emergency management in turkey: disasters experienced, lessons learned, and recommendations for the...
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Emergency Management in Turkey:Disasters Experienced, Lessons Learned,
and Recommendations for the Future
Derin N. Ural, Ph.D.Associate Professor and Founding Director,
Center of Excellence for Disaster Management, Istanbul Technical University
Turkey
2
Outline
I. Introduction
II. Policy Timeline
Milestones for National Emergency
Management
III. SWOT Analysis
IV. Challenges
3
I. Introduction Hazards in Turkey1.92 % of the country’s 780,580 km² area is prone to earthquakes 2.Floods: Black Sea, Mediterranean & Western Anatolian Region3.Landslides : Black Sea Region
II. Event/Policy II. Event/Policy Timeline Timeline
1939, 1939, Erzincan Erzincan EarthquakeEarthquake
1943, 1943, Niksar Niksar FloodsFloods
1940,1940,
Building Code for Building Code for Rebuilding in Rebuilding in ErzincanErzincan
1944, Bolu 1944, Bolu EarthquakeEarthquake
1950, 1950,
Eskisehir Eskisehir FloodsFloods
19441944
Law for Law for Mitigation for Mitigation for EarthquakesEarthquakes
1945,1945,
Introduction ofIntroduction of
Seismic Design Seismic Design CodesCodes
1953,1953,
Water Water Management &Management &
Flood Mitigation Flood Mitigation LawLaw
EVENTEVENT
POLICYPOLICY
Event/Policy Event/Policy Timeline Timeline
1968, 1968, Amasya Amasya EarthquakeEarthquake
1969, 1969, Alasehir Alasehir EarthquakeEarthquake
1970, Gediz 1970, Gediz EarthquakeEarthquake
1971, 1971, Bingol Bingol EarthquakeEarthquake
1953,1953,State State Waterworks Waterworks Institution Institution EstablishedEstablished
1958,1958,Ministry of Ministry of Public Works Public Works and and Settelements Settelements EstablishedEstablished
EVENTEVENT
POLICYPOLICY
1960,1960,Homeland Homeland Security Council Security Council EstablishedEstablished
1972,1972,Earthquake Earthquake fund fund EstablishedEstablished
Event/Policy Event/Policy Timeline Timeline
1992, 1992, Erzincan Erzincan EarthquakeEarthquake
1995, 1995, Dinar Dinar EarthquakeEarthquake
1998, 1998, Adana Adana EarthquakeEarthquakeEVENT
POLICYPOLICY
1983,1983,State of State of Emergency Law Emergency Law EstablishedEstablished
1992,1992,Earthquake Earthquake Response & Response & Recovery Recovery LawLaw
1997,1997,
Regulation on Regulation on Management Management of Prime of Prime MinistryMinistry CrisisCrisis
CenterCenter
Event/Policy Event/Policy Timeline Timeline
1999, 1999,
Kocaeli & Duzce Kocaeli & Duzce EarthquakesEarthquakes
EVENT
POLICYPOLICY
1999 :1999 : Additional Items Additional Items on Disaster Effect on Disaster Effect Life LawLife Law Enacted Enacted
Disaster Disaster
MitigationMitigation
Law InitiatedLaw Initiated
Establishment of the Establishment of the
General Directorate of General Directorate of
Turkish Emergency ManagementTurkish Emergency Management
Civil Defense Civil Defense
and Municipality and Municipality
LawLaw Updated Updated
Natural Natural Disaster Disaster
Insurance Insurance InitiatedInitiated
Event/Policy Event/Policy Timeline Timeline
1999, 1999,
Kocaeli & Duzce Kocaeli & Duzce EarthquakesEarthquakes
EVENT
POLICYPOLICY
1999 :1999 :
Regulations on Regulations on Residence FundsResidence Funds
Construction Construction ControlControl Law Law InitiatedInitiated
Regulations on Regulations on Civil Defense Civil Defense LawLaw
Regulations on the Regulations on the
Law Related to Precautions Law Related to Precautions
and Aids for Disastersand Aids for Disasters
2002, 2002, Emergency Management Emergency Management Certificate and Masters Degree Certificate and Masters Degree Program Initiated Program Initiated
2004 , 2004 ,
Municipality Municipality
LawLaw Enacted Enacted
August 17, 1999Kocaeli Earthquake
Magnitude : 7.6
Northwestern Part of Turkey
Heavily Populated Area
17,000+ loss of life and 43,000 injured
largest natural disaster in Turkey
Source: USGS
Official Damage Report Official Damage Report of the 1999 of the 1999 Kocaeli EarthquakeKocaeli Earthquake
Damage Damage ClassificationClassification
Number of Number of Residential Residential
and Business and Business UnitsUnits
LightLight 89,87289,872
ModerateModerate 77,16977,169
HeavyHeavy 77,34277,342
TotalTotal 244,383244,383
November 12, 1999
Düzce Earthquake
Magnitude : 7.2
1,000+ loss of life and 5,000 injured
Led to an awakening to the reality of earthquakes in Turkey.
Source: USGS
I. IntroductionI. Introduction
Proposed National Emergency Proposed National Emergency Management SystemManagement System
TEMAD
Prime Ministry
Deputy Governor
Metropolitan Mayor
Provincial Disaster and Emergency Center
AKOM
Water
Gas
Ambulance
Roads
Electricity
FireBrigade
Law Enforcement
Civil Defense
EMSC.D.
Search and Rescue
Ministry of the Interior
The Governor
Distric D. and Emergency Center
District Governor
NeighborhoodLeader
NeighborhoodLeader
NeighborhoodLeader
NeighborhoodLeader
Recommended Neighborhood
Emergency Center
NGO’s
NGO’s
Service Groups
Disaster Management in IstanbulAdministrative Unit Governing Body
Disaster Management Organization
Scale
(population)Responsibility
Province Governor Disaster Management
Center (AYM)10,000,000
Emergency resource management, general coordination, relations between central and local management
GreaterMetropolitan Region Greater
Metropolitan MayorDisaster Coordination Center (AKOM)
8,800,000 Central management; coordination with municipalities; manager training; machinery, equipment, personnel, and infrastructure
DistrictDistrict Governor, District Mayor
District Disaster Management Center
100,000–650,000 Building retrofit; allocation of necessary facilities, equipment, and personnel; supervision
Town QuarterInitiatives in Town quarters
Police Station, Fire Brigade, Emergency Medical Center, NGOs, Public Training Centers, Schools
~30,000 Direct intervention; community training
Neighborhood
Neighborhood LeaderNeighborhood Disaster Management Leader, Volunteer Groups
5,000–15,000 Role sharing; identification of responsibilities; building community consciousness; volunteer search
III. SWOT Analysis Results
BasedBased on on SurveySurvey Results Results of Emergency of Emergency ResponseResponse GroupGroupss
• SS t r e n g t h t r e n g t h• WW e a k n e s s e a k n e s s• OO p p o r t u n i t y p p o r t u n i t y• TT h r e a t s h r e a t s
are presented
Istanbul Istanbul SWOTSWOT AnalysisAnalysis ResultsResultsStrength Weakness Opportunity Threat
Policy •Mutual AidMutual Aid•SupervisionSupervision•NGO agreementsNGO agreements
•Obstacles to reach Obstacles to reach goalsgoals•EvaluationEvaluation•Communal Communal AwarenessAwareness
•Participation of All Participation of All levels levels •Manage ContractorsManage Contractors•Public opinion Public opinion •Accreditation Accreditation
•Local feedbackLocal feedback•Gap in EM PlansGap in EM Plans
Planning •Training ActivitiesTraining Activities•Mutual AidMutual Aid•Response PlansResponse Plans
•Adequate ResourcesAdequate Resources•Unified İncident Unified İncident Command Command (Coordination)(Coordination)
•Risk Analysis & Risk Analysis & AssessmentAssessment•Gaps in Response PlansGaps in Response Plans•Cooperation Cooperation
•Adequate Adequate ResourcesResources•Performance Performance MeasurementMeasurement
Training •Continuing Continuing EducationEducation•Training PolicyTraining Policy
•İnitial Trainingİnitial Training •Advanced TrainingAdvanced Training•Train-the-trainerTrain-the-trainer•Professional TrainingProfessional Training
•Properly trained Properly trained staffstaff•Funds for trainingFunds for training
Exercise •Cooperation Cooperation between ERUGbetween ERUG•HazMatHazMat
•Participation from Participation from Chambers of Chambers of Commerce and Commerce and Professional GroupsProfessional Groups
•Internal ReviewsInternal Reviews•İnternational MOUİnternational MOU•International ExercisesInternational Exercises
•Success of PlanSuccess of Plan
EquipmentResources
•MaintenanceMaintenance •HazMatHazMat•İncident Stress İncident Stress Debriefing TeamDebriefing Team•Protective GearProtective Gear
•CompatibilityCompatibility•Maintain PlanMaintain Plan•Measure PerformanceMeasure Performance
•Funding/ ExercisesFunding/ Exercises•Working orderWorking order
Istanbul Istanbul NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods SWOTSWOT AnalysisAnalysis ResultsResultsStrengthStrength WeaknessWeakness OpportunityOpportunity ThreatThreat
Policy •Muhtar (at the mahalle level) Muhtar (at the mahalle level) central authority under the central authority under the KaymakamKaymakam
•The district Civilian Defence The district Civilian Defence Director under the Kaymakam Director under the Kaymakam in close contact with the in close contact with the muhtarmuhtar
•Need for a new law for muhtarNeed for a new law for muhtar
•Weak opinion of the muhtar in Weak opinion of the muhtar in some governmental officerssome governmental officers
•No legal incentives for No legal incentives for volunteerismvolunteerism
•Need for certification or Need for certification or accreditation for volunteersaccreditation for volunteers
•Budget allocationBudget allocation
•Increasing awareness Increasing awareness in the public on in the public on community involvement community involvement
•No community No community capacity building capacity building programsprograms
Planning •In chain of command from In chain of command from community level (from community level (from governor, district governor to governor, district governor to the Muhtar)the Muhtar)
•Inadequate planning by the Inadequate planning by the Civilian DefenceCivilian Defence
•Muhtar not included in building Muhtar not included in building assessment assessment
•IPlans may include IPlans may include community levelcommunity level
•Muhtar without Muhtar without capacity in disasterscapacity in disasters
Training •Civilian Defence Directorate Civilian Defence Directorate efforts for training the mahalle efforts for training the mahalle citizenscitizens
•Inadequate training by the Inadequate training by the Civilian DefenceCivilian Defence
•No capacity buildingNo capacity building
•No initial trainingNo initial training
•Muhtars require trainingMuhtars require training
•Associations like MAY Associations like MAY Project and MAG train Project and MAG train the mahalle volunteersthe mahalle volunteers
•Need for properly Need for properly trained volunteerstrained volunteers
•Inadequate funding Inadequate funding for trainingfor training
•Unprepared Unprepared lmuhtarslmuhtars
Exercise •May easily join Governor’s May easily join Governor’s exercise program with legal exercise program with legal base readybase ready
•No regularly monitored and No regularly monitored and evaluated exercises and drillsevaluated exercises and drills
•Performance check Performance check through monitoring through monitoring exercisesexercises
•Chaos on site Chaos on site following a disasterfollowing a disaster
Resources
Equipment
•4+4 elected mahalle 4+4 elected mahalle volunteers around the muhtar volunteers around the muhtar
•Potential volunteers in the Potential volunteers in the mahalle mahalle
•Some municipal supportSome municipal support
•No standardized equipment No standardized equipment
•No communication devices No communication devices except voice and GSM phonesexcept voice and GSM phones
•Inadequate computer facilityInadequate computer facility
•MOBESE computers MOBESE computers and trainingand training
•Municipal support Municipal support
•Govennor’s containers Govennor’s containers for each mahallefor each mahalle
•No funding No funding
•No resource No resource management management
•Weak response Weak response capacitycapacity
Istanbul Istanbul NGONGO SWOTSWOT AnalysisAnalysis ResultsResultsss
StrengthStrength WeaknessWeakness OpportunityOpportunity ThreatThreat
Policy •New associations law decreased state intervention
•Foreign funding easier now
•Civil Defense Directorate welcomes volunteers and associations offering to make mutual-aid protocoles and know-how
•Law enforcement, army and gpvernment officers cannot be members of an NGO
•Difficult and expensive to found and sustain an association
•No sustainable membership continuity and responsibility
•No accreditation policy
•Increasing awareness in becoming an NGO member
•Kick-off and take-off very difficult for new NGO’s
•Disillusionment in NGO’s due to lack of incentives
•No sustainability and continuity whatsoever
•Nonliable members become managers
Planning
----
•No vision and mission statements; no long-term or stratefic planning
•No NGO’s on four phases, very few on response preparedness
•ITU offers DEM courses for NGO members
•Without any planning NGO’s tend to burn out
Training •Some NGO’s offer training like MAG, AKUT and TRAC
•INGO members who are working people can afford no time and money for training
•No capacity building program
•No initial training
•Civilian Defence Directorate and municipality offer free training courses
•Lack of and Inadequate training hinder response
Exercise •NGO’s are summoned to participate in district level drills
•Some NGO’s do organize drills
•No regularly monitored and evaluated exercises and drills
•Shortage of funds for exercises and drills
•NGO’s display a desire to take part in events of emergency
•Chaos on site following
a disaster
•No performance measurement
Resources
Equipment
•İncreasing human resource as volunteers
•Taxes heavy on NGO vehicles •Grassroot org. develop into formal NGO’s
•No funding
•No resource anagement
•Poor state of equipment
IV. Challenges in Disaster Management in Turkey:
• High levels of Migration and Population Growth
• Rapid Urbanization, Squatter homes
New structure in Disaster Management Policy
