emperor (1852-1870) napoleon “the small”
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Emperor (1852-1870)
Napoleon “the small”
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• Elected in 1848 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
• - a strong, authoritarian national leader
• National assembly rejected his wish to revise the constitution and be allowed to stand for reelection
• Used troops to seize control of the government Dec.1, 1851
• Dec. 2 dismissed the assembly
• After restoring universal male suffrage
• Napoleon asked the people the elect him president for 10 years (92%)
• 7.5 million yes votes
• 640, 000 no votes
• November 21, 1852 asked for the restoration of the empire 97% voted in favor of it
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• Controlled the armed forces, police, and civil service
• Only he could introduce legislation and declare war.
• Legislative Corps- gave the appearance of representative government1st 5 years were a success
Economic prosperity
Industrial growth
Construction of railroads,
harbors, roads, and canals
Hospitals
Free medicine for workers
Better housing for the
working class
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• Broad boulevards, spacious buildings, circular plazas, public squares,
and underground sewage systems.
• Legalized trade Unions (Right to Strike)
• Legislative Corps permitted more say in affairs of State
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• Ottoman Empire was in decline
• Independent- Serbia 1817, Greece 1830
• Russia had gained a protectorate over Moldavia and Walachia in 1829
• Austria and Russia wanted Ottoman lands
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• Russia demanded the right to protect
Christian Shrines in Palestine
• Ottomans refused Russia invaded and the
Ottomans declared war on Russia Oct 4,
1853
• March 28, 1854 Great Britain and France
declared war on Russia
• Both feared the balance of Power would be
upset
• Napoleon III felt that Russia insulted France
first at the Congress of Vienna and by
replacing the French as the Protectors of
Christians living in the Ottoman Empire
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• Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg
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• Britain and France decided to attack Russia’s Crimean peninsula
in the Black sea
• Sevastopol fell in September 1855 Six months after the death of
(Czar Nicholas I)
• Alexander II sued for peace Treaty of Paris March 1856
• 280,000 Soldiers died 60% from disease (mainly Cholera)
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Insistence on strict sanitary conditions
helped make the nursing profession
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Austria and Russia were now enemies because of Austria’s unwillingness to support Russia in the war
Russia was defeated, humiliated and weakened
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• The Unification of Italy
• Unification efforts focused on the northern Italian of Piedmont
• The Royal house of Savoy ruled Piedmont Savoy and Sardinia
• King Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Count Camillo di Cavour
• Cavour allied Piedmont with France in driving the Austrians out of Italy
• France would receive nice and Savoy
• Cavour provoked the Austrians into invading piedmont in April 1859
• French defeated Austrians early in the war (2 battles)
• France made peace with Austria on July 11, 1859 without informing their Italian ally
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• Why- the Austrian army was not defeated
Prussia was mobilizing in support of Austria
• Piedmont received Lombardy- other Italian
stated agreed to join Piedmont
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•
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• Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia
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• Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
• Support Mazzini and young Italy raised an army of volunteers known as Red shirts.
• Conquered Sicily (two Sicilies) from the Bourbon King- July 1860 Naples and mainland Sicily fell in September.
• Garibaldi favored democratic Republicanism
• Plebiscites in the Papal States and the kingdom of the two Sicilies, resulted I Union with Piedmont
• March 17 1861 Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed under control of King Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878) Cavour died 3 Months later
• Venetia still held by Austria and Rome under Papal control and allied with France.
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new Italian state allied with Prussia,
Prussia’s victory gave Italy Venetia 1870
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Withdraw of French troops from Rome
city was annexed September 20, 1870
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• Zollverein- formed by Prussia in 1834 a German customs Union that eliminated tolls on rivers and roads
• Zollverein had stimulated trade and added to the prosperity of German states
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• 1861 King Fredrick
William IV died-
succeeded by his brother
King William I
• doubled the size of the
military
• 3 years compulsory
military service for all
young men
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• Appointed Prime Minister 1862
• Born into the Junker class “aristocrat”
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• Realpolitik- Ultimate realist
• 1862- Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism
but to her power… “Not by speeches and majorities
will the great questions of the day be decided- that
was the mistake of 1848-1849- but by iron and
blood.”
• Bismarck governed Prussia by ignoring parliament
• Bismarck victories were as much diplomatic and
political as they were military
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• The Danish War (1864)
• Over the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein
• The Danes were quickly defeated
• Prussia took Schleswig
• Austria administered Holstein
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• Bismarck realized Austria would have to be excluded
from German affairs for Prussia to expand its power
and dominate Germany
• Bismarck made an alliance with the new Italian state
and promised it Venetia-
goaded Austria into war June 14, 1866
• Austria was quickly defeated
• Austria lost only Venetia to Italy but was excluded
from affairs
• North German Confederation controlled by Prussia
• Prussia annexed Schleswig and Holstein, Hanover and
Hesse-Cassel
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The Ems dispatch of 1870, was a communication between King
William of Prussia (later German Emperor William I) and his
premier, Otto von Bismarck. In June, 1870, the throne of Spain
was offered to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a
relative of King William. Leopold at first accepted the
candidacy, but withdrew it in July after the French government
had protested. During these transactions William and Bismarck
were taking the waters at Ems, Germany. There the French
ambassador Comte Benedetti, in an interview with the king,
requested William's guarantee that the candidacy of Leopold
to the Spanish throne would never be renewed. William rejected
the request. Bismarck, intent on provoking war with France,
made the king's report of the conversation public (July 13) in his
celebrated Ems dispatch, which he edited in a manner certain to
provoke the French. France declared war on July 19, and the
Franco-Prussian War began
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• Queen Isabella II of Spain was deposed in a revolution the
Spanish throne was offered to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern a
relative of King William I
• The French ambassador asked for a formal apology to France
and promise never to allow Leopold to be a candidate again
• Bismarck edited the telegram from the King to make it appear
more insulting to the French -Ems Dispatch
• The French declared war on Prussia July 15, 1870
• The southern German states honored their alliance with Prussia
• The Prussian army advanced into France
• September 2, 1870 an entire French army and Napoleon III
were captured
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This battle, the most decisive of the war, was fought September 1,
1870. The French, under Marshal Macmahon, who was wounded
early in the action, were driven from all their positions by the
Germans, under the King of Prussia, and compelled to retire into
Sedan, where they laid down their arms.
The Emperor Napoleon III was among the prisoners, and one of
the results of the surrender was his dethronement and the
proclamation of a republic in Paris.
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• Prussian troops marching through Paris
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• Paris surrendered January 28, 1871
• Peace Treaty- France had to pay $5 Billion francs and give up
the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine
• January 18, 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles William I
proclaimed Kaiser of the 2nd German Empire
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Prussian Leadership of
German Unification
triumph of authoritarian,
militaristic values over
liberal constitution values
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• 1850’s poor agrarian society
• 90% of the population lived on the land
• Open field system
• Serfdom- serfs and serf families were often sold
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• “It is better to abolish serfdom from
above than to wait until it is
abolished from below”
• March 3, 1861 emancipation edict
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1864 Zemstvos- local assemblies
Institution for local government
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Railroads- enabled Russia to export grain
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People’s will assassinated Alexander II in 1881
Alexander III (1881-1894) –reactionary
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Sergei Witte-
minister of finance
1892-1903
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• 1903 Russia established a sphere of influence in Manchuria
• Russia and Japan were both vying for Korea.
• February 1904 Japanese launched a sneak attacked against Russia-Port Arthur (Vladivostok)
• 1905 Russia accepted a humiliating defeat (Treaty of Portsmouth).
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Middle class, liberals, Nationalists and peasant among the discontent
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imposing Russian culture on ethnic groups in the empire
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• Petition of grievances to the Czar- Jan 9 1905 (winter palace)
• Troops open fire killing hundreds and became known as
“Bloody Sunday”
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• Incited strikes and formation of Unions general strike in October 1905
•October Manifesto- granted civil liberties and created a legislative assembly
• Known as the Duma
• (Czar had absolute veto power)
• This satisfied middle-class moderates
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• Czar dismissed Duma
• More radical Duma elected in 1907
• Dismissed after 3 months by the Czar
• New law guaranteed half the seats in the Dumato landowners
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• Nation-States 1871-1914
• Universal male suffrage
Woman’s suffrage movement
• Modern-anti-Semitism
• Unusual peace and prosperity
• No European Wars among the
great powers
• Progress toward democracy
great powers were more
democratic in 1914 than 1870
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• 4 Kingdoms: Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Württemberg
• Federal Union-Prussia and 24 smaller states
• Chancellor-Otto Von Bismarck popularly elected lower house Reichstag
• “Authoritarian, conservative, military-bureaucratic state” most powerful country on the continent
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• Kulturkampf “struggle for civilization”
• Attack on the Catholic Church (1870’s)
• Bismarck wanted loyalty to the German State ahead of
the Catholic Church
• 1876-the only Catholic Bishops left in Prussia were in
prison
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• Protective tariff 1879-
against cheap grain
• Protectionism-higher tariffs
• Late 1870’s Bismarck
ended Kulturkampf and
shifted his attention to
Socialism
• Social measures- pensions
benefits
• First ever social security
system
• Health Insurance- 1883
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1890 dismissed Bismarck forced him to resign
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• The Enlightenment and French Revolution led to
legal equality in many European countries
• French Revolution- full citizenship for Jews.
• Jewish assimilation in the 19th century was most
successful in Germany
• New professionals law, medicine and Journalism
• Germany-first with public education
• High rate of intermarriage
• 1/3 of married Jews are to non-Jews
• 1900 -Jewish leaders fear assimilation
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• Third Republic surrendered to Germany
• January 1871
• Loss of Alsace and Lorraine and 5 billion francs
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• Government selected by universal male suffrage
• monarchists won 400 out of 630 seats in the
new National Assembly
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Thiers’ government was seen as:
• Too conservative.
• Too royalist.
• Too ready to accept a humiliating peace with Prussia.Pruss
The French government established itself at Versailles, NOT in Paris.
• Parisians were angered by this.
• They opposed the policies of this new government.
• It attempted to restore order in Paris.
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Radical Republicans formed their own government in Paris known
as the Commune (1871) First commune (1791)
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• The Paris Commune [Communards] was
elected on March 28 and established itself
at the Hôtel de Ville.
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• National Assembly decided to crush the commune during the last week in May
• government troops massacred thousands of the commune’s defenders
• Estimated 20,000 shot
• Another 10,000 sent to the French Penal colony of New Caledonia in the South Pacific.
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Marx viewed the Commune as “a class struggle of workers attacking
bourgeois interests, which were embodied in the centralized state”
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Manet, The Barricade
In this detail from his painting
The Barricade, Edouard Manet
(1832-1883) captures a scene
from the Paris Commune of
1871. The communards are
trying to protect themselves
with barricades from the
onslaught of government
troops. Although fewer than
one thousand government
soldiers died, over 25,000
communards were killed.
(Hungarian National Museum)
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• A street in Paris in May 1871, by Maximilien Luce
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• Monarchist were unable to agree on who should be king
• 1875 constitution established a republican form of government.
• The Third Republic lasted 65 years
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• Jewish captain in the French Army accused of selling military secrets to Germany.
• Found guilty in court based on false evidence and sentenced to life in prison (on Devils Island) off the coast of South America.
• A few years later new evidence showed that Dreyfus was framed by army officers.
• Public opinion was divided
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1898 Emile Zola published an open letter (I Accuse) Zola denounced the army for covering up the scandal
Zola was given a year in prison, eventually the French government declared Dreyfus innocent
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• Queen Victoria (1837-1901) 2nd longest in English history
• Victorian age- sense of duty and moral respectability
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• Henry John Temple- Lord Palmerston
• Whigs- after 1865 were called Liberals
• ( Whigs changed their name to Liberal party)
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• Tory/Conservative leader Benjamin Disraeli
• (son of a Jewish stockbroker)
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• A Member of Parliament to Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli:
“Sir, you will either die on the gallows or of some unspeakable disease.”
• Disraeli: “That depends, sir, on whether I embrace your policies or your mistress.”
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• Reform Act 1867
lowered monetary
requirements for
voting
• Voters increased
from 1 to 2 million
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• Liberal Victory 1868
• William Gladstone
(4 terms as Prime Minister)
• 1st administration 1868-
1874 1880-1885 , 1886,
1892-1894
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Civil service exams and secret ballot (1872)
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all men who paid regular rents or taxes
(enfranchised agricultural workers)
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1906-1914 liberal party increased taxes on the rich, passed extensive social welfare measures and eliminated the House of Lords as a real power in British Politics
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New political party organized around 1900.
Keir Hardie becomes 1st Labour MP
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Intellectuals concerned with social welfare- named after Roman
dictator Fabius, who was noted for delaying tactics. They were
successful propagandists- able to keep issues of social reform in
the public eye. Supported the new Labour party.
Included George Bernard Shaw and novelist H.G. Wells. Fabian
socialists argued that class conflict was not necessary, and that
reasonable gradual measures would result in socialism.
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• This 1910 poster protested
the force-feeding of
suffragettes on hunger strike
in Britain. It invited voters to
reject the Liberal
government, guilty of what
suffragettes viewed as state
torture.
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Gladstone introduced bills for Irish self-government in
1886-1893. They failed.
Irish-Catholic in southern countries wanted home rule
Irish Protestants in the North-Ulster opposed home rule
1801 Britain and Ireland were formally joined
Gave Ireland representation in British Parliament
Daniel O’Connell- persuaded parliament to pass Catholic
Emancipation Act in 1829
1845-1848- Fungus ruined Irelands potato crop
1914 home rule bill
1916 Easter rebellion/leaders executed
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1769 claimed New Zealand
1780 Australia
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• Franz Joseph tried to Germanize
the language and culture of the
different nationalities
• After the defeat by Prussia in
1866, established a monarchy,
shared monarchy- finance,
defense, and foreign affairs
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Austria-Hungary was weakened by Nationalism
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• Language Ordinances, 1897
• The Language Ordinances of 1897, which were intended to satisfy the Czechs by establishing equality between the local language and German in non-German districts of Austria, produced a powerful backlash among Germans. This wood engraving shows troops dispersing German protesters of the new law before the parliament building. (Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek
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• This 1879 lithograph by Georgi
Dancov, Free Bulgaria, depicts
Bulgaria in the form of a maiden-
protected by the Russian eagle,
breaking her chains, and winning
liberty from the Ottoman Empire.
Semi-autonomy in 1879 was
followed by unification under
Alexander of Battenberg.
• (St. Cyril and Methodius National
Library, Sofia)
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Expulsion of Jews-
England 1290, France 1300’s, Spain 1492
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1871 German Empire- emancipation of Jews
abolished all restrictions on Jewish marriages,
occupations, residence, and property ownership
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• Anti-Semitism- Conservatives and extreme nationalists
• 1890’s, Karl Lueger “Christian Socialist” Vienna Austria,
• Pogroms- Russia
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• socialism appealed to working men and working women, growth
of socialist parties after 1871
• 1864 Marx helped form the 1st international of socialists
• 1870-1914 in most countries workers gained the right to vote,
workers won benefits, standards of living rose
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1914- Germany most industrialized,
socialized and unionized continental country
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effort by various socialists to update Marxist doctrine to reflect the realities of the time
Eduard Bernstein
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• Syllabus of Errors- (1864) condemned modern ideas
• First Vatican Council (1870- 1871) declared the doctrine
of papal infallibility
• Pius’s papacy was the longest in the history of the Catholic
Church
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• Allocution- a formal speech giving advice or a warning
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Pope Leo XIII (r.1878-1903) formulated a social doctrine
that combined a belief in private property with a concern
for poverty and inequality. In the encyclical Rerum Novarum
(“of modern things”), Leo suggested that much of socialism
reflected Christian teachings, but he firmly rejected Marxist
ideology as materialist and anti-religious.
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• Italian strikers, 1890s
• This detail from Pelizza
da Volpedo Giuseppe's
(1868-1907) study for
The Fourth Estate depicts
Italian strikers of the
1890s. (Arborio Mella)
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