Employers’ Expectation for Entry-Level Catalog Librarians: What Position Announcement

Data Indicate

Sylvia Hall-Ellis, PhDLibrary & Information

Science Program

Reasons for the study

Preparing entry-level catalogers (part of my research agenda)Teaching cataloging course sequence

Beginning Cataloging & Classification Descriptive Cataloging Subject Cataloging Managing Electronic Records Special Topic: Technical Services Administration

Basis for the study

New LIS Program Accredited June 2004

Significant investment in cataloging courses

Align course content & learning experiences with employers’ expectations

Ensure that employers were hiring entry-level catalog librarians

Background research study #1

The Cooperative Cataloging Council (CCC) suggested that library school faculty who are responsible for teaching basic organization and cataloging courses would prepare new catalog librarians with a list of overall skills to meet students’ and perspective employers’ expectations.

Background research study #2

Association for Library Collections & Technical Services (ALCTS) issued an educational policy statement, June 1995.

Theoretical framework of knowledge and skills for new library school graduatesintellectual access and information organization; preserving access; identification, selection, and acquisition of information resources; management skills; and, research analysis and interpretation skills.

Background research study #3

Kellogg-ALISE Information Professions and Education Reform Project (KALIPER).

Stages of cataloger education

Formal graduate program

On-the-job training

Continuing education experiences throughout a career

Research Question #1

Which academic preparation, technical skills and competencies do employers expect entry-level catalog librarians to possess?

Research Question #2

Do employers’ expectations regarding the academic degrees and cataloging course work, technical skills and competencies differ among types of libraries (academic, special, public and school)?

Research Question #3

What are the academic preparation, technical skills and competencies included in a “typical” position announcement for an entry-level catalog librarian?

Methodology

Descriptive content analysis

Review of 495 position announcements for catalog librarians

September 1, 2000 through August 31, 2003

American Libraries (print & online versions)

AutoCAT

Colorado State Library Jobline

Raw data set

151 positionsAcademic

• University – 90

• 4-year College – 12

• Community college – 6

Public – 22

Special – 20

School – 1

61 variables in 6 categories

General employer descriptionAcademic preparation Cataloging, classification, authority control Related technical services or bibliographic control tasks Assignments outside domain Communication competencies and work-based relationships

Definition of entry-level

ALA-accredited MLIS (or foreign equivalent)

Fewer than 2 years of post-MLIS experience

Position description components

academic preparation

required qualifications

preferred competencies and skills

primary work assignment functions

institutional information

specific resources available through Web sites and hyperlinks

What do the data indicate?

Summary observations

Observation #1

Employers expect entry-level catalogers to have knowledge & competency with cataloging tools

Anglo-American Cataloging Rules (96%)

Library of Congress Rule Interpretations (58.6%)

“Other standard cataloging tools” (59.8%)

Observation #2

Employers expect entry-level catalogers to have knowledge about authority work

MARC 21 authority format Authority records (94.7%) Authority files (59.3%)

• Contributing• Maintaining

Relationship of authority records, files and integrated library systems (59.1%)

Observation #3

Employers expect entry-level catalogers to have knowledge & competency with MARC 21

Each MARC 21 bibliographic format

Specified formats• Electronic resources (30.7%)

• Continuing resources (23.3%)

• Archival resources (12%)

Observation #4

Employers expect entry-level catalogers to have knowledge & competency with classification schemes

Library of Congress Classification (30.7%)

Dewey Decimal Classification (94.7%)

Superintendent of Documents (59.3%)

Observation #5

Employers expect entry-level catalogers to have knowledge & competency with subject headings

Library of Congress Subject Headings (91.4%)

Observation #6

Employers expect entry-level catalogers to have knowledge & competency with at least one bibliographic utility

“General use of bibliographic utility” (83.7%)

OCLC (71.3%)

RLIN (8%)

OCLC & RLIN (4.5%)

Observation #7

Employers expect entry-level catalogers to be able to

handle routine maintenance (69.3%) and policy development (18%) for bibliographic (69.3%) and metadata (25.3%) databases acquisitions (5.3%) and subscriptions (10%) to databases and electronic journals and serials management (23.3%) support an ILS (12%)

work regular shifts (frequently during evening and week-end hours) on a reference desk (26%)

handle collection development responsibilities (39.3%)

as a liaison to faculty members (28%) in academic institutions

Observation #8

Employers expect entry-level catalogers to Be flexible regarding assignments (26.7%)

Maintain committee participation (34.7%)

Assume responsibilities for special projects (40.6%)

Possess effective verbal (59.4%) and written (59.4%) communication skills

Academic Preparation

0.0%20.0%40.0%60.0%80.0%

100.0%120.0%

Incl

usi

on

Fre

qu

ency

Accredited librarydegree

Catalog course(s)

Additional graduatedegree

Theoretical Basis of Organization

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

120.0%

AA

CR

2r

LC

RI

Auth

ority

contr

ol

Cla

ssific

ation

Subje

ct

headin

gs

Bib

liogra

phic

utility

MA

RC

form

ats

Rela

ted c

ata

login

g t

ools

Inclu

sio

n F

req

uen

cy

Public

Special

Community College

4-Year College

University

Competencies

0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%

Incl

usi

on

Fre

qu

ency

Public

Special

Community College

4-Year College

University

Final thoughts

Employers expect entry-level catalogers to possess broad-based theoretical knowledge, extensive hands-on experience, mastery of computer-based tools and system-specific familiarity that appear to exceed the requirements and preferences stated in position announcements and the content of beginning cataloging courses

“Descriptive Impressions of Entry-Level Cataloger Positions as Reflected in American Libraries, AutoCAT, and the Colorado State Library Jobline, 2000-2003.” Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 40, no. 2 (2005).

Questions?