Emergence of World Emergence of World PatternsPatterns

AGE OF EXPLORATIONAGE OF EXPLORATION

[European Hegemony][European Hegemony]

GlobalGlobal HegemonyHegemony

•PortuguesePortuguese 1616thth Century Century

•SpainSpain 1717thth Century Century

•DutchDutch 1818thth Century Century

•EnglishEnglish 1919thth Century Century

•AmericanAmerican 2020thth Century Century

•???????????? 2121stst Century Century

ConceptsConcepts

•CapitalismCapitalism

•CaravelCaravel

•Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

•FactorFactor

•Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions• How and why was European How and why was European

hegemony the outcome of hegemony the outcome of exploration?exploration?

• Why did the Europeans invest so Why did the Europeans invest so much in exploration?much in exploration?

• What was the global impact of the What was the global impact of the biological diffusion of the era?biological diffusion of the era?

• What was the political and economic What was the political and economic impact of the Age of Exploration?impact of the Age of Exploration?

• How are present day global relations How are present day global relations impacted by the Age of Exploration?impacted by the Age of Exploration?

Motivations for ExplorationMotivations for Exploration

•Lure of trade Lure of trade [Gold][Gold]– Riches of the East w/o Muslim Riches of the East w/o Muslim

& Venetian intermediaries& Venetian intermediaries

•Religious diffusion [God]Religious diffusion [God]– New Testament urgedNew Testament urged– Replace CrusadesReplace Crusades

•GloryGlory– Seekers of wealth and renown Seekers of wealth and renown

ExplorationExploration

Exploration Time LineExploration Time Line

Advances in TechnologyAdvances in Technology

•MuslimsMuslims– Lateen sails Lateen sails – AstrolabeAstrolabe

•ChinaChina– Magnetic compass Magnetic compass – Multiple masts Multiple masts – Stem-post & reticulated rudder Stem-post & reticulated rudder

Technology Technology

Chinese Chinese Treasure Treasure ShipsShips

Portuguese ExplorationPortuguese Exploration

• Prince Henry the NavigatorPrince Henry the Navigator– School of geography and navigationSchool of geography and navigation

• Bartolomeu DiasBartolomeu Dias– Cape of Good Hope [1488]Cape of Good Hope [1488]

• Vasco de GammaVasco de Gamma– Calcut, India [1497]Calcut, India [1497]

• Admiral AlbuquerqueAdmiral Albuquerque– Hormuz [1508] – Goa [1510] Hormuz [1508] – Goa [1510] – Melaka [1511]Melaka [1511]

Portuguese Portuguese

Bartolomeo DiasBartolomeo Dias

Vasco de GammaVasco de Gamma

Admiral AlbuquerqueAdmiral Albuquerque

Spanish ExplorationSpanish Exploration• Christoforo ColomboChristoforo Colombo

– Paved way for conquest, settlement, Paved way for conquest, settlement, explorationexploration

• Hernan CortezHernan Cortez– Conquered AztecsConquered Aztecs

• Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro– Conquered IncaConquered Inca

• Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan– Circumnavigated the earthCircumnavigated the earth

ColumbusColumbus

    

                                                                                                                                                            

Hernan CortezHernan Cortez

PizarroPizarro

MagellanMagellan

Spanish ConquestSpanish Conquest• ConquistadoresConquistadores

– Spanish soldiers of Spanish soldiers of fortune fortune

• EncomiendaEncomienda– Forced labor > Forced labor >

Native Native Americans Americans [slavery] [slavery]

• De las CasasDe las Casas– Expose` of Spanish Expose` of Spanish

cruelty cruelty

SpainSpain

RivalriesRivalries

•Spanish & PortugueseSpanish & Portuguese– Rivals over South AmericaRivals over South America– Settled by PopeSettled by Pope

•TREATY OF TORDESILLASTREATY OF TORDESILLAS– Portugal gets BrazilPortugal gets Brazil– Spain gets the restSpain gets the rest

Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas

The CompetitionThe Competition•EnglandEngland

– English East India Company English East India Company

•DutchDutch– United East India CompanyUnited East India Company

•SuccessfulSuccessful– Faster, cheaper, more powerful Faster, cheaper, more powerful

shipsships– Private enterprise with Private enterprise with

government supportgovernment support

United East IndiaUnited East IndiaCompany [DutchCompany [Dutch]]

Dutch Colonial InfluencesDutch Colonial Influences

East India Company East India Company [English][English]

Conquest of S.E. AsiaConquest of S.E. Asia

• SpainSpain– Legazpi >Legazpi >

•PhilippinesPhilippines

• DutchDutch– Jan Pierterzoon Coen Jan Pierterzoon Coen

• BataviaBatavia

• EnglishEnglish– Captain James CookCaptain James Cook

•Australia & Pacific IslandsAustralia & Pacific Islands

Conquest S.E. AsiaConquest S.E. Asia

Commercial RivalriesCommercial Rivalries

• Competition in S.E. AsiaCompetition in S.E. Asia– Dutch expel PortugueseDutch expel Portuguese

• Seven Years War [Global conflict]Seven Years War [Global conflict]– England & Prussia vs. France, England & Prussia vs. France,

Austria, RussiaAustria, Russia – British & French over North AmericaBritish & French over North America

• Caribbean controlCaribbean control– France & Spain limit British expansionFrance & Spain limit British expansion

Treaty of Paris 1763Treaty of Paris 1763

Columbian Columbian ExchangeExchange

• Biological exchange– Global diffusion of plants,

animals, human populations, and disease pathogens

• Impact on populations encountered– Epidemics: smallpox, measles,

diphtheria, whooping cough, and influenza

– B/w 1500-1800 – 100M people died of imported diseases

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange• Impact on European populationsImpact on European populations

– Huge population increaseHuge population increase– World population increaseWorld population increase

•425 M [1500] to 900M [1800]425 M [1500] to 900M [1800]• Migrations Migrations

– African [slaves] largest migrationAfrican [slaves] largest migration• Origins of global tradeOrigins of global trade

– European merchants genuine European merchants genuine global tradeglobal trade

Columbian Columbian Exchange Exchange

African DiasporaAfrican Diaspora

Demographics Demographics

of of DiasporaDiaspora

                                                                                                                                                               

                                     

Patterns of Global TradePatterns of Global Trade

•European trade privilegesEuropean trade privileges

•Proto-spheres of interestProto-spheres of interest

•RussiaRussia– European shipping companies European shipping companies

established agencies for trade established agencies for trade in Moscow & St. Petersburgin Moscow & St. Petersburg

– Enjoyed commercial privilegesEnjoyed commercial privileges

Enduring QuestionsEnduring Questions

•How can we measure the impact of the Age of Exploration on the process of globalization and the dominance of the West?

• Identify the West in terms of modern times.