empire, race and progress
TRANSCRIPT
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Empire, Race and Progress
Lecture Nine
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Agenda
• Reason and rationalisation• The biological sciences,
scientific racism and eugenics• The new imperialism• The ‘dark side’ of the
Enlightenment?
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Joseph Merrick
Joseph Merrick (1862-1890)
“Tis true my form is something odd, But blaming me is blaming God. Could I create myself anew, I would not fail in pleasing you. If I could reach from pole to pole, Or grasp the ocean with a span, I would be measured by the soul, The mind's the standard of the man.” - Poem by Isaac Watts regularly recited by Merrick.
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Reason and Progress
Rationality: To use principles of logic and systematic method in the analysis of evidence and ideas in order to reach conclusions about ‘reality’ or ‘truth’ (“ratio-nising”)
Rationalisation: (1) Arranging components of a process to eliminate wastefulness; OR (2)The act of using the appearance of rationality to justify an action already taken or a belief already-held
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Scientific Method
Top (left to right): Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778); Gregor Mendel (1822-1884); Charles Darwin (1809-1882); Ernst von Haeckel (1834-1919). Left: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
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Scientific Method
Plate 49 from Haeckel, Kunstformen der Natur (1904).
Shows sea anemones, classified as Actiniae.
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Scientific Method?
Copy of embryo drawings originally by Haeckel (1892)
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‘Scientific’ Racism
Left to right: Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau (1816-1882); Josiah C. Nott (1804-1873); Samuel George Morton (1799-1851)
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‘Scientific’ Racism
A drawing from Nott and Giddens’ Indigenous Races of the Earth (1857).
By comparing the skulls of ‘Greek’, ‘Negro’ and ‘Chimpanzee’, the drawing seeks to present a hierarchy of development linking black people to primates.
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Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Madison Grant (1865-1937)
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Pseudo-Science
Phrenological Diagram
American Phrenological Journal
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Pseudo-Science
Above: P. T. Barnum (1810-1891); Left: The Fiji Mermaid
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The New Imperialism• Expanding imperial powers of old: France,
Britain, the Netherlands, and (to a lesser extent) Russia
• New imperial powers: Germany, Japan, Belgium, the United States and Italy
• Collapsing powers: Spain, Portugal, Chinese Empire, Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungary (see next lecture)
• New colonial possessions or formalisation of existing rule in Africa, Asia and South Asia
• Informal colonialism in the Americas
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1828
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1897
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The New Imperialism
• Economic arguments: excess capital, need to secure primary materials, search for new markets
• Diplomatic arguments: imperial rivalry, political crises on the periphery
• Cultural arguments: e.g. Edward Said’s Orientalism