EMERGENCY VEHICLE ACCELERATING TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR URBAN CITIES USING WIRELESS SENSORS

Sivaranjani , Sobhiya

Student, DMI Engineering Collegesofis2317@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Traffic light sensing aims to detect states of road traffic lights, which play an important role in many applications, such as traffic management, traffic lights optimization, real-time automobile navigation .The theme of this project is to provide priority over emergency vehicles at traffic roads especially in highly congested areas. Initially the count of the signal will be fixed and based on it traffic signal will be automatically controlled according to the traffic density. But when any emergency vehicle approaches towards the signal, automatically green signal will be provided in its individual lane in which the vehicle approaches the signal while the traffic to other lanes is temporarily stopped. This can be done even based on priority of the vehicle approaching towards the signal. For this purpose, two IR sensors are placed at a distance of approximately of one km, and are used to communicate between two vehicles regarding the speed at sharp curves. At an instant when the emergency vehicle crosses a signal, it will intimate the next signal to turn on green signal using microcontroller. So the other vehicles in the lane clear the traffic and allow the emergency vehicles to move forward without any delay towards its destination. After few minutes when the emergency vehicle crosses the lane to its specified route, signal will be restored to its original state. Another IR sensor at transmitting side is used to find the traffic density. If the second IR sensor from the signal senses a threshold value the timings are adjusted accordingly. This provides a better traffic management while the timing delay to wait is much more minimized.

Keywords: Traffic light sensing -traffic lights optimization - Traffic management emergency vehicle RFID sensors

1. INTRODUCTION

A number of research projects, concerning traffic light optimization are being carried out. To perform traffic lights optimization, traffic light state information of the past and the present is an important input. In addition, with real - time state information of traffic lights, navigation systems can recommend drivers with better path planning.

Traffic light state information is also valuable to design of wireless vehicular network. The data delivery performance of a vehicular network is highly dependent on the mobility of vehicles which is greatly influenced by traffic lights. Existing study of vehicular networks rarely touches the impact of traffic lights on vehicle mobility. This is mainly due to the lack of state information of traffic lights. Therefore, traffic light sensing is of great importance as it lays the foundation for a lot of exciting applications. However, traffic light sensing in a large-scale urban area is very challenging. A possible approach to automatic traffic light sensing is to deploy cameras at intersections and apply image processing

methods to recognize the states of a traffic light. In today's urban area, some of such video cameras have been deployed for traffic violation monitoring. Nevertheless, this approach is limited by the coverage of video camera deployment. Furthermore, this approach requires the uploading of videos, which is bandwidth- consuming, and considerable computation resources.

2. SYSTEM MODEL

This section presents the system model for the wireless architecture using sensors for the automated traffic light control system. The system architecture consists of an AVR microcontroller with a zigbee module.

When an emergency vehicle approaches the traffic signal RF transmitter placed at the vehicle will transmit a signal when it matches with the RF tag placed at the road. The overall intimation signal is passed to the zigbee module. The zigbee transmitter transmits the signal to the zigbee receiver along with the microcontroller which is placed at the traffic signal. The traffic lights gets controlled automatically with the help of the microcontroller and starts to operate accordingly when the emergency vehicle arrives. The buzzer is used to indicate the arrival of the emergency vehicle to the public waiting in the traffic signal.

2.1 Emergency vehicle

An emergency vehicle could be either an ambulance or a fire engine. Still there are no prevailing technologies that give priority for the fast movement for the ambulance in highly congested areas. So this project would be an efficient technique for the prioritization for the emergency vehicle in urban cities. For this technique, an RF transmitter is placed at the emergency vehicle to send a signal to the RF receiver placed at the road.2.2 RFID

RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identifier. It consists of a RF transmitter and a RF receiver. The RFID ranges for approximately 12MHz to 30 GHz.

Normally radio frequency ranges for around 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating currents which carry radio signals. RF usually refers to electrical rather than mechanical oscillations; however, mechanical RF systems do exist.

2.3Zigbee module

The name Zigbee refers to the waggle dance of honey bees after their return to the beehive. Data transmission rates vary from 20 kilobits/second in the 868 MHz frequency band to 250 kilobits/second in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. ZigBee is used in applications that require only a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking.

2.4 AVR microcontroller

AVR stands for Advanced Virtual RISC. It is an 8-bit single chip microcontroller which can perform parallel processing. It contains some of the on chip memories like flash, SRAM, EEPROM etc. It is a modified version of Harvard architecture machine.

It is ATmega series microcontroller. Here for this project ATmega 16 AVR is used. Various ports are used for the control of the signals

2.4.1 Pin description

VCC - Digital supply voltage GND- Ground

Port A(PA7PA0) Port A serves as the analog input to the A/D converter. It also serves as an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port, if the A/D converter is not used.

Port B(PB7...PB0) It is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-up resisters

Port C(PC7...PC0) - It is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-up resisters. It also serves the function of a JTAG interface and other special features of ATmega 16 Port D (PD7...PD0) - It is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-up resisters.

RESET- Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running.

XTAL1- Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D convertor. It should be externally connected to Vcc, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to Vcc through a low-pass filter.

AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D convertor.

2.5 Seven Segment display

A seven segment display is the most basic electronic display device that can display digits from 0-9. They find wide application in devices that display numeric information like digital clocks, radio, microwave ovens, electronic meters etc. The most common configuration has an array of eight LEDs arranged in a special pattern to display these digits. They are laid out as a squared-off figure 8. Every LED is assigned a name from 'a' to 'h' and is identified by its name. Seven LEDs 'a' to 'g' are used to display the numerals while eighth LED 'h' is used to display the dot/decimal. A seven segment is generally available in ten pin package. While eight pins correspond to the eight LEDs, the remaining two pins (at middle) are common and internally shorted. These segments come in two configurations, namely, Common cathode (CC) and Common anode (CA). In CC configuration, the negative terminals of all LEDs are connected to the common pins. The common is connected to ground and a particular LED glows when its corresponding pin is given high. In CA arrangement, the common pin is given a high logic and the LED pins are given low to display a number.

3. PROPOSED SYSTEM MODEL

3.1. Buzzer

Buzzer is placed in order to alert the public waiting in the traffic. Buzzer alerts when the emergency vehicle approaches the traffic lane.

4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

This paper has presented a system for traffic light sensing in urban areas. Although the number of probe reports in a certain duration can be limited at a traffic light, a new technique that determines the state of a traffic light at any time is proposed. The novel technique takes into account both the observed measurements and statistical features of traffic lights. Evaluation with trace-driven experimentation and field study shows that this technique achieves as low as 5 percent estimation error rate and more than 60 percent of the traffic lights in the urban area have an estimation error rate lower than 19 percent. First, the current approach treats lights at different intersections independently. Nevertheless, there is correlation between lights at different intersections. This suggests that the states of other traffic lights can be exploited for state estimation of the traffic light. Second, the current work deals with two-state traffic lights.

5. FUTURE WORK

Traffic lights in practical use may have more than two states, example, left turn and right turn. Future research will extend the current approach to handle multistate traffic lights. Finally, every traffic light may have a different feature in terms of number of vehicles passing by, if it has a loop- detector, it relative location to freeways, and if its control is dynamic or not. To reduce complexity, the current implementation of the approach adopts a unified statistics for all traffic lights. The negative impact of using the unified statistics possible improvements is explored, for example, classifying traffic lights. This work could be further implemented in railways as future work.

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