impact and it is hard to make up for it with
insulation
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CONSTRAINTS GET TIGHTER SB-10 2017
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OBC REQUIREMENTS AFTER 2016
58
PART 12 RESOURCE CONSERVATION
Section 12.2. Energy Efficiency
12.2.1.2. Energy Efficiency Design After December 31, 2016
(1) This Article applies to construction for which a permit has been applied for after
December 31, 2016.
(2) Except as provided in Sentences (3) and (4), the energy efficiency of all buildings
shall,
(a) be designed to exceed by not less than 13% the energy efficiency levels
required by Sentence 12.2.1.1.(2), or
(b) conform to Division 1 and Division 3 or 5 of MMAH Supplementary Standard
SB-10, “Energy Efficiency Requirements”.
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25% 25% 25%
~34%
2012 2013 2015 2017
Energy Efficiency (above MNECB 1997)
SB10
OBC REQUIREMENTS AFTER 2016
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WHAT DOES 2017 CODE COMPLIANT LOOK LIKE?
60
Shift from wall R-value thinking to whole building R-value
Look to building envelope to achieve energy gains
Plan by defining options early and analyzing
Be prepared to evaluate new products
A LOT LESS GLASS
UNLESS BUILDING ENVELOPE ENERGY
EFFICIENCY IMPROVES
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FROM BAD TO BETTER
61
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EFFECTIVE R VALUES
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Computer Modeling
Hand Calculations Series calculation method Parallel path calculation method Isothermal planes method
Lab Measurement
CONSIDERING THERMAL BRIDGING
63
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L2,par
apet
Lro
of
HEAT LOSS
64
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AREA WEIGHTED AVERAGE (SAME CLASS)
65
R1.25 for 9” slab edge
R15 for 8’3” wall
1
𝑅=
0.75 × 11.25 + 8.25 × 1
15
9
𝑅 ≅ 7.8
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3D MODELING
66
Time-transient dynamic 3D heat transfer model that is capable of accurately modeling:
Complex geometries
Radiation through air spaces
Radiation to the interior and exterior space
Conduction of small areas of highly thermal conductive materials through larger areas of highly insulating materials
Calibrate the model using existing lab testing
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WHERE TO FIND INFORMATION
67
Resource material ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix A
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BE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE
68
ASHRAE 90.1 does not
address major thermal
bridges such as slab
edges, shelf angles,
parapets, flashings at
window perimeters, etc.
In practice, these details
are largely overlooked.
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WHAT IS THE GUIDE
69
Started with AHSRAE 1635RP project
when linear transmittance got
introduced to North America
BE Thermal Guide looked at over 400
details familiar to the BC MURB market
including:
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CONCEPTUAL LEAP
70
Types of Transmittances
Clear Field Linear Point
oUpsi chi
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LINEAR TRANSMITTANCE
71
Additional heat loss
due to the slab
oQQ slabQ
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OVERVIEW OF THE GUIDE
72
Introduction
Part 1 Building Envelope Thermal Analysis
(BETA) Guide
Part 2 Energy and Cost Analysis
Part 3 Significance, Insights, and Next Steps
Appendix A Material Data Catalogue
Appendix B Thermal Data Catalogue
Appendix C Energy Modeling Analysis and Results
Appendix D Construction Costs
Appendix E Cost Benefit Analysis
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RESULTS – APPENDIX B
73
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HOW MUCH EXTRA LOSSES CAN DETAILS ADD?
74
Mass wall with R-12 insulation inboard Steel stud with R-10 exterior insulation and horizontal girts at 24”o.c and R-12 in the stud cavity
Standard 90.1 Prescriptive Requirements for Zone 5 Non-
Residential Mass Wall, U-0.090 or R-11.4 ci
Steel-Framed Wall, U-0.064 or R-13 + R-7.5 ci
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EXAMPLE BUILDING
75
Mass Concrete Wall Exposed concrete slab
Un-insulated concrete parapet
Punched window in concrete
opening
Steel-Framed Wall Exterior insulated structural steel
floor intersection
Insulated steel stud parapet
Punched window in steel stud
opening with perimeter flashing
10 floors
20% glazing
No Balconies
Standard details
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IMPACT OF DETAILS
76
Transmittance Type
Mass Concrete Wall Exterior Insulated Steel Stud
Heat Loss (BTU/hr oF)
% of Total Heat Loss
(BTU/hr oF) % of Total
Clear Wall 118 52 % 98 67 %
Slab 92 40% 24 17 %
Parapet 9 4% 4 3 %
Window transition 8 4% 19 13 %
Total 227 100 % 145 100 %
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IMPACT OF DETAILS
77
Performance Metric
Mass Concrete Wall Exterior Insulated Steel Stud
ASHRAE
Prescriptive
Requirements
Overall
Performance
ASHRAE
Prescriptive
Requirements
Overall
Performance
U
(Btu/hrft2oF) 0.09 0.14 0.064 0.091
“Effective” R
(hr ft2 oF/BTU) R-11 R-7 R-15.6 R-11
% Difference 44% 35%
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IMPACT OF DETAILS
78
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Ad
dit
ion
al C
on
trib
uti
on
to
Sp
ace
He
atin
g En
erg
y (G
J/m
2 o
f Fl
oo
r A
rea)
Clear Wall Only Including Poor Details Including Efficient Details
More
Insulation is
not the silver
bullet
Details can
have a
greater
impact
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CONCLUSION
79
Details such as slab
penetration are easy to
account for in calculation
Codes do not yet take into
account details such as
window transitions
It will likely become
increasingly more difficult to
ignore thermal bridging at
intersections of assemblies
Move beyond simply adding
“more insulation”
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EMPOWERING DESIGN
80
FIND THE EFFICIENCIES
OVERCOME THE CONSTRAINTS
MAINTAIN THE DESIGN FLEXIBILITY
AND CREATIVITY
STRATEGICALLY USE NEW
PRODUCTS BASED ON ENERGY
SAVING AND COST BENEFIT
UTILIZE NEW TOOLS TO ANALYZE
OPTIONS EARLY
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May 7, 2015
Empowering Design within the Constraints of SB-10