ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL, VOL.1, NO.2, JUN, 2017

22

Corresponding author Email address: khalid.mohammadani@gmail.com

Khalid Hussain Mohammadani1, Safi Faizullah

2, Arshad Shaikh

3, Nazish Nawaz Hussaini

4, Rahat Ali Khan

5

1,3,4Department of Computer Science Isra University, Hyderabad, Pakistan.

2Department of Computer Science, Islamic University of Madina, Saudi Arabia.

5Institute of Information and Communication Technology, University of Sindh, Pakistan

Keywords: Variants of transmission control protocol, mobile ad-hoc network, routing protocol

1. Introduction

asically, the traditional mobile wireless network is

handled by some control devices to create a route from

source to destination for communication. There is no any

control device in Mobile Ad-Hoc network (MANET).

Every node of MANET is itself control device. Some

protocols help MANET to create a route from source to

destination for communication. MANET can be

exceptionally helpful in such circumstances as these don't

depend on pre-built up the infrastructural network. It is a

sort of multi-hop network [1, 2]. No need for cables to

setup the MANET network, it takes lower front cost than

the conventional wireless network. It spends low energy

and can spread at long distance for communication.

MANET is additionally collections of the movable device

because every device can move freely toward any path and

henceforth the nodes change their connections habitually.

This is a reason of MANET that it stays away from the

wide arrangement of fixed links and the transmission can

be completed in a practical manner. In Figure 1. the

collection of free nodes make a MANET. Where “S” is

source node; “F” identifies the forwarding nodes and “D”

shows the destination node. There are other nodes present

as neighboring nodes.

MANET can communicate with the internet where end

station nodes are fixed with help of MANET gateways.

Fixed or mobile node can be presented the roll or gateway

between MANET and internet. From the previous short

discussion, we can observe that MANET is the name of

such network which uses fewer resources and utilization of

MANET is not impossible for building the network. In this

paper, we evaluate the performance of TCP variants using

AODV routing protocol in MANET scenario.

Figure 1. Multi-hope mobile network

We further discuss types of TCP variants and one of the

MANET routing protocol in section 2. The related work

with TCP and TCP variants is discussed in section 3.

Section 4 defines methodology to conduct this research.

Section 5 demonstrates to results. The summary of results

is discussed in section 6. Section 7 is the last section that

gives ending remarks and followed by references.

2. Transport control protocols

Transmission control protocol (TCP) oversees ensuring that

a message is broken into the chunks that IP directs and for

reassembling the chunks again into the aggregate message

toward the end side. TCP was proposed for strong

correspondence in the network. In early time, it was

conceptualized of a wired network and henceforth the

managing standards of the strategies were with regards to

the qualities of a wired network [3]. Since the wireless

network has picked up in prevalence. Wireless networks

are distinctively more mix-up slanted than wired network

B

Abstract: Transmission control protocol (TCP) was initially intended for established systems to give the dependability of the

information conveyance. The change of TCP execution was additionally accomplished with various sorts of systems with the

presentation of new TCP variations. To decide the best TCP variant from the system multifaceted nature perspective, we simulate

some TCP variants in a real-life scenario. This work addresses the execution of TCP and TCP variants, for example, TCP, TCP-

Reno, TCP-New Reno, TCP-Vegas as sources and TCP-Sink as a goal in the network. The situations displayed in this paper are

bolstered by ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol with the incorporation of various network

complexities of the versatile mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) utilizing random waypoint portability model. The situation

demonstrates portable nodes situated especially for a grounds zone. On the premise of simulation, we analyze End-to-End delay,

jitter, throughput, and packet deliver ratio as the quality of service (QoS) measurements.

.

Empirical Examination of TCP in MANET

ISSN (e) 2520-7393

ISSN (P) 2521-5027

Received on 1stJune, 2017

Revised on 28th June, 2017

www.estirj.org

K. H.MOHAMMADANI et.al. EMPIRICAL MODELLING OF TCP IN MANET

Copyright ©2017, ESTIRJ-VOL.1, NO.2 (22-27)

on account of a couple channel qualities. The effects of

obscuring, multipath etc. provoke higher errors and bundle

incidents in a wireless network. TCP was expected to

prompt package disasters as a sign of network obstruct and

take remedial measures properly. In a wireless network,

this enlistment is wrongly made despite when the death of a

packet in transmission. It is a result of channel setbacks and

not the bottleneck. This prompts over the top number of

retransmissions and timeout events provoking exponential

spoil of network execution in a short time span [4].

Research has been led to prompt adjustments to the

TCP configuration to consider the necessities of a wireless

domain. There is a plenty of ways that have been proposed

to alleviate the impacts of wireless channel on TCP [5].

When TCP was considered, certain directing calculations

were intended to control the activity stream and advance

the system execution. Nonetheless, with advancing wireless

systems, those directing calculations have neglected to give

ideal system execution since they were intended to manage

blockage and approaches to counteract clog. Thus, these

directing calculations were proactive in nature. It implies

they would make a move after the issue had happened.

There are various variants of TCP available. Some of them

are used in this paper.

2.1. TCP Reno

It's practically like Tahoe. It incorporates quick restoration

component. It identifies early packet loss. It sits tight for 3

copy of ACK (Acknowledgment) to retransmit. Likewise, it

doesn't decrease the congestion window too soon. Higher

data transfer capacity use was seen in the correlation of

different variations in Reno [6, 7].

2.2 TCP-New Reno

TCP Reno was adjusted to concoct new variant called TCP

New Reno. This is the calculation with minor alterations in

TCP Reno [8]. It has the benefit of asset usage to ideal.

Here, the sender gets halfway ACK, however, doesn't select

Fast Recovery, rather, expect that each next packet of last

ACK portion is lost thus take after Retransmission for that

packet. It doesn't wait for the clock to time out for touching

off for retransmission.

2.3. TCP-Vegas

TCP Vegas depends on Reno. It proficiently checks for

timeouts of clocks and conquers the issue of copy

affirmation and identifies early packets loss and TCP Vegas

is an enhanced adaptation of moderate begin. Along these

lines, it identifies bottleneck before packet loss happens. It

forces blockage shirking as opposed to blocking

identification. It has likewise changed retransmission

methods. TCP Vegas records the littlest measured RTT and

records the accessible data transfer capacity [9].

2.4 Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)

MANET is blind without routing protocols. The routing

protocols are that assign the path for packet forwarding in

MANET [19]. Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV)

routing protocol is used to conduct the evaluation of TCP

variants under MANET in this paper. AODV routing

protocol belongs to reactive and topology based families of

routing protocols. The reactive families of routing protocol

get up to make a routing path on the need for

communication between network nodes.

2.4.1. Discovery process of AODV

AODV limits the quantity of required communicates by

making paths in an on-request way [10]. At the point when

a source device goals to send information to another end

device, it needs to start a way of discovering procedure to

find the other device. A source device broadcasts a route

request (RREQ) packet to its all nearest neighbors.

Neighbor nodes of source nodes forward RREQ to their

neighbors, and so on until the destination is located. Target

node sends a route reply (RREP) packet but RREP is not

broadcasted, it passes the pre-defined route from which

target node gets the RREQ packet. The source device

begins to send actual information after getting RREP

packet utilizing a similar path [11] as a display in following

Figure 2.

Figure .2 Route Discovery process of AODV [11]

3. Literature Review

It is important to lead the related study for comprehending

fundamental and ability idea with respect to TCP variations

and MANET routing protocols. In [12] author watched

different MANET routing protocols under three TCP

variations. They quantified consequences of different QoS

parameters. Each of the routing protocol and TCP

variations is found to have performed well as a rule. One of

the variations known as the Selective Acknowledgment

(SACK), it could alter for the most part well to the

changing network sizes while the Reno performs most

capable in assorted suitability circumstances.

The work in [13], authors explored the impacts of

subscriber’s mean speed on the execution attributes of three

TCP agents specifically TCP-New Reno, Westwood, and

Cubic, in WiMAX arrange condition, under the states of

related lossy connections, route failures, and network

blockage. They noticed that TCP throughput diminishes

altogether when node movement cases connection

disappointments, because of TCP's helplessness to perceive

the contrast between connection disappointment.

In this paper [14], authors have examined the

execution of new protocol named RCP+ compare with

variations of TCP in a hybrid network situation. Their

outcomes demonstrated that RCP+ could altogether build

the productivity of congest-control-systems. The work of

[15], to explore the execution of various transmission

control protocols in MANET and wired systems. The least

impact of portability has been evaluated on TCP Westwood

that delivered lesser segments than TCP Vegas and SACK.

K. H.MOHAMMADANI et.al. EMPIRICAL MODELLING OF TCP IN MANET

Copyright ©2017, ESTIRJ-VOL.1, NO.2 (22-27)

In [16] authors concentrated through broad simulation

situations the execution attributes of various TCP agent

under the states of related wireless blunders, asymmetric

end-to-end abilities, and link congestion. Generally, their

results demonstrated that Westwood and BIC offer the best

performance over the rest TCP variations in all cases

contemplated. In the paper [17] authors analyzed different

TCP variants in the unidirectional and bidirectional

networks on the Wi-Fi scenario. Authors analyzed various

TCP variants [18]. Their motto was the attention around

TCP sender side components under appropriate buffer

management algorithm to deal with higher offered stack,

irregular misfortunes, and retransmission timeouts. Table 1.

is highlighting the significance of our work in relation to

previous research work.

Table.1. Summary of related work

Publicatio

n

TCP

Variants

QoS

Parameters

Network

Type

[12] SACK,

Reno, New

Reno

Delay,

Throughput

MANET

[13] New Reno,

Westwood &

Cubic

Throughput,

Delay, &

PDR

WiMAX

[14] Bay TCP,

FULL TCP,

TCP- Vegas,

TCP- Linux,

TCP Fack,

TCP Sack,

Fast TCP,

TCP Reno,

New Reno &

RCP+

Throughput,

Dropped

Packet,

Delay, PDR

& NRL.

Heterogeneou

s

[15] SACK,

Vegas,

Tahoe, Reno,

New Reno &

Westwood

Good put,

Fairness

Hybrid

Network

[16] New Reno,

Vegas, Reno,

Westwood &

BIC

Good put WiMAX

[17] TCP Tahoe,

Vegas, Reno,

New Reno &

Sack

Throughput

& congestion

window

Wi-fi network

[18] New Reno,

Westwood,

& CUBIC

Throughput,

PDR, Delay

& NRL

WiMAX

4. Methodology

4.1 Simulations

Network simulation is a technique that builds model

networks virtually. Simulation is utilized to test a PC

program to monitor network performance. A few

simulators are utilized for network simulation, for example,

OPNET, NS3, OMNET, and NS2 etc. In this paper, we use

NS2 for simulation purpose. NS2 is an object-oriented

simulator, written in C++, with an OTCL interpreter as a

frontend. NS2 supports various kind of (wired and

wireless) routing protocols. It supports the main two

transport agents TCP and UDP. It also supports various

type of application e.g. FTP, HTTP, WWW, CBR,

Exponential, and VBR. simplex and duplex are also

supported by NS2 as the mode of communication. We use

various types of simulation parameters in this paper. Table

2 shows the simulation parameters.

Table.2. Simulation Parameters

Simulation Parameters Parameters Values

Simulation Time 1000 seconds

Environment Size 1000.m × 1000.m

Application / Traffic FTP

Transport protocol TCP, TCP Reno, TCP New

Reno and TCP Vegas

Mobility model RWP

Maximum Speed 15 m/s

Protocols AODV

Nodes 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50

Queue Length 50

MAC 802.11b

5. Results and Discussion

This segment exhibits the results of our simulation. The

dimensions of variation included five different complexities

of a MANET network (10, 20, 30, 40 & 50) nodes, a

variation of four TCP variants (TCP, TCP New Reno, TCP

Reno and TCP Vegas) and to assess the execution of these

TCP variants through four QoS parameters have been

measured viz. Packet Delivery Ratio, Average Throughput,

e2e Delay and Jitter.

5.1 Network Throughput

Throughput is the measure of information conveyed in a

unit of time. From the graph in Fig.3. TCP behaves

similarly with TCP Reno and Vegas at initially due to low

congestion on the network. As network nodes are increased

the performance of these TCP types decreases. Initial the

performance of TCP Reno is less but as nodes increase the

TCP Reno maintains its performance and ability to deliver

gradually data than other TCP types in high complexities

scenarios.

Figure.3. Throughput (kbps) Vs No of Nodes

5.2 Jitter

Jitter is characterized as a variety in the delay of got

packets. The sending side transmits packets in a consistent

stream and spaces them equally separated. The jitter

between packets can change as opposed to staying steady

K. H.MOHAMMADANI et.al. EMPIRICAL MODELLING OF TCP IN MANET

Copyright ©2017, ESTIRJ-VOL.1, NO.2 (22-27)

due to bottleneck, inappropriate queuing and setup errors.

Fig. 4, shows the jitter of the network, initially, the jitter of

all TCP variants is similar and give a neck to neck

performance. TCP Reno decreases jitter even when

network complexity increases that means TCP Reno

maintains the network jitter at high complexity scenarios.

TCP does not control the jitter problem in all scenarios.

TCP New Reno and TCP Vegas do not control so much as

TCP Reno controls the jitter.

Figure.4. Jitter (s) Vs No of Nodes

5.3 End to End Delay

End-to-End (e2e) delay is the normal time a packet takes to

achieve the goal. It is also known latency of the network.

From the graph in Figure 5, it can be detected that the e2e

delay of TCP Vegas the remained less as compare to other

TCP variants. All variants initially increase the delay of the

network due to break the routes of the network but as

network nodes increase the more routes are available to

deliver the packets there other TCP variants try to

decreases the overall delay in the network. Initially TCP

Vegas maintains the delay but as network complexity

increases it does not control as in less complexity network

but still, it maintains delay as shown in the graph.

Figure.5. e2e Delay (s) Vs No of Nodes

5.4 Packet Deliver Ratio

Packet deliver ratio (PDR) is the proportion of packets get

to the quantity of packets sent. From the graph in Figure 6,

it can be observed that all TCP variants perform identically

and deliver the more packets in overall time. Little bit TCP

Reno still performs well as compare to other TCP variants.

It maintains itself for delivering the packets. Other TCP

variants also deliver packets but still little bit variation

occurred in the graph but it can be negligible.

Figure.6. Packet deliver ratio (PDR %) Vs No of Nodes

6. Summarized results

Our objective was to look at the four variations of

transmission control protocols to each other, not to trace the

ideal execution possible in our situations, we noticed that

the network complexities do impact the execution of TCP

variations. This conclusion is reliable with the perception

of past investigations. In any case, contrary to other

investigations that looked at variants of transmission

control protocol (TCP) under an assortment of performance

parameters, a particular victor may not be certain for our

case where a real scenario was employed since various

execution measurements and network evaluations appear to

give unstable execution rankings.

At last, Table 3. does precisely the empirical

examination of selected TCP variants for MANET network

mentioned in this paper. It gives correspondingly, the TCP

variants name, number of nodes to show the network

complexities, and the QoS metrics, where, H, M and L

mean High, Medium and Low execution, individually. In

case of PDR and throughput, they must be high for the

good performance. And in case of jitter and end to end

delay, as they are low as the performance is sufficient.

Table 3. Summary of measured results

Quality of Service Parameters

( H- M -L ) TCP

Variants

No of

Nodes PDR Throughput Jitter

e2e

Delay

TCP

10 H H L L

20 H M L H

30 H M L H

40 H M H H

50 H L H M

TCP

Reno

10 H M L M

20 H M L M

30 H M M M

40 H H M L

50 H H M L

TCP

New

10 H H L M

20 H M L H

K. H.MOHAMMADANI et.al. EMPIRICAL MODELLING OF TCP IN MANET

Copyright ©2017, ESTIRJ-VOL.1, NO.2 (22-27)

Reno 30 H M M H

40 H M M H

50 H M M M

TCP

Vegas

10 H H L L

20 H M L L

30 H M M L

40 H L H L

50 H L H L

7. Conclusion and future directions

We executed the various transmission control protocols

known as TCP-variants in this paper. We have especially

run around MANET to examine the execution of the TCP

variants. The less impact of network complexity has been

analyzed on TCP Reno. TCP, TCP New Reno, and TCP

Vegas degraded the throughput in high network

complexities and they have got more packet delay time in

term of an end to end delay and jitter time to deliver the

packets as compared to TCP Reno. TCP Reno could be

better from network complexity as the quality perspective

of QoS metrics in the MANET.

In the future, we will compare TCP variants in the

integrated wireless network in relation to different reactive

and proactive routing protocols with multiple types of

mobility models.

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About authors

Khalid Hussian Mohammadani is a Computer Science

Professional with over five-year experience in teaching

networking, programming in C, Web development and

other CS and Telecommunication courses. His area of

interest includes wireless sensor network, mobile adhoc

network, image processing and blooming taxonomy

technology. He worked as a trainer in two workshop of

Network Simulator NS2 that held by department of

Telecommunication, Mehran university, Jamshoro, Sindh.

He obtained his BS in Telecommunication from University

of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan in 2008. He also

received M. Phil. Degrees in Computer Science from Isra

University, Hyderabad, Sindh Pakistan in 2015. At present

he is pursuing Ph.D. in Computer science at Isra university

Hyderabad, Sindh , Pakistan.

K. H.MOHAMMADANI et.al. EMPIRICAL MODELLING OF TCP IN MANET

Copyright ©2017, ESTIRJ-VOL.1, NO.2 (22-27)

Dr. Safi Faizullah received his Ph.D. in Computer Science

from Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey,

USA in 2002. He also received MS and M. Phil. Degrees in

Computer Science from Rutgers University, New

Brunswick, New Jersey, USA in2000 and 2001,

respectively. Dr. Faizullah also earned his BS and MS

degrees in Information and Computer Science from

KFUPM, Dhahran, KSA in 1991 and 1994,respectively.

His research interests are in computer networks, mobile

computing, wireless networks, distributed and enterprise

systems. He is a Professor of Computer Science at Islamic

University of Madina, Saudi Arabia.

Prof. Arshad Shaikh, is a computer science professional

with over 20 years of experience in teaching and R&D. In

addition to the core computer science, his areas of interest

include topics from basic sciences and applied engineering.

He obtained his Bachelors of Computer Science degree

from University of Karachi with a Gold Medal. He did his

MS (Computer Science) from Rutgers, the state university

of NJ, USA. He is presently associated with Isra

University, Hyderabad.

Ms. Nazish Nawaz received the MS in IT. She is currently

pursuing the Ph.D. in computer science at the Isra

university Hyderabad, Pakistan. She is also assistant

professor in department of computer science at university

of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan. Her current research involves

in multicast routing protocols for MANET.

Rahat Ali Khan has about 10 years’ experience of

teaching of electronics and telecommunication subjects. He

is currently research and teaching Assistant at IICT

University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh Pakistan. He received

M.Phil. in Telecommunication from University of Sindh,

Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. He also received BS (hons) in

Electronics from University of Sindh, Jamshoro. His

research interest in WBAN and wireless sensor network.