emerging issues facing water reuse status of asr 2003.pdf · optimization of many reuse programs...
TRANSCRIPT
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Status of ASR in Florida....& Beyond...
Presented at the Presented at the
Presented byPresented by
Mark B. McNeal, P.G.Mark B. McNeal, P.G.
January 24th, 2003January 24th, 2003
Emerging Issues Facing Emerging Issues Facing Water ReuseWater ReuseSponsored bySponsored by
Florida Water Environment AssociationFlorida Water Environment Association
In association withIn association withFlorida Department of Environmental ProtectionFlorida Department of Environmental ProtectionWateReuse AssociationWateReuse Association
Coronado Springs ResortCoronado Springs ResortLake Buena Vista, FloridaLake Buena Vista, Florida
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Today’s Presentation
• Introduction• ASR Feasibility• Technical Issues• Summary
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PotentialSupply Deficit
PotentialExcess Supply
Mature reuse systems face supply and demand imbalances
Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Incr
easi
ng D
eman
d
Reclaimed WaterDemand
ReclaimedWater Supply
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Many storage options are available
ASR Wells
Surface Reservoirs
?????Above Ground Storage Tanks
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Problem: 600 MG storage needed Problem: 600 MG storage needed Problem: 600 MG storage needed
6 ASR Wells6 ASR Wells•$5 to 6 million cost•3 acres of land•$5 to 6 million cost•3 acres of land
120 - 5MGStorage Tanks120 - 5MGStorage Tanks•>$100 million cost•100s of acres of land•>$100 million cost•100s of acres of land
ASR is most feasible in many cases
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ASR Technology• Aquifer Storage Recovery, or ASR, is
the seasonal storage of large volumes of potable or non-potable water in a suitable aquifer during periods of low demand, for subsequent recovery during periods of high demand for beneficial use
• Reclaimed Water ASR is the seasonal storage of high quality reclaimed water
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DC
ASR is a proven seasonal storage option
• At least 40 systems in operation• Over 60 more in development• The majority store potable water
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Conceptual Reclaimed Water ASR Well
Class V, Group 3Class V, Group 3Injection WellInjection Well
Typical Recovery OperationTypical Recovery Operation(Excess Demand)(Excess Demand)
WRF orWRF orAWTPAWTP
Public AccessReuse System
Typical Recharge OperationTypical Recharge Operation(Excess Supply)(Excess Supply)
Public AccessReuse System
WRF orWRF orAWTPAWTP
Class V, Group 3Class V, Group 3Injection WellInjection Well
Zone of poor quality water
Low Permeability
Zone
Moderate Permeability
Zone
Low Permeability
Zone
3,000 mg/L TDS
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Reclaimed water ASR programs are developing quickly along Florida’s west coast
Bradenton
Peace River
Bonita Springs
Marco Island RO WTP
Potable Water ASR ProjectPartially Treated Surface Water ASR Project
Tampa
Reclaimed Water ASR Project
South HillsboroughSt. Petersburg
SouthwestManatee County
Sarasota County
Lehigh Acres
Marco Island WWTP
Manatee County
Central Hillsborough
Manatee County North
City of Sarasota
Fort Myers
Englewood
Northwest Hillsborough
Pinellas CountyLargo
Clearwater
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Florida is out in front nationally in development of reclaimed water ASR
• Other states are less comfortable with reclaimed water use
• Artificial recharge and indirect potable reuse are more active elsewhere
• Other areas appear to be lagging in matching the quality of water to intended use
IDID--11
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Reclaimed water ASR will become more widespread in the near future• Similar projects are underway in
– Arizona– California
• Other states recognize the need but must develop regulatory framework– South Carolina -- North Carolina– Georgia --Texas
• Yet other states must still become more comfortable with reuse
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ASR will be the key to successful optimization of many reuse programs
• Reuse is limited to 50 to 60 percent of annual ADF without seasonal storage for many Florida reuse systems
• Proper ASR development in many cases–is the lowest cost option to expand system–has the lowest land requirements–is environmentally sensitive–has no negative aesthetics
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Reclaimed water ASR programs take several years to implement
• Feasibility Study (3 to 6 months)• Permitting (10 to 15 months)• Well Construction (6 to 12 months)• Operational testing (2 to 4 years)
July 2001August 1996 January 1997
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A feasibility study is important to address ASR permitting, siting & development issues• Well siting • Reclaimed water
characterization• Existing wastewater
infrastructure and reuse system
• Supply and demand issues• Existing groundwater users• Native water quality and
hydrogeology• Drilling and testing program
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Native water quality and hydrogeology drive selection of optimum storage zone and permitting strategy
Permitting Not Feasible
Limited Recovery
Proper Storage Zone SelectionMaximizes Recovery And Aids in
Permit Approval
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The reclaimed water must meet all primary Drinking Water Standards• Phthalate concerns may have to be addressed• Disinfection by-products can be successfully
addressed through chloramination– TTHMs reduced from 175 ppb to 30 ppb at NW
Hillsborough Co.• Nitrogen series may also
require process changes– Nitrate of <10 mg/L– Nitrite of <1 mg/L– Ammonia is not regulated
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Coliform standards must be met at the well• Total coliform of 4 cfu/100 mL; not a reuse - but
a groundwater discharge - standard– Reuse systems are not sterile conveyance systems, not
constructed/operated as a drinking water system – Chloramines are more persistent than free chlorine,
but generally not as strong a disinfectant; maintaining elevated TRC at wellhead should control TC
• Fecal coliform must be (and have been) absent• Alternative disinfection
such as UV may be needed at the wellhead– Capital $80-$100k/well– O&M $3-$5k/year/well
UV
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Secondary Drinking Water Standards must also be met
• Secondary DWSs are aesthetic rather than health-based standards– Color -- Manganese -- TDS --pH– Odor -- Iron --Chloride
• Ambient groundwater is alternative standard• Exemptions are available and relatively easy to
obtain– WQCEs, ZODs, Chapter 120 Variance
• Regulated as average concentrations, rather than single sample exceedence
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
HillsboroughCounty ASR Well
Limestone
Limestone/Clay
ClaySand
Semi-ConfiningZone
Limestone/Clay
Semi-ConfiningZone
ExistingStorage ZoneLimestone
Proximity of the saltwater interface has limited recovery from some ASR wells
• Upconing may occur during recovery
• Saltwater interface is typically close to the base of the well
• Important not to over-stress the well early– Lower recovery
rates– Vol in > Vol out
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Initial test results from EWD are encouraging
• Storage zone is saline -20,000 mg/L TDS
• 90 MG was recharged during first cycle
• Only 12 MG was recovered– Due to lack of reuse demand not
water quality • Recovered water quality
approached 1,100 mg/L TDS• Acceptable endpoint estimated at 2,000 mg/L
– Recovery estimated at over 30 percent if reuse customers were available
– Recovery should improve w/ increased storage
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Blending of ASR water with reclaimed water will help meet irrigation quality
Water ReclamationFacility
1 mgd @ 2000 mg/L TDS
Chlorine Contact Basin
3 mgd @1000 mg/L TDS
(400 mg/L chlorides)
ASR Well
2000 mg/L TDS
2 mgd @500 mg/L TDS
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Cycle testing is an important phase of the ASR program• Operational testing
necessary to justify FDEP operating permit issuance
• Defines recovery potential of the stored water
• Allows demonstration that drinking water standards can be maintained during recharge events
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Sufficient reject pond capacity provides flexibility during cycle testing
TPW-1Existing
Blowdown Pond
• High turbidity observed for 1 to 2 hours following recovery startup
• Existing pond sited for 15 to 20 minutes of recovery
• Larger pond will allow longer blowdown period during multiple ASR well startups
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Reclaimed water ASR projects should be easier to develop than potable ASR• Source water costs “pennies” per 1000
gallons (pumping costs), therefore investment is minimal to develop “bubbles”
• Recovery to approximately twice the salinity of drinking water for many irrigation applications
• No re-treatment should be required prior to placing into the reuse system, following water quality demonstration
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Major hurdles have been cleared over the past several years in Florida
PermittingFeasibility
Native water quality
characteri-zation
Authorization to Use
OperatingPermit
Recharge Water
Quality Issues
One hurdle remains . . .
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Summary• Sustainable dry season supplies are becoming
increasingly critical for reuse reliability• ASR allows the reuse utility to maximize use
and minimize disposal of this resource• Substantial progress
has been made in Florida to recognize the benefits of reclaimed water ASR
• Further progress is needed to streamline implementation of these programs
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Summary (cont.)• Reclaimed water ASR is a new use of a proven
technology to maximize reuse• Favorably received by FL regulatory agencies• May allow utility to transition into a zero-
discharge facility• Economical approach to large volumes of
seasonal storage• Future saltwater intrusion barriers or indirect
potable reuse applications may develop, but additional treatment is likely required
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Status of ASR in Florida....& Beyond...
Presented at the Presented at the
Presented byPresented by
Mark B. McNeal, P.G.Mark B. McNeal, P.G.
January 24th, 2003January 24th, 2003
Emerging Issues Facing Emerging Issues Facing Water ReuseWater ReuseSponsored bySponsored by
Florida Water Environment AssociationFlorida Water Environment Association
In association withIn association withFlorida Department of Environmental ProtectionFlorida Department of Environmental ProtectionWateReuse AssociationWateReuse Association
Coronado Springs ResortCoronado Springs ResortLake Buena Vista, FloridaLake Buena Vista, Florida