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Emergency Lighting Guide FROM SOURCE TO S ITE 1

Sections 1. INTRODUCTION

2. DEFINITIONS

3. NEED FOR EMERGENCY LIGHTING

4. CURRENT, NEW LEGISLATION & POLICY

5. EMERGENCY LIGHTING DESIGN

6. LOCATIONS •6.1Openareas

•6.2Emergencyexitandescaperoutes

•6.3Externalareasinimmediatevicinityofexits

•6.4Liftcars

•6.5Movingstairwaysandwalkways

•6.6Toiletfacilities

•6.7SwitchroomsandPlantrooms

•6.8Coveredcarparks

7. DURATION OF BATTERY BACK-UP

8. LUMINANCE LEVELS

9. PRODUCT CONFORMITY

10. PHOTOMETRIC DATA & SPACING TABLES

11. ESCAPE ROUTES

12. EXIT SIGNS

13. INSTALLATION

14. WIRING SYSTEMS FOR CENTRAL POWER SYSTEMS

15. EMERGENCY LIGHTING TEST SWITCHES

16. COMMISSIONING & HANDOVER

17. MAINTENANCE •17.1Checklistforexistinginstallations

•17.2Daily

•17.3Monthly

•17.4Annually

18. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS


1 INTRODUCTIONThisguidehasbeenwrittentoofferpracticalguidanceforcontractorsundertakingworkonemergencylightingsystems.ItisnotdesignedtoreplaceanyofthepartsofBS5266.Themoredetailedtechnicalrecommendationscanbefoundintheactualstandards.AnyoneundertakingworksonEmergencyLightingSystemsshouldbeinpossessionofthefollowingBritishStandards:

BS5266-1:2011

BSEN1838:1999(alsonumberedasBS5266-7:1999)

BSEN50172:2004(alsonumberedasBS5266-8:2004)

BS7671:2008+AmdNo.1:2011

Thisguidelooksatthesesystemsandofferssomeusefulguidanceandinformation on the use of the standards.

ThisguideisdesignedtoexplaintheuseofandinterprettherecommendationsoftheBritishStandards,asitappliestotheindividualsandorganisationsthatcarry out the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of emergency lighting installations.

BS5266-1wasreviewedandreissuedin2011andtheprevious2005editionhasbeenwithdrawn.AlsowithdrawnisBS5266-10:2008therequirementsandrecommendationscontainedinthispartofBS5266hasnowbeencombinedwithinBS5266-1:2011

Althoughoftencalledemergencylighting,therearedifferenttypesofemergencylightingsystemsandinstallations,whichhavedifferentobjectivesandstandards.Thisguidecovers:

• emergencylighting,

• emergencyescapelighting,

• emergencyescaperoutelighting,

• openarea(oftencalledanti-panic)lighting

• Highrisktaskarealighting.


Thepurposeofemergencylightingistoensurethesafetylightingisprovidedpromptly,automaticallyandforasuitabletime,inaspecifiedareawhenthenormalmainspowersupplytotheusuallightinginstallationfails.

Theoverallobjectiveofemergencyescapelightingistoenablesafeexitfromalocationand/orbuildingintheeventoffailureofthemains’normalsupply.

Theobjectiveofescaperoutelightingistoenablethesafeexitfromalocationorbuildingforoccupantsbyprovidingappropriatevisualconditionsanddirectionfindingonescaperoutes,andinspeciallocations,andtoensurethatfirefightingandsafetyequipmentcanbereadilylocatedandused.

Theobjectiveofopenarea(anti-panic)lightingistoreducethelikelihoodofpanicandtoenablesafemovementofoccupantstowardsescaperoutesbyprovidingappropriatevisualconditionsanddirectionfinding.

Theobjectiveofhighrisktaskarealightingistocontributetothesafetyofpeopleinvolvedinapotentiallydangerousprocessorsituationandtoenablepropershutdownprocedurestobecarriedoutforthesafetyofotheroccupantsofthelocationor the building.

Acombinationofdifferenttypesofemergencylightingislikelytobeneededinmostbuildingsandariskassessmentshouldbecarriedouttoidentifytheareasandlocations,whichwillrequireemergencylightingandthetypeofinstallationneeded.

Visionvariesfrompersontoperson,bothintheamountoflightrequiredtoperceiveanobjectclearlyandinthetimetakentoadapttothechangesintheilluminancelevel.Ingeneral,olderpeopleneedmorelightandtakelongertoadapttoAlowerilluminanceonhazardorescaperoutes.

Muchanxietyandconfusioncanbealleviatedbystrategicallyplacingemergencylighting luminaires and signs indicating the way out of a location or building. Itisveryimportantthatexitsareclearlysignpostedandarevisible,whenever thelocationorbuildingisoccupied.


2 DEFINITIONSItisagoodideatofamiliariseyourselveswithsomeofthedefinitions used within the emergency lighting design, installation, commissioning and maintenance standards.

Escape route

Aroutedesignatedforescapetoaplaceofsafetyintheeventofanemergency.

Emergency escape route lighting

Thatpartofemergencyescapelightingprovidedtoensurethatthemeansofescapecanbeeffectivelyidentifiedandsafelyusedatalltimeswhenthepremisesareoccupied.

Open area (anti-panic)

Areasofundefinedescaperoutesinhallsorpremiseslargerthan

60m2 floor area or smaller areas if there is additional hazard such as use by alargenumberofpeople.

Emergency exit

A way out that is used during an emergency.

Final exit

Theterminalpointofanescaperoute.


Maintained emergency luminaire

Luminaireinwhichtheemergencylightinglampsareenergizedatalltimeswhennormallightingoremergencylightingisrequired.

Non-maintained emergency luminaire

Luminaireinwhichtheemergencylightinglampsareinoperationonlywhenthemainssupplytothenormallightingfails.

Required battery duration

Duration,inhours,ofemergencyoperationofthebatteryrequiredforthefunction.

Rated duration of emergency operation

Time, in hours, as claimed by the manufacturer, that the rated emergency lumen outputisprovided.

High-risk task area lighting

Thatpartofemergencyescapelightingthatprovidesilluminationforthesafetyofpeopleinvolvedinapotentiallydangerousarea,processorsituationandtoenablepropershutdownproceduresforthesafetyoftheoperatorandotheroccupantsofthepremises.


3 NEED FOR EMERGENCY LIGHTING

Whenthemainssupplytothenormallightingofpremisesfails,emergencylightingmayberequired.Throughoutthisguide,referenceto“emergencylighting”covers“emergencyescapelighting”inparticular,butalsoincludesanyelementofstandbylighting,whichmaybeusedforemergencyescapelighting,andasdeterminedbytheriskassessment.


Fig 1 Regulatory Reform (FireSafety)Order2005

Fig 2 Part B of the Building Regulations

4 CURRENT, NEW LEGISTATION AND POLICY

UndertheManagementofHealthandSafetyatWorkRegulations1999, everyemployerisrequiredtocarryoutariskassessmenttoidentifytheriskstopeoplewhoentertheemployer’spremises;theemployerisrequiredtotakemeasuresonthebasisoftheriskassessmenttosafeguardbuildingoccupants.Thesemeasuresneedtoincludetheprovisionofsafemeansofescape,including,wherenecessary,emergencylighting,takingintoaccounttheneedsofpeoplewithdisabilities,inparticularpeoplewithvisualimpairment.

Emergencylightingiscoveredbyvariouspiecesoflegislationandregulations. Themajoroftheseare:-

1) TheConstructionProductsDirective.Thisisimplementedbybuildingcontrol officersRequirementsaregiveninApprovedDocumentBFireSafety(Statutory)

2) RegulatoryReformOrder(FireSafety) 2005(Statutory)

3) TheSignsDirective(90/664)implementedin UKbyStatutoryInstrument341(Statutory)

4) TheManagementofHealthandSafetyat WorkRegulations1999(Statutory)

Youshouldensureyouarefamiliarwiththeselegislativedocumentsandregulationsbeforeundertakinganydesignoranywork.Theselawsandregulationsrequirethatthosewhoundertakeworkwithintheseareasmayberequiredtodemonstratecompetence.

Therehasbeenmuchdebateonhowindividualsandcompaniescandemonstratethattheyarecompetenttocarryoutthemaintenanceofemergencylightinginstallations:

1) ElectricityatWorkRegulations1989coverstheissueofcompetenceinRegulation 16.

2) RegulatoryReform(FireSafety)Order2005coverstheissueofcompetencein Clause 13.

Apersonistoberegardedascompetentwherehe/shehassufficienttrainingandexperienceorknowledgealongwithadditionalqualitiesforthemtoassist inundertakingpreventativeandprotectivemeasures.


5 EMERGENCY LIGHTING DESIGNAtthestartofanyemergencylightingdesign,therelevantinformationregardingthepremisesneedstobeobtainedeitherfromdrawings,asitesurveyorthebuilding’sresponsibleperson.

5.1 Design checklist

Thefollowingdescribeatypicallistofactions,whichwouldtakeplaceduringanemergencylightingsystemdesignprocess.

• Examinationoftheriskassessment

• Durationoftheemergencylighting

• Identifyemergencyescaperoutesandtakeaccountofpotentialhazards

• Identifythelocationsoffirealarmcallpoints,firefightingequipmentandfire safety signs

• Determinetypeofemergencylightingsystem

• Meansofisolationfortestingand/ormaintenance

• Coordination/interfacewithluminairemanufacturerswheremainluminairesaretobeconvertedintoemergencylightingluminaires

• Identifytheexitsignrequirements

• Identifyanyhighriskareas

• Openareaslargerthan60m²floorareasneedtobeidentified

• Needforexternalilluminationoutsidefinalexitdoorsandona routetoaplaceofsafety.


ThestartofanydesignistoidentifyandagreetheescaperoutessothedesignwillbeengineeredinaccordancewithEN1838(BS5266-7).

Plansorlayoutdrawingsshowingthelayoutofthebuildingandofallexistingorproposedescaperoutes,firealarmcallpointsandfirefightingequipment,alsoindicatingthepositionsofallstructuralitemswhichmayofferobstructiontoescapeshouldbeprovidedbeforecommencingsystemdesign.

Consultationbetweeninterestedpartiestheowner/developerand/oroccupierofthepremises,thearchitect,theconsultant,thelightingengineer,theinstallationcontractor,theenforcingauthorities(e.g.thebuildingcontrolandfireauthorities),andanyotherinterestedparties,shouldbearrangedveryearlyinthedesignstage.

Inadditiontotherecommendationsofthestandards,itisimportantthattherequirementsofanynationaland/orlocallegislationthatmayapplytothepremisesinquestionarefullyrecognizedanddiscussedattheearlydesignstage.Thishighlightstheimportanceforafireriskassessmentasrequiredbytheregulatory reform fire safety order.

Fireriskassessmentistheprocessofconsideringeachpartofabuildingfromthepointofviewofwhatfirehazardsexistwithinanareaandwhatwouldhappenifafireorexplosionweretooccur.Thiswouldnormallyincludetheprovisionandneedforemergencylightingaslightingformsanimportantpartofanyevacuation/escapestrategy.


6 LOCATIONSItisimportantthattheemergencyluminairesarelocatedtogiveappropriateilluminanceintheeventofafailureofthenormallighting.

Fig5showstypicalroomsthatrequireemergencylighting,theseareasshouldbeidentifiedwhencarryingoutanemergencylightingdesign.Itisalsoimportanttotakeintoaccountanyrecommendationsoftheriskassessment.

Area Dimensions Function and relevant considerations Emergency lighting needed

Escaperoute

(2x17)m Corridorleadingtoexits,luminairesrequiredatchangeofdirection,exitsandoutsidebuildingtoplaceofsafety

Yes

Room 1 (3x9)m=27m2 Smalloffice,noriskidentified No

Room 2 (3x4)m=12m2 Kitchen identified as needing emergency lightingintheriskassessmentforthepremises

Yes

Room 3 (3x4)m=12m2 Smalloffice,escaperoutepassesthroughthisopenarea

Yes

Room 4 (10x8)m=80m2 Main office larger than 60 m2 floor area

Yes

Room 5 (5x11)m=55m2 Toilet larger than 8 m2 floor area Yes

Room 6 (5x6)m=30m2 Medium office smaller than 60 m2 floor area No

Fig5exampleofrooms needing emergency lighting


Asfig5showsthereareseveralareaswhichwouldneedtobeconsideredwhendesigninganemergencylightingsystem.Theseare:

6.1 Open areas

Openareasareoftencalledanti-paniclighting.Theseareareaslargerthan60m²floorareaormaybeareasidentifiedbythefireriskassessmentasrequiringsafety illumination.

6.2 Emergency exit and escape routes

Emergencyexitsandescaperoutesshouldbeprovidedwithsigns.Theseshouldbeilluminatedtoindicateunambiguouslytherouteofescapetoapointofsafety.Wheredirectsightofanemergencyexitisnotpossible,anilluminateddirectionalsign(orseriesofsigns)shouldbeprovidedtoassistprogressiontowardstheemergencyexit.

Everychangeofdirectionleadingtoanescapedoorneedstobeilluminated. Anescapelightingluminaire(complyingwithEN60598-2-22)shouldbesitedneareachexitdoorandatpositionswhereitisnecessarytoemphasizepotentialdangerorsafetyequipment.

Emergencyluminairesshouldbemountednearthefollowingpositionsorfiresafetyequipment:

1) Eachexitdoorintendedtobeusedinanemergency2) Stairssothateachflightofstairsreceivesdirectlight3) Changeinlevel4) Mandatoryemergencyexitsandsafetysigns5) Changeofdirection6) Intersectionofcorridors7) Outsideandneartoeachfinalexit8) Firstaidpost9) Firefightingequipment10) Firealarmcallpoints

Note:“Near”isnormallyconsideredtobewithin2mmeasuredhorizontally.

Positionsdenotedas8)or9),needtobeilluminatedto5luxminimumatthereferenceplane.


6.3 External areas in the immediate vicinity of exits

Inordertoassistdispersaltoaplaceofsafety,theexternalareasintheimmediatevicinityoffinalexitsshouldbeilluminatedinaccordancewiththeilluminationlevelforescaperoutes,giveninEN1838(BS5266-7)ofnotlessthan1Lux.Iftheareaoutsidethebuildinghashazardsindarknesssuchasariverbankorsteepstairs,thefireriskassessmentshoulddetermineiffurtheremergencyluminairesareneededuntilaplaceofsafetycanbereached.Thismightinvolvetheplacementofemergencylightingontheoutsideofabuildingadjacenttothefinalexitdoor.Anexampleofthiswouldbeanexternalfireescapestaircasefroma first floor.

Ifstreetlightingisavailableandadequate,itmaybeusedwiththeagreementofthefireauthority.Itshould,however,berememberedthattheelectricalsupply to the local street lighting may also be affected by a local mains failure. Andtheavailabilityofthestreetlightswouldneedassessedtomakesuretheyareilluminatedduringalltimesthatthebuildingisoccupied.

6.4 Lift cars

Liftspresentaproblembecausetheexperienceofbeingconfinedinthedarkwithinasmallspaceforanindefiniteperiodoftimeisnotonlyunpleasant,butmaycauseharmtothosewhoarenervousorsufferfromclaustrophobia.Emergencylightingasspecifiedforopenarea(anti-panic)lightinginEN1838(BS5266-7)shouldthereforebefittedinliftsinwhichpersonsmaytravel. TheemergencylightingcaneitherbeselfcontainedorpoweredfromacentralorasecondarysupplyinwhichcasealifesafetyfireprotectedpowersupplywillberequiredinaccordancewithBS9999.

6.5 Moving stairways and walkways

Movingstairwaysandwalkwaysshouldbeilluminatedasiftheywerepartofanescaperouteintheeventofmainsfailure.


6.6 Toilet facilities

Toiletfacilitiesexceeding8metressquaredgrossareashouldbeprovidedwithemergencylightingasiftheywereopenareas.

Toiletsfordisableduse,andanymultipleclosetfacilitieswithoutborrowedlight,shouldhaveemergencyilluminationfromatleastoneluminaire.

Itisnotnecessarytoprovideemergencylightingintoiletsdesignedtoaccommodateonlyasingleable-bodiedpersonorensuitetoiletsorbathroomsinhotel bedrooms.

6.7 Switch rooms and plant rooms

Emergencylightingshouldbeprovidedinallmotorgeneratorrooms,controlrooms,plantrooms,switchroomsandadjacenttomainswitchgearorcontrolequipmentassociatedwiththeprovisionofnormalandemergencylightingto thepremises.

6.8 Covered car parks

Thepedestrianescaperoutesfromcoveredandmulti-storeycarparksshouldbeprovidedwithemergencylighting.


7 DURATION OF BATTERY BACK-UPThebatteryback-upoftheemergencylightingsystemwilldependontheuseofthebuildingandtheevacuationstrategy.3hourdurationisrequiredinplacesofentertainment(cinemas,theatres,etc)andforbuildingsthathaveasleepingrisk(hotelsandguesthouses,etc.).

3hourdurationisalsorequiredifevacuationisnotimmediate,orwhereearlyre-occupationmayberequired.

Forthecommonareasofblocksofflatsa3hourdurationisrequired,astheeventhoughtheoccupantswouldbefamiliarwiththelayoutofthebuildingandanorderlyevacuationcanbeexpectedintheeventofanemergency.Thereisstillthesleepingriskoftheflatsthemselveswhichcausesthelongerdurationrequirement.

1hourdurationmaybeacceptable,insomepremises,ifevacuationisimmediateandre-occupationisdelayeduntilthesystemhasrecharged.

Typicaltypesofpremisesthatwouldrequirea3hourdurationare:

Premisesusedassleepingaccommodationwhichwouldinclude:

• Hospitals • Carehomes• Guesthouses • Colleges• Boardingschools • Someclubs

Nonresidentialpremisesusedfortreatmentorcarewhichwouldinclude:

• Specialschools • Clinicsandsimilarpremises

Nonresidentialpremisesusedforrecreationwhichwouldinclude:

• Theatres • Cinemas• Concerthalls • Exhibitionhalls• Sportshalls • Publichouses• Restaurants

Nonresidentialpublicpremiseswhichwouldinclude:

• Townhalls • Libraries• Shops • Shoppingmalls• Artgalleries • Museums


Typicaltypesofpremisesthatwouldrequirea1hourdurationare:

Nonresidentialpremisesusedforteaching,trainingandresearch,andofficeswhichwouldinclude:

• Schools • Colleges• Technicalinstitutes • Laboratories

Industrialpremisesusedforthemanufacture,processingorstorageofproductswhichwouldinclude:

• Factories • Workshops• Warehouses

Wereapremisesfallintomorethanone“typicaltype”thelongerdurationwouldapplytothewholepremises.Unlessthedifferingtypesarecontainedwithinaseparatefirecompartmentandeachcompartmenthasitsownindependentescaperoute.Ifthisisthecasethendifferingdurationsfortheappropriatetypeandcompartmentmaybeused.

Emergencyluminairesofthemaintainedtypeshouldbeusedinpublicareaswherethenormallightingmaybedimmedandincommonareaswhereabuild-upofsmokecouldreducetheeffectivenessofnormallighting.Maintainedlightingthatcombines both emergency and normal lighting functions may also be desirable for aesthetic or economic reasons.

Thebatteryback-upfortheemergencylightingsystemshouldbedeterminedbythefireriskassessmentforthebuilding.

Theexitsignsalwaysneedtobeilluminatedandbevisibleatalltimeswhenthepremisesareoccupied.Becauseofthedifficultiesofensuringthatthenormallightingwilladequatelyachievethis,maintainedexitsignsarerequiredinlicensedandentertainmentvenues.Maintainedexitsignsshouldbeusedinanypremiseswhichareusedbypeoplewhoareunfamiliarwithitslayout.


8 LUMINANCE LEVELSThelevelofilluminancerequireddependsonthefunctionofanarea.

Thestimulusforvisionisnotthelight,whichfallsonobjects,butthelightreflectedtotheeyes.Differentobjectsaredistinguishedbycontrast,andthechangesinlightreflectedtotheeyes.Alightcolouredobjectonadarkbackgroundcanbemadeconspicuouswithfarlesslightthanadarkcolouredobjectonadarkbackground.

Theamountoflightfallingonanobject(illuminance)isaffectednotmerelybythepowerandpositionofthelampsusedforilluminationbutalsobyreflectionfromthesurroundings.Inmanyinteriorspaces,ahighproportionofthelightfallingonany surface comes from the reflected light. Where the walls, floor and ceiling are lightincolourupto60%oftheilluminanceatfloorlevelmaybereflectedfromthe walls or ceiling.

Inaroomwherethedecorativefinishesaredarkincolour(i.e.havelowreflectance),the contribution of reflected light to the illuminance is much smaller. The reflected lightmaybenegligiblein,say,anightcluborrestaurant,wherethecarpets,wallsandceilinghavebeendeliberatelykeptdarkincolourtoproduceafeelingofintimacyandrelaxation.

Allpotentialobstructionsorhazardsonanescaperouteshouldbelightincolourwith contrasting surround. Such hazards include the edges of stair treads, barriersandwallsatrightanglestothedirectionofmovement.

Inrestrictedspacessuchascorridors,lightcoloureddecorationthroughoutisanadvantage.Prominentedgestoverticalsurfacesatchangesofdirectioncanassistemergencyevacuation.

Therecommendedilluminancelevelsthataregivenasaminimumoraverageacrossanareashouldberegardedasthelowestvalueacceptableduringtheratedduration,takingintoaccounttheeffectsofreductioninvoltage,voltagedropinthesystemwiring,batteryageing,lampageingandtheaccumulationofdirtand dust.

Calculationsofilluminance,exceptwhereup-lightingisused,shouldbemadeignoring reflectance.


Forescaperoutesupto2minwidth,thehorizontalilluminanceontheflooralongthecentrelineofanescaperouteshallbenotlessthan1luxandthecentralbandconsisting of not less than half of the width of the route shall be illuminated to a minimumof50%ofthatvalue(0.5lux).Widerescaperoutescanbetreatedasanumberof2mwidestripsorbeprovidedwithopenarea(anti-panic)lighting.TheUKdidhaveanationaldeviationtotheEuropeanStandardstatingthatavalueofnotlessthan0.2luxisacceptableonthecentrebandofanescaperoute.Butthisvaluewasonlytobeusediftheescaperouteispermanentlyunobstructed.Thisdeviationhasbeenwithdrawnandescaperoutesunobstructedornotrequires1luxonthecentreline.

Inopenarea(anti-panic)lighting,thehorizontalilluminanceshallbenotlessthan0.5luxatthefloorleveloftheemptycoreareawhichexcludesaborderof0.5moftheperimeterofthearea.

Inareasofhighrisk,theemergencymaintainedilluminanceontheplaneofwork(referenceplane)shallbenotlessthan10%ofthenormalrequiredilluminanceforthattask.Asaminimum,itshouldnotbelessthan15luxandshallbefreeofharmfulstroboscopiceffects.

Theuniformityofthehigh-risktaskarealightingilluminanceneedstobemaintained across the area.

Somehighoutputemergencyluminairescanproduceaglareeffectwhichcaninterferewiththeobservationofsafetysignsandobstructionsontheescaperoute.Thisisknownasdisabilityglare.Themostcommonfittingstocausedisabilityglarearethefrogeyetype,atypicalluminaireisshowninfig6.

Careneedstobetakenwhenplacingthesetypesoffittingssotoavoiddisabilityglarethiscanbeachievedbymakingsuretheyareatleast30°outofdirectlineofsightfromtheescaperoute.


Certain specific locations require a specific illuminance and response time the below table gives the locations and response time.

Location Response time (s)

Minimum illuminance (lx)

Minimum duration (min)

Reference plane

Kitchens 0.5 15 30 min Horizontalonworkingplane,switchesand cut-outsreadilyvisible

First aid rooms 5 15 30 min Horizontalonworkingplane

Treatment rooms 0.5 50 30 min Horizontalonworkingplane

Refuges 5 5 Full rated Horizontal on floor, verticalatwallmountedcommunicationdevicesand sign

Plant rooms, switch rooms & emergency winding facilities for lifts

5 15 Full rated Inplaneofvisualtask

Fire alarm control and indicatingequipment

5 15 Full rated Inplaneofvisualtask

Receptionareas 5 15 Full rated Inplaneofvisualtask

Panicbars&padsorsecuritydevices

5 5 Full rated Horizontalonplaneofpanicbar/pad;verticalatverticallymounted/wallmountedsecuritydevices

Swimmingpoolsurroundsanddivingareas

0.5 5 Full rated Horizontal on floor and treads


9 PRODUCT CONFORMITYItisimportthatallemergencyluminairesareengineeredtothecorrectstandard.Thisisespeciallyimportantwhenretrofittingbatterypackstoexistingluminaires.TheEuropeanemergencylightingproductstandards,EN60598-2-22,EN60924andEN60925covermostpointsofsafetyandperformanceforemergencyluminairesandconversionmodules.Emergencylightingluminairesusedonescaperoutesarerequiredtobefireretardant(850°Cglowwiretested).LuminairescanberegisteredforproductcompliancethroughtheICELProductRegistrationSchemewhichassurescompliancewiththisrequirement.Italsoassurestheuserthatthe productshavebeencertifiedtoEN60598-2-22:1999andaremanufacturedwithin afacilityoperatingaschemeofqualityassuranceapprovedtoBSENISO9001or BS EN ISO 9002.


10 PHOTOMETRIC DATA & SPACING TABLES

Howyouachievetherequiredilluminancelevelsisdependentonthepositionandorientationoftheluminaries.Photometricdataneedstobeprovidedwiththecompletioncertificate.Thisistoensurethatthesystemhasbeendesignedcorrectlyandthattherequiredilluminationwillbeachieved.Therearemanydifferentwaysforprovidingthisphotometricdata,annexEofBS5266:2011givesguidance on calculations and measurements. Another way is to use the lumin method;thisisasimplifiedmethodtocalculatethelightlevelinaroom.Themethod is a series of calculations that uses horizontal illuminance criteria to establishauniformluminairelayoutinaspace.Initssimplestform,thelumenmethodismerelythetotalnumberoflumensavailableinaroomdividedbytheareaoftheroom.Inordertoperformthiscalculationmanyfactorssuchascoefficients,lamplumendataandotherquantitiesmustbegathered.Thesimplestformofphotometricdataisintheformofspacingtableswhichprovidetheinformationtohelpyoudecidewhetherornotadditionalluminairesareneededbesidesthoserequiredforthepointsofemphasis.Mostluminaireshavebeenindependentlytestedtoprovetheirphotometricperformanceandthetablesgeneratedhavebeenthird-partyinspected.Themanufacturersconstructtablesfor use by designers and installers.

The tables show the distance from the wall or door to the first fitting and then the distancethatmustnotbeexceededforspacingbetweensubsequentluminaires.Thisisshownforthefittingsbeingmountedeitherparalleltotheroute(Axial)oratrightanglestotheroute(Transverse)fordifferentmountingheights.

Inadditiontovaluesforescaperoutes,figuresarealsogivenforthecoverageofopenareasbyregulararraysofluminaires.


Fig 7 photometric table for an 8 watt non-maintained luminaire

Ceiling mounting height Metres

Escape Routes 1 lux along the centre line

Open areas 0.5 lux minimum in the central core

Transverse to wall

Transverse to Transverse

Axial to Axial

Axial to wall

Transverse to wall

Transverse to Transverse

Axial to Axial

Axial to wall

2.5 m 3.9m 11.3m 4.0m 2.0m 4.0m 12.0m 6.0m 1.9m

4 m 2.1m 9.6m 5.6m 1.2m 3.3m 14.8m 7.2m 1.9m

6 m - - - - 1.6m 12.4m 7.4m 0.8m

Fig 8 Transverse mounting positions

TransversetoTransverse TransversetoWall

Fig 9 Axial mounting positions Fig 10 Lux levels on an escape route

AxialtoAxialAxialtoWall


11. ESCAPE ROUTES

Whendesigningthelightingforanemergencyescaperoute,careneedstobetakenontheplacementofluminairessothatthereisanevendistributionofilluminancethroughouttheescaperoute.

Whenplacingluminairesnearstairsoranyotherchangeoflevel,

Theluminairesmustbelocatedsoeachtreadreceivesdirectlight.

Generallyatleasttwoluminarieswillbeneededtoprovidethe1luxminimumlevelonthecentreofeachtread(evendesignstotheolderstandardof0.2luxneededthehigherlevelonthetreadsunlesscontrastingcolourstairnosingwerefitted).Thespacingfromluminaire1toluminaire2showninfig11isreducedastheirmountingheightisbeingreducedasthepoint’silluminatedriseupthestairsso the cosine correction factor reduces the light. Although the angle of correction improvesincomparisonwiththefloorlevelasthetreadsdescend,atsomepointthe effect of increased distance from the luminaire will outweigh this.

Otherchangesoflevelthatcancausetrippinghazardsinlowlightlevelsmustalso be illuminated.


Fig 11 Mounting positions on a staircase

Fig 12 Mounting positions for open area lighting

Figure12showstheareathatneedstobecoveredforopenarealighting.Asyoucansee,thecentrecoreisillumatedtoalevelof0.5lux.Thisexcludesthearea0.5m away from the walls indicated by the dotted line.


12 EXIT SIGNSTheformatofemergencyexitsignshaschangedovertheyears.

Below are the four most common signs that you will see in use today. The current onehasjustapictogramandarrowandthewordingisanoptionalelement.ThishasreplacedtheEuropeansignsdirectiveformat.Andthisisnowaninternationalformat. This does mean that some of the older BS 5499 designs are now complianttoBS5266-1:2011whentheywerenon-complianttoBS5266-1:2005,itisnotallowedtomixthedifferentdesigns.

OldexitsignformattoBS2560Thesesignsshouldallhavebeenreplacedbythe 24th of December 1998, but some arestillinexistence.

BS 5499 -1 format has the addition ofarunningmanpictogramandwasaninterimmovetowardsthefullpictogramsign.Thisisclassedasbeingacceptableonexistingbuildingsprovidedthemeaningisstillclear.

SignsDirectiveFormattheEuropeanandBritishlegislativerequirementwithafullpictogramonly.ThiswastheUKnormandwaswidelyacceptedandused.Itisstillacceptabletouseonexistingsites.

BS5266:2011nowreferstoBSISO7010:2011whichhasreplacedBS5499-5. This now means that some of the older signs to BS 5499-1 now complywithBS5266-1:2011.Thedescriptivetextisanoptionalelementofthesignandisnotallwaysrequired.


13 INSTALLATIONTheinstallationofemergencylightingshouldonlybecarriedoutbypersonswhoarecompetentintheinstallationofelectricalwiringsystemsinaccordancewithBS 7671. Although emergency lighting can be installed after the main electrical workiscomplete,forexample,convertingabuilding’susefromdomesticpremisesnotneedingemergencylighting,toofficespacethatwouldrequireemergency lighting, it is normal for the emergency lighting to be installed at the sametimeasthegeneralelectricalservicesinstallation.


14 WIRING SYSTEMS FOR CENTRAL POWER SYSTEMS

Theimportanceandthereliabilityofacentralpoweremergencylightingsystemrequiresahighstandardofwiringsystem.

Cablesorcablingsystemsusedforcentralpoweremergencylightinginstallationsshouldadequatelyresisttheeffectsoffireandmechanicaldamage.Thisshouldbeachievedeitherthroughtheuseofcablesorcablingsystemswithaninherentlyhighresistancetotheeffectsoffire(fireratedcable)andmechanicaldamage.

InBS5266-1:2011therequirementsforcableshasnotchangedbuttheyhavebeenclarifiedandthestandardnowmakesreferenceto“standardPH30&enhancedPH120”cabletypes.Thesetermswillbefamiliartoanyonewhohashadexperienceofinstallingfiredetectionandalarmsystems.

ThetesttoBSEN50200:2006AnnexErequiresheat,mechanicalshockandwater.WereasAnnexD,asdetailedinBS5266-1:2005wasonlyheat.

ThecableusedinFireDetectionandAlarmsystemstoBS5839-1:2002+A2:2008.HasalwaysbeenacceptabletouseincentralbatterysystemsasitalwaysmettherequirementsofBSEN50200:2006AnnexD.BS5266-1:2011nowmakesreferencetothemorecommontestthecablehastoundertake.

BS5266-1:2011nowrecommendsenhancedcablefor

a) unsprinkleredbuildings(orpartsofbuildings)inwhichthefirestrategyinvolvesevacuationoftheoccupantsinfourormorephases;

b) unsprinkleredbuildingsofgreaterthan30mheight;

c) unsprinkleredpremisesandsitesinwhichafireinoneareacouldaffectcablesassociatedwithareasremotefromthefire,inwhichitisenvisagedthatpeoplewillremaininoccupationduringthecourseofthefire.

In other installations standard cable should be used.

Cablesorcablesystemsshouldbeinstalledthroughareasoflowfireriskwhereverpracticable.Aminimumsurvivaltimeof60minutesisrecommendedforcablesthatsupplyluminariesfromcentralpowersupplies.Itmaybepossibletoreducethedegreeoffireprotectionofcablesorcablesystemswheretheyfollow


routesofverylowfireriskandsuchareasalsocontainasprinklerinstallation.Thesamefireresistanceratingthatappliestothecablesshouldalsoapplytothefixings/supportofthecables.

Thesegregationofcablesforcentralbatterysystemsisrequiredduetotheriskofdamagetothecablesbyothersworkingontheelectricalsystem.ThenewrequirementwithinBS5266-1:2011requirescentralbatterysystemwiringtobesegregated,isduetotheriskofmechanicaldamage(cableburn)whenothersareworkingonthegeneralelectricalsystem.

InBS5266-1:2005itwasallowedtoruncablesthathadadurationofsurvivalof60minwhentestedinaccordancewithBSEN50200:2000(whichcorrespondstoaclassificationofPH60asdetailedinBSEN50200:2000,AnnexD)inthesamecompartmentasthenormalelectricalsystem..

Thesecablescommonlycalledsoftskincables(e.g.FP200gold)arevulnerabletodamage caused by other cables being installed after or at the same time as them.

SegregationofthesecableshasbeencommonpracticeintheFireDetection&Alarmindustryfrom2002.AndBS5266-1:2011nowreferencestheStandardandEnhancedcabletypesusedintheFireDetection&Alarmindustry.ThesegregationrequirementnowfollowstherequirementwithinBS5839-1:2002+A2:2008.

ThequestionoftheneedtosegregateMICCcableshasnotbeenclearlydefinedinBS5266-1:2011.

Clause 8.2.1 of BS 5266 Quality of installation states“Thisshouldbeachievedthrough the use of cables or cable systems with an inherently high resistance to the effects of fire, and either with inherently high resistance to mechanical damage,orwithadditionalmechanicalprotection.”

MICCishighlyresistanttomechanicaldamagedoesnotrequireanyadditionalmechanicalprotectionandwouldnotneedtobesegregatedfromthegeneralelectricalsystem,andthereforecouldberuninthesamecompartmentasthegeneral electrical system.

Themainprotectivedeviceandanyisolatorscontrollingthesupplytothecentralbatteryshouldbeclearlylabelled“EMERGENCYLIGHTING”,“EMERGENCYESCAPELIGHTING”or“STANDBYLIGHTING”asappropriate,andthemarkingshouldindicateitsuse.Similarlyalljointsshouldalsobelabelled.


15 EMERGENCY LIGHTING TEST SWITCHES

Everyemergencylightingsystemwillneedtohaveasuitablemeansforsimulatingfailureofthenormalsupplyfortestingandmaintenancepurposes.Thisisnormallyachievedbytheuseofkeyswitches.Theseshouldbeabletobeoperatedbytheuser/ownerofthesystemsothattheycancarryoutweeklytestsofthesystem.Theuseofaminiaturecircuitbreaker(MCB)*orfusewhichisolatesthewholelightingcircuitisnotacceptableasthiscouldintroduceariskofinjurywhentheemergencylightsarebeingtested.

*noteBS7671:2008+AmdNo.1:2011referstothesedevicesascircuitbreakersalthoughthisiscorrect,butitiscommonpracticetostillrefertothemasminiaturecircuitbreakers


16 COMMISSIONING & HANDOVER

Whencommissioningandhandingoveranemergencylightingsystemthereareanumberofcertificatesthatneedtobeproduced.Theseare:

• Designcertificate

• Installationcertificate

• Completioncertificate

• BS7671Electricalinstallationcertificate

Thedesignandinstallationcertificatesmaybeproducedandsignedby differentpeopleasthedesignmightbedonebyonecompanyandtheinstallationby another.

Thepersonresponsibleforcommissioningthesystemwillneedtohavecopiesofboththedesignandinstallationtoenablethemtoverifythatthedesignandinstallationiscompliantwiththestandard.Inadditiontotheemergencylightingcertificates,aBS7671installationcertificateisrequiredtoconfirmthatthewiringmeetstherequirementsofBS7671.

Itisimportantthatduringthehandoveroftheemergencylightingsystemtheenduser is informed of the correct method of carrying out short duration tests and is madeawareoftheirresponsibilities.


17 MAINTENANCEItisessentialthatservicingandmaintenanceofemergencylightingsystemsiscarriedoutatregularintervalstoensurethatthesystemremainsinafullyoperationalcondition.

Thiswouldnormallybeperformedaspartoftheperiodictestingroutine,butforconsumableitems,suchasreplacementlamps,sparesshouldbeprovidedforimmediate use.

Itisadvisabletohaveinplaceaserviceandmaintenancecontractwithacompetentpersonorcompany,notonlyforroutineinspection,butalsoforemergencyrepairsandalterations.

The discoloration of the diffuser can greatly reduce the illuminance of an emergencylightandthisshouldbetakenintoaccountwhencarryingoutamaintenancevisit.

17.1 Checklist for assessing an existing installation

Records• Istherealogbook?

• Aretheentriesmadeinthelogbookcorrect?

• Areup-to-datedrawingsavailableandcorrect?

• AreroutinetestscompletedaccordingtotherequirementsinBS5266?

Emergency luminaires and escape route signs• Arethefittingssuppliedwiththecorrectoperatingvoltage?

• Arethefittingscleanedandsitedintheircorrectoperatingenvironment,i.e.fortemperatureandIPrating?

• Dotheluminairesoperateinthecorrectmode,i.e.maintainedforsleepingaccommodation?

• Dotheluminairesoperatefortherequiredemergencyduration1or3hour?

• Aretheresignsthatclearlyshowtheemergencyescaperoutefromanypositionwithinthepremises?

• Areallexitsmarkedanddirectionsoftravelindicated?


• Arethesignsilluminatedinternallyorfromanexternalsourcewhenthenormallightingsupplyfails?

• Isthesizeofeachsigncorrectfortheviewingdistances?

• Dothesignlegendscomplywiththecurrentinternationalstandardformat(i.e.runningmanstyle)?

• Aretheluminairespositionedatallpointsofemphasis?

• Aretheluminairespositionedalongtheescaperoutesatthecorrectspacingtoensurethattherequiredilluminancelevelsareachieved?

• Aretheluminairespositionedinopenareas(anti-panicareas)atthecorrectspacingtoensurethattheminimumilluminancelevelisachieved?

• Arethenon-maintainedluminairesfedfromthesamefinalcircuitsasthelocallighting?

• Arethereatleasttwoluminairesineach“lightingcompartment”toensurethattheareaisnotplungedintodarknessifaluminairefails?

• Areadditionalluminairesprovidedinliftcars,escalators,toilets,etc?

• Arehazardousareasilluminatedat10%ofnormalilluminance?

Central battery systems• DoesthecentralbatterysystemcomplywithEN50171andBS7671?

• Isthebatterychargerfunctioning?

• Whereapplicable,arethebatteryelectrolytelevelsandspecificgravitiessatisfactory?

Self-contained emergency luminaires and signs• Arethebatteriesbeingcharged(LED–on)?

• AretheluminairesmarkedwithaBSmarktoshowcompliancewithallrelevantproductstandardsforescaperoutes?

Becauseofthepossibilityofafailureofthenormallightingsupplyoccurringshortlyafteraperiodoftestingoftheemergencylightingsystemorduringthesubsequentrechargeperiod,allfulldurationtestsshall,whereverpossible,beundertakenprecedingtimeoflowrisktoallowforbatteryrecharge.Forexample,duringthedayoroutofnormalworkinghours.Alternatively,suitabletemporaryarrangementsshallbemadeuntilthebatterieshavebeenrecharged.


17.2 DailyIndicatorsofcentralpowersupplyshallbevisuallyinspectedforcorrectoperation.Alsocombinedfittingsshouldbecheckedforthechargelight.

Thisisavisualinspectionofindicatorstoidentifythatthesystemisinareadyconditionanddoesnotrequireatestofoperation.

17.3 MonthlyIfautomatictestingdevicesareused,theresultsoftheshortdurationtestsstillneed to be recorded.

Atypicaltestscheduleisasfollows:

• Switchontheemergencymodeofeachluminaireandeachinternallyilluminatedexitsignfromitsbatterybysimulationofafailureofthesupplytothenormallightingforaperiodsufficienttoensurethateachlampisilluminated.

• Duringthisperiod,allluminairesandsignsshallbecheckedtoensurethattheyarepresent,cleanandfunctioningcorrectly.

• Attheendofthistestperiod,thesupplytothenormallightingshouldberestoredandanyindicatorlampordevicecheckedtoensurethatitisshowingthatthenormalsupplyhasbeenrestored.

Inadditiontotheabove,forcentralbatterysystems,thecorrectoperationofsystemmonitorsshallneedtobechecked.

17.4 Annually

Ifautomatictestingdevicesareused,theresultsofthefullrateddurationteststillneed to be recorded.

As well as the test carried out during a monthly test, the following additional tests needtobedone:

• Eachluminaireandinternallyilluminatedsignshallbetestedforitsfullrateddurationinaccordancewiththemanufacturer’sinformation

• Thesupplyofthenormallightingshallberestoredandanyindicatorlampordevicecheckedtoensurethatitisshowingthatnormalsupplyhasbeenrestored.Thechargingarrangementsshouldbecheckedforproperfunctioning

• Thedateofthetestanditsresultsshallberecordedinthesystemlogbook.


18 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSQ. DoIhavetoinstallemergencylightsintoilets?

A. Yes, all toilets without any natural light and greater than 8m2 need emergency lighting.

Q. Doemergencylightsneedatestkey?OrcanIjustusetheMCBorfuse?

A. Atestswitchisrequired;eitherasecretkeytypeoradedicatedswitchwhichwillisolatethesupplytotheemergencylights,butnotthe normallightingasthismightintroduceariskwhencarryingout periodicinspections.

Q Wouldanyemergencylightingmodificationstoanyexistingemergencylightingcircuitswithinanexistingbuilding,installedtoanearlierstandard,resultinthewholebuildinghavingtobebroughtuptothenewstandard?Orwoulditjustbeindividualcircuitsandassociatedequipmentthatneedtobebroughtuptothelateststandard?

A. Thewholebuildinghastobebroughtuptothenewsafetystandard,sotakingactioninoneareaisnotenough.

Q. Is there a recommendation in BS 5266-1 on how often the batteries in emergencyluminairesneedchanging?

A. Thereisnohardandfastrecommendation.BS5266-1:2011, 5.1.3, definesthattherequiredminimumilluminanceshouldbeprovidedduringtheratedduration.Ifthisisnotachieved,thebatteriesshouldbechangedsothatthesystemcanprovidetheoriginalrequiredduration.Forself-containedluminaires,ifthisfailureperiodislessthan4years,theluminaireshouldbeinvestigatedtoensurethatthebatteryisbeingproperlycharged,andthattheluminaireisnotsitedinalocationoutside ofitstemperaturelimits.Toohighanambienttemperaturewillcauseshortbatterylife;toolowatemperaturewillreducethecapacityavailabletomeetthedischargeperiod.


Q. Can emergency lighting luminaries be fed from their own circuit off a distributionboard?

A. No the emergency lights must be fed from the local lighting circuit

Q. Doyouneedtofitanemergencylightoutsidethefinalexitdoorofanescaperoute?

A. Yesifthereisnotenoughnaturalilluminanceforpeopletosafelyexitawayfrom the building.

Q CanIuseanonmaintainedexitsigninacinemaortheatre?

A. Noallexitssignsneedtobeofthemaintainedtypetoensurepeoplearenot confused in the case of the normal lighting failing.

However,itisnotnecessaryforthefullemergencylightingleveltobeprovidedwhenthenormallightingsystemisfunctioning.Inotherpremisesusedforrecreation,wherethereisnodimming,itisnecessaryonlyforexitsigns to be maintained or combined and internally illuminated.

For some cinema and theatre auditoria where the recommended maintainedilluminanceof1lxislikelytoaffectnormalworking,itisconsideredacceptabletoreducethisleveltonotlessthan0.02lx,providedthesystemissoarrangedthat,intheeventoffailureofthenormallightingwithintheauditoria,theEmergencyescapelightingilluminanceisautomaticallyrestoredtoaminimumof1lxwithin5s.

Q. WhatsizeofbatterydoIneed?

A. Thesizingofthebatteriesneedstotakeintoaccountthebatterydurationofthesystem.Notallsystemsrequirea3hourbatterydurationsomebuildings will only need a1 hour battery duration. So the batteries may be smaller


Q. Whataretheemergencylightingrequirementsinanormalopen planoffice?

A. therequirementforemergencylightswouldbepartofthefireriskassessment.Butanilluminancelevelof0.5Luxisdeemedacceptablefor openplanoffices

Q. Canusenormalluminairesasemergencyluminaires?

A. Itispossibletofitbatterypackstonormalluminariesandineffectmakethenemergencyluminaires.Careshouldbetakentoensurethatthefittingmeetstherelevantproductstandards

Q. IsBS5266-1:2011retrospective?

A. Asthestandardalwaysgetsreviewedovertime.Theproblemiswhetheritshouldbeappliedretrospectively.Briefingsfromgovernmentandunderstandingfromtheguidesisthatthelatestversionofthestandardshouldbeusedtocompensatefortherisksidentifiedbytheanyriskassessmentsthatarerequiredtocarryout.

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