EMERGENCE OF THEPOLITICAL SUBJECT Emergence of the PoliticalSubject Ranabir Samaddar M\C'AG Ewww.sagepublications.com W\:lu. ....... . L-""'._twi . . . . , . . . ~ D C ,178 5 74 ,....wd,.." i1uply did \Vc know he lrt.C)ftt.1'Ififir this displ3celll entfurthermICit 0telact , 1MSigmcanee 0d >>fth> Idh .occasionedtheISCUSSlon 0e pract ICal WI ",-hilt war shouale'.1d> >d >dthswar insteadhere says 1IlaouvOiceto the "mut' of avolmgt"a,"I >th>t)'of dealhbecauseof humaneVIs,andthe Protagonistsene >fth... hiehtheSharltiparbaWill ieusater,hes paralJd' 1rtUt' 0lru,\,. '. >>hcticalobligationsof bfe.ThiSthenreturnsIn mdlS'mmgte pra.h>bh >thrmof anewthemeIIISantlparawenthe anfWwayorlllelo... Mahabhararadi.scussestruthintheformof practice,politiCS.What srnst" can \\"f' make then of this war-peace contmuum, of course shown in an extremdy mr.;lerious and enigmatic way: do allthese look \\ilen one recallsdausewitz, andthink of politiCSaswar andwar as politics on the basis of the maxim-war iscont inuationp.olitics brother means? For the political subject thiS ISan extremely slg.mficant S/he has enteredpoliticsas asasoldier; and now slbe must make sense of this poli tiCS,whIChISwar, but notwar. The'wiseBhisma of course tell s thatto avoid war, onemustperform the' practical tasks of politiCSwell, that is, govern welLIn other words, one must secure and protectthe practi calfoundatio nsof politics so thatthty arenotdest royedbytheappearanceof the' other'form. \ ...ar iswar; ispolitics.In orderto appreciate the continuum. yetmaintaintheof thepolitical,calculationistherefore unperative.The advices in the Mahabharata arecalculations towards thism.uim. The politicaJsubjectmustdeliberate and calculate. Both IJWytjul1y and normatively thisissignificant. Therefore both in war .mdinpeacetheactorscontinuouslylabouronthispoint;infact pobtia e-ntails aneternallabour on the continuum andthe specifics alcht: two ends of this continuum. do we mean by 'continuum' and what do we mean by 'other -', which ddine this continuum? We can make several conjectures. "dlrrriH-t raise 5tVeral questions about the juxtaposition from the political subject. Doesit meanthat asdiplomacy fails. .... rioIrnct must ensue, as Krishna impressed on the point Deathand Dialogue7 inconversation withtheKauravaemissary, Sanjay,sent by the blind Dhritarashtra? 'You willnot rectify by my counsel andthe counsel of dharma,hencewarshallbegin.' Thenwhathappensto thefounda-tions, possibiliti es, and therefore the power of politics?Are we then to believe that as the 'im-political' (impossible for politics) dimension of thepoliticaltakesover, wemustwai tforthedestruction of allsave the core of the poli tical, to wait for politics to begin?And isitnot this, whichhashappenedaftereveryrevolution,andeverymassivewar asthe Second WorldWar? Is itthen the story of the impossibility of politics, or rather ' pure politics'. and an ever-changing combination of the im-political and the political, and thus the impossibility of politi cs resi di ng within politics? What happens to t he instruments of poli tics, for'instrument'isthewordthatClausewitz explicitly uses?And. to remember in this context before we set out to answer these mysteri es of politics, that it is only with instruments that politics attains 'sovereign' capacity, whichisto sayan unquestioned andundeterred capacity to initiate acti ons, and therefore instruments that can lead poli tics ' to its other', namely war? Butlestweshouldthinkthatthisisallaquesti on.deliberately wrappedinenigmaticterms,abouttherelati onship betweenmeans and end, we have to recallthatin the Mahabhara ttl it is not a techno-logicalrat ionali tythatisestablishedbetweenthedi aloguesinthe Drollaparba andt hoseof Shantiparba.True.Mallabharataeschews any notion of pure violence; and it speaks of the futility of destruction while emphasising thenecessityof death. It means,andwe can con-sider this meaning also in this respect that violence must be launched ' poli tk ally', which means ' rationally', with 'calculation', with ' instru-ments'. and hence deceit, can bea part of it as a rational option. But if we think along that line, there is a problemwemust tackle. Mahabharata places thewaras aneternaltheat re, while the continuum of war and politicsisspecificall yhistori cal.Clausewitzt ooinsistedonthe sin-gul ari ty of wars; by the same token we can say that wetoo have to re-cognise the singularity of revolutionary wars. It means that we cannot build any general theory on this relationship between politics and war; allwe can say is that politics tends to develop into war, and therefore thepoliticalsubjectmustbeawareof thedialecticalnatureof this enterprise. Or. we can be a bit bold and say, only awareness, howsoever dimitmay be,of that dialecticmakes thesubject 'political'.Thisis 8Emergence ofthePolit.celSubject __......tInt,had to deal with the two levelf ..... -.. _...sowar MtdSUllcp--&nd 10wage war, whi chineld-tcqk. up.I(l ty. ""tueh determinfflthc extent of mant tMC.lJ'Klty to SlOp \I."ars and condude a War with 1s.It also c_,I ..deastda Thus.liJ rorrt I..lonnu alJon Just cite, the POlitical '.Illage. _ _ c..C II / "IS Wlthih un'pollt]uJ, CI....ung me 1m-po Itlcame medIa return tor 'n t In thiSpc'rptnW oscilJationthatthe po/iticaJ subject find Illcs 1t is ..S Itself Th< p .robltm 0. ( ""1"s onewithfullydevclopcd parts _,.11(1tcnde.ncy d' ,-- .nln lSIc.h $0thaIl1l allydaimein the past th 1/architectureso mue. "",an 0\('1"3h'h",)roducedsome versionssuchas th .ceThustougI atII"015setcn...''th Chincsecharacteristi cs, its structural EM'or Socialism WI. uro- arxlsm,..bleOn the other hand, hberahsm as ,ndlals "-ere qUl le cogmsa . ,u.vnen.fl'b'that is 10 say thatithas conversedwith "tical ]anm'3IooI",,;.-.n,amm, mt stale and the popu-and the ,uvthl'&nll -colonial political subjectcolo_ .... rLan through ..dl.iJogic 5Ir.1lf'8)'.aJsothrougha combmatlon of and confront.Jtion as the method of encounter. ,_,'0 the'Bengal partition of 1905 and dialogues \\ (' Aff udTdv poru, .... rrodu(tition, secret activity, fund-raising, publicly arguing. mobilising, goods,assassinating, processions, night vigils, public fast- allkmds of political practices were discussed. Thest rat egyofright -sizingstateandright -shapingthe population-inthiscasetheBengalPresidency-by itself showed howfa r the colonialrulehadadvancedinterms of techniquu it employed against the anti-colonial subject of the 19th century. Then it was more of a policy of guard, vigil, suppression, trial, punishment, and outright warfare; but now with regard to right-sil.ingand right-shaping, the colonial rule wanted to base its strat egy morc on securing consent of atleastpartof thepopulation.Thus.theGovernmentof tndia's resolution of 19 Jul y 1905 did not forget to menti on. . 1The Governor-General in Council is fully aware of the opposition, which these proposals (of territorialreorganisation) have encount ered and has no desire to undervalue the sentiments upon \"hich it h:lSbeen based.Ties of mutualassociationgrowupso quickly andbecomeso closelyinterlaced,thatterritorialredistributioncan rarely beaccom-plishedexcept atthe cost of a disruption, whichisoften painfuland generallyunpopular.Ontheotherhand oldconnectionsarc severed,new ones almostimmediately take their placegrowing wit h a rapidity thatin a very short timeisfoundto invest them with sanctity scarccl y inferior to that of the associations, which thC'y have sUJ>(rscded. The Government of India areencour.tgedby previousexperienceto hopethatsuchwillbethecaseinthe instance.Theywillbe greatl y disappointed if theyarenot foundinthe newProvi nce elem ents of cohesion, which willspeedily endow itwitha stabilityand in-dividu::ality of its own. In any casethe GovC'.mmentthat iscalledupon to decide such cases must regardthem froma widerstandpoint than thatof purelylocal,inallprobabilitytransientconsidC'rations ...All (proposals) have been dul y considered and havC'not been rejected until they were found to contain flaws or drawbacks, which were inconsistent wi th essential aim. On the other hand the scheme. which was preferrw to them, has received the practically unanimous approval ofthe leading officials of the three administrations whom it directl y affC'cts as wellas the fi nalsanctiQn of the of State. Thesecondconditi onabovereferredto,is that,asfaraspossible anattemptshould madeto removeeverywell -grounded causeof :2E.metgenc. of the Po'lt ic,,'Subject .......... ..J to wllsf)' r\'t'Ihat politiCS ad,'ancc.sthe opening tip of..J;;ur",Jul the phlJosophC'rs call'aponas . Dialogues help those V'f'dIlfll!:up o( dosI of dCI".rlll!'c .::. ll' rern.lr'C:ItISthe )ftJ ,''' roh 1Ju.C' 1'0111I', hh',W I'"lHendon h ) mll'seII('S,our pOSitio ns '"Klon:t'S u. ..JJId' .fh'('-oldQuestion./ow S1011weknow .& -..Jthcrcf(1ff,n 1".1,-onlr"f). ollc .and allhave s.a.id IIht \ \wbtot IS 10 be- n>hC'don. only 50long as power is 1101 in tht.t1Id..nl.nul mc mol" o( S!1lOOlhSp""hC1i .. offalr characlcr, and ..,.... .1I1Ut', WQuldM:omt' a fnend. hinl '" rr.. t,.,.aJhsho"'lnshis(;lithInIhalarticleof hisrelIgIon,. which _uk.lIIC'"tfKnx.h,;('Tlmm;ues/;lughle(of allwhodonotbelievein ,-In"",-oro.thc-\",-ouldbe- moredangerousclassthantheyare, IMUlt""*';n 1M cxtJl":nJe.if their numbers were not few every_ ..flue. SlilllM\- I.n>noltobe dcspisC"d.for onopportunity offering dJ,n-wouJd bcmort Ifwl mlJChic\Uus. and by theI r zeal and self-sacrifice, ,,"'OUIJ mJlut'n' mWllludcs to follow IlIcll1.. 11K Jro RrgimmlLightCa\':alry,v.it llthe e,xcepllOnof about sixty Hlndoos. bkt Nari\'t Ca\'3Jry Regimcnts, IScomposed excl usively ofMahommnbnS. Ofthcsc it is bcJicved fromtwent y to thi rtymay be wahabco; of a mostdecidedcharacter, withafoll owingof, perhaps, 1.5 J1W1y morc, ",no mayor may not eventuall y join heart and soul. In rqard' to rank. Commissioned and Non-CommissIOned Offi cers as ",.dJ 1.5 found among them. Allthe other Mahommedans of dillRez.jmcntarcof theoldschool,andwillsometimesopenly CUBe and rn*them as pestilentmeddlers and interferers wi thlong_ cstmlisbedcustoms,andusages,andmodesof belief.Nevertheless, iaagt'lX'raJmuti ny,suchasthatoftheBengalArmyin1857,all wouldmtrgc their differences, andunite as one body l-mow inBuences,religious exci tement, hope of amel ioration, dwlgc for the better against the British power. Hence it is that the sect o(Wahabs. though JO few, are inreality so dangerous,for their zeal and fanaticism on such an occasion would certainly carry headlong all och M.boonn>Wu. J do notthinktheWahabtts are likelyto riserashly,but gi venan opportun.iry, thqr woulddo.so heartil y. Coiondbdclilf, Commanding3rdRegimentLightCavalry,con-Iidm thai the Wahabees in his Regiment came altogether from the 5th Itcpment light Cavalry, being drafts to Ihe 3rdLight Cavalry on the di s--., of!lu, Co'l". 11w bqoin8 remarksappl y forthemostpartequally to the12th _. ItqunenuNative Infantry, exceptthat in point of numbers, ...... that Corps, as in aUNative Infantry, Regiments, predominate . Colonel Halliday, Commanding 12th Native tht Wahabees inhis Regiment may amount to

following of as many more. Colonel Galway, MItift Infantry, considers that theremay from TheIm p ossibil i t yofSattl edRule 59 tothirt y inhis Regiment andperhaps an equal nu'-_...L hohR 'm""' T ....... indine IOw:uds the sect.[ntq,l.ments there isthe same enmity 0(-c3sionallyshowntoIhesect,andIIIbOl hRegi ments Wahabcesare foundinallranks.. IIisasingularfactthat Halhdayconsiders,theWahabs inhi s Regimentfrom .the disbanded 49t h NativeInfantry. while Colonel Galway considers hiS, came from the 50th RC'giment Native In-fantry on the of that Crops. Allthr. Colonels Radcliffe, Galway,and agreeinthisthattilldraft s arrived to thei r .RcS' ments.dlsbanded was ncver any dissension or difference of opmlon known to eXist inmatters of belief orpracticeamongtheMahommedans of thei rRegiments.Allthrec likewiseagreein .the Moonsh s attachedtoNative Regi_ ments as a verydesign mg. dlsaffeinu Inthe cny. and finally apprehending Muslim 5tpOySofthe 10th and llih RcgimcnlJ who were supposcdlyplanning to rise in mutiny ont5 October. The KfJOYS'intention had bn to bolt with the loot afttr killing those who oppos.ed Ihem, and at Poona 10 unitt withIheIndian Regimf!nt therl.' and proclaim Ihl.' sovl.'reigntyoflhe Nana as p(Shwa ofthe Occ(an. All we know now ofthis '(onspiracy' iSlhal onI:H)ctobcr, DrillHavaldar SyedHussein ofthe MarinI.' Battalion andPrivateMungal Gudrn ofthe 10thRegiment were coun-manialled and w.ntenccd tOdcath bybeingblown from themuzzleof a cannon.5, TeresaAlbuquerque,UrbJPrimllinIndiJ; All Epoel,i"Ihe Historyof Bombay1840-1865,http://www.lhqrarI 857.wordprcu. (accmcd on 12June 2007). 4.Qcyamuddin Ahmadspoke of four fea tures of the IVllhllbi organis:.lltionalstyle-centralorganisation atPalmi. itinerantpreachers,district centrts, and collection of fu nds.See, Ahmad,TheWllhabiMOveUll.'rI1 inImlill , p. 139. S.WilliamHunler inOur IndillrlMU$5ulmaru: Au They Bound ill10 Rtbd agaitlSttlteQueen?(\876,reprint;New Delhi: Rupa, 2002)repeatedlymentions quali ties of the I'atna Caliphs (the two brothers) and olher 'indefatigable mission-aries, blameless in livl.'s, supremel y devoted to the OVe rthrow ofthc English infidels. admirablyskilfulinorganisingapermanentsystem forsupplyingmontyand recruits ... it hadbeen given to them to stir upthousands of Iheir countrymen to purer life andtruer conception ofthe Almighty' (p. 68). 78of tho PoliticolSubject .. Vu Mm.od1OYn.SdNhotU fn- /Jowll Go.Yrnm..... '....... r"",lb.S-lO) (Dbab: AnmC' Soc.ny of Pakistan,1961 );...... T"" Mwn ....-Dln Ahmad Khan incKknlaUyfound these in Ih .... IJldat.bJl pamnn Seemarut; copied down-......cIrdttu. tfttion. lbc ADaIKSocit'fy JXlbhcalJOnhas also now'f'ha,t rords tpcak ofunU$UAI ..x04.mlS ofPato", Maldah, Rajshahi, Ko(Q oa-a........."'_',Pah.:owarR.:awalpindi,Delhi. andot her town$ in the'"la, -'-",_, .-u.. '-' ".ucllgal OrviPooandthrowlightonthl' evolvmg governmental' hool prJ. _.nntMU: ofiM ddt,,1 of theWllhQbisin183 1 andthe defeat"'uhIIJ'- I am gnrd'ullo Probsor AnisUv;llnlan of Dhaka for allOwi ng IDe aC:Q .. """ ""'"""1Son tba, lMlrympk.1M UUI Mug/ud-The Fall ofa Dyruury,Ddhi, 1.s7 ( Nrw IJrdlr Boob, 20(7); Dalrympk Satvaru1-Mulk', My Lifo ,lnmbkd &DelpubIBbtd froml.LJodon,1911) atcnslvdy toDelhi IIS7. a.!.r&D H.w:.. "J1w (.oo:LiDSofl8Sr, Social St:imrist 27, no.I Uanuary-Aprill9981: 11-12-t.Oalrympk. 7Jw UlSlNUola Dynasty,Delhi,1857, p. 269. 10.HakimAhsanulbbKhan'smemoirsthrowJigh'on the combati veinvolvement oflM W.wzbu; 5, Hilim AhsanulJahKhan, 'Memoirs', journa/ of the Pakulan

II.AyaM JaIaIcitesCOPtempor.u}'50UrttSinreportingthiswhilediscussingthf WldbmpoIitiaJ culture and the Muslimpublicsphere' of thilt time;seeAyesha #alai. SeIf'- Community in South Asian Is/Qm!illa IISO (Labore:: Sans-e-Med Publications. 2001),31. 11.oQk.His arSUmentinthis book Uu. British kept the Muslims aW1llY (rom aUpositiomor profit and. tttw; becaUse:of their supposedleadershipof thertbcUionof 1857 wasv}dly upon byMuslim and and it remarked when thca fi ne = ofthebookOImeOUI , p.rophetofnation.:olismCQuIdhavt:drawn atlcntion the.pbghtof Inmorc doqucnt terms chanthe authorIn thiSaccount of the Indian Mw.liJns around the thirdquaftn oflhl'l'lth century. 23.CR. Markham, AMemoir onIhe 'ndiun Surwys l London: HMSO,187&),180-87 . 2-1. 11.. S:unaddar,Memory,POwtT,Idmlit)'-Polilio irrlhe lunglcmoha/s,1890-1950 (Hydcrabad: OricntLongman,1998).Chapter l. 25.M3rkh:\I11,.AMf'moir onIheIndianSurveys,pp.l82-8l. 26.Sarnadd.lr, MClllory,Power, Identity, Chapter 4, pp.164-9l. 27.R. Sarnaddar, 'Law, Terror, and the Colonial State', in Tht Martriulil)'o{PoIjrirsl2 vob), vol.I, Chapter 2, (London: Anthem Prt'5$., 2007). AndHSOn, lJgibleBodies-Rull:,Crinrinality,alldColonialisminSoulhAliiGlNcwVorle Berg. 2007). 28.On this..see Christine Dobbin, 15lamic Rl!Viwalurn in AOutnging PtIlSanl F..ronorn,-Cortral Sumatra,1784-J847(London: CunonPress,1981). 29.In this respeclsome of the celebrated wrilings on the enoountrrbctwcm wWniJ.\ powerandanti -colon ialresislanceseemtohavegivenlessattentiontothis dimension. See forinstance, J.S.Coleman, 'Nationalismin Tropical Afoo', The Americ,wPoliticalScienuReview47(\954):406-10;Coleman.Nigrrill-Backgrou"d to NatiOtla/ism (Berkelcyand Los Angeles, 1958), 169-72; E.ric Stokes. 'TraditionalResistance Movements and Afro AsianNationalism-The Conlo! of the1857MUlinyRebellionMovementinIndia',PastandPrtstnl 47(1970): 100-04; T.O. Ranger, 'Connexions betwttn Movemenuand ModernMassNationalisminEastand CentralAfrica', publishedintwoparts, Journal of Africa" His/orr 9( 1968). 30.These arc only few of thenames that crop up inKart's., Malkson's.,and 5ubstquentJy in Qe-yamiddin's accounts.. 31.SaidKilaba,Lener37,citedinKarenAnnsuong.TheBaltlefor God (London: HarperPerennial, 2000),152.. colonUJI n.BenedictAndersoninUndertheThrt't'"wgs-.Mlarchurn and Anti-..)hild'.theof Im-IJgl1latlorl{London:Verso,2005welSCussmg.. Filipinonationalismcomparesthis situation 10polilicalastrono.my;111. hIS words,inthisskymilitantnationalistswerein ::f impdled hither and yon by the invisibleoCtbe graV!.tallO .", __"W,ndULI>, >.> h>1!aftvil included a Uleory 0019atlon.egJMabon, and change. arWs,(lti.f,..... hracticaldoctnne 0po IttCS 10rrnlI1g associationwasa great IntISP..,h Th rul eror one aspmng to ru emustavea st.ronggroup of task.e()d > d liarsandasArthshastral.15aVise, no one alone could couosc,0ded>>> h>egoalinhiswork.neneeasoclety, anassoclatlon,atC'.lnl--aclevlI> hrul er neededevenmore. tepolitiCSin short appeared to ear.IYterrorists.as.calculalion,.or. >t> ,ondeliberation,goalonentatlon,renUnCtatlon,andaction. ganlS3,.... Activities of mind and the body highly synchromsed, the terronst could w becomethe bomb or thegrenadeto explode onthe faceof the nomyThe terrorists as I have mentioned read Bankim Chandra well. eoe. Banki m's theory of practice (atlushilan ) and of the perfect man (lord Krishna because only he could perfectly balance the virtues of the body od the soul in the Mahabharata history) became the critical ingredient :nanticoloniaJimagination.Bankimwrote,almostenvisagingthe process of displacement (in the idea of the political) about to occur in the anticolonial imagination, KrishnaisLordhimself....ButhowdoBengalisthinkof theLord? They think this man isusedto committing theft sinceate cheeseanddrankmilkwithoutleave;inteenagehe womanlsW and seduced hundreds of women belonging to milkmen's families and leading them away fromvirtue; andinmature agehe wasa hypocrite and double speak, and that is how he destroyedDrona and other fam ous generalsinthewar.Can God's character be likethis?... We... e to understand Krishna's character, and realise how this man contained allthe virtues on earth, allthe qualities, could absolve all the evil traits in humannature ... Sothepurposeinwriting' Krishnacharitra'(Krishna's Bankimwrote,wastodemonstratethehistoricalpoSSlbUlty rr.......""'" of 1h.Pollt lc ,,1Subj OCt "' ...uWluh. , he .... "y the COUll t !If""Ihllt,h.Jr..l;.te('builds 0 11 fourshOuld Pri nciples; I(,ntHa hulN"t.Kulu., 1.I\uatIt 01thtm Iheirdcvclopmenl, and fulfil hutD&n duty.fllent is 4ft.INt pr.Kt KC(twushilan) has limitsthef, must botbaJan.,.'"(' and coordinatio n.,re aCe there 4nu. LS t.ht othtr name of happiness.l' In tfw MtorK.al dffll0k::ltatiOn of the existence of the fi gure caU d Ifw Kruhn.t.nd toUn'ethat the Lord' s was not a myth"e tcon'.8anhm noI onlycrosses swordwi thWesternComlea) .mentators corrrcb t.bon. and sifts n,dencestomark aside the latter 'h' _.........L.'___ 1' Krj'hnbmytleal' ....,oons to u.rC' KlIts . a story,ut argues at length also ..as to why tbt- gnt war md the confl ictcalledforl tsresolutionanei. ._ .. u.d'.I.,p c mmd WUUIUsay 10 UI('ISCIPe In a mentor s voice:I Mea rmow:x:t work, andreach salvation Iiata rou cao follow thai path; holy men have done that: You aa fODow thtm. Ordinary men follow great men. Thtr do "'Nln"n tM grealmm do. 10 bwud mel act 10 prOIKt the rel igion of common men. LooII:at mr..I bck nothing in this world;nothing is beyond my abil ity "''--' tkac.r J b.vt no obIiption. Yd J..-.k. 6:IIow lhr path of action.::' IS tht punui t of karma. the cu1t ure of action, the insti __ ofactIOn, wbichwe call activity, the doctrine of practice. To do .. IIJ'KS in tht voice of Bankim: Cultivation. that is incessant kry. and for that you have tobring the body to that state. OIIIr .... bodyproduccs lh< right souL Right body needs right desires, :,,..a.c.a. aod to pleasure in maintaining the physical existena ........ JUbmil, RIChas men and wo men dancing together and _.cssdtnng to menandunitingwiththem(areference to in his teenage), though Bankim admits thai ..111116..........., ..I""'l()ClilMi"aIland io n. Through practice I(rishna ..among the prinemoment ulking about a special federalrelationship withIndia? TM: 1M problem is this-so long as the identity ofNag as are recognised and honoured, that's possible. lIT:Soaslongastheuniquenessof Nagaidenti tyisrecognisedand honoUl"ed, .spmal federalrelationship ispossible. 1M: \\"ben we say special federalrelationship, it has to be on the terms of tht agrttment that can be arrived at. KT: Quite righi, on terms of the agreementthat can be arrived at. TM:Y.! KT:l.d: 's aplore in a sense whatsort of agreement can bearrived at. WhenyoutaDc:aboutaspecialfederalrelationshipwithIndia,are you10facttalkingof aspecialfederalpositionwithintheIndian Constitution? TN: It should be a federation of India and Nagaland. lIT: A kdrration of India and Nagaland? TM: Va! n: But DOt a special federal position within the Indian Constitution? 111: No. wiIbia 1br IocIim Coastitution, thai isnot possible. U: Bat ..... federal reI.tiowbip between the two ispossible? 1I6Y.6 ....... .ma ia this way at another aspect of the rule,namely that .........wbich. rule thrives never facilitates dialogue-at least ,,"""'.mtenc:e is beyond therule.theregime,

a combination of dialogues on WeshaD set soon the implication ARebers ViSIon 177 - THESTRUCTUREOFD,ALOGUE: FEARLESSSPEECHANDOTHERTHI NGS We havefirstgo ?ack to theissue of the structure of the dialogue The intervIewer begms by admi tt ing the legi timacy of the Nagato concede the groundfor dialogue, andremarks asif in an, .,. gambI t,In 1997. after decades of bmer fighting, the two sides declared a cease- fire and over the last 8 years they have had 41 rounds of talks. So where do things stand today?' And then he repealS Muivah'scomrade_ in-arms Isak Swu's statement, as if reminding Muivah the ground rule of this dialogue,namely that thistalk willnot be on thl!misdeeds of the Indian state but on the negotiations, 'There is a time when fighting for a good cause is a must and there is also a time whennegotiation is unavoidable .. . Now we have come to the stage of political negotiation. TheNagapeople shouldbewisetoseizethisfinest opponunit y for fi ndinganami cablesolution',andfollowthisreminderby asking, 'Does thi s mean that the time is right forsettlement ofthe Nagaissue with India?' It means really, Tell us Muivah, how far you willconcede, because you know that you have to negotiate withthe mighty state of I ndia, and you really have no option of going back to hills and killing agai n . . . Muivah of course takesup thepeace gambit and shows he is ready for the game and therefore he reinforces the need for conversation and dialogue precisely because thi s is ' a uniqut: situation' , because the Ind ian Constitution cannot provide the ground of solution and hence theremustbesome specialagreemenl-a federationbetweenIndia and Nagaland.ln this federation everything is unique. Thus.,M uivah 's proposed solution. in the joint defence agr.cement, IndIa defend the Nagas ifthe latter are attacked from outside, Nagas Will havethe right to remain neutral in case of a military conflIct between India and another country. Similarly India will be incharge of affairsbut if amatter there under concerns the Nagas, Nagaland Will havethe right to be represented in such a discussion. and.arrangement. So it will be not merely asituation like the pre-1950 sltU?tlon,inthe sense that Ihis will not be a return to the ?IdIndl3 that tn.hertted the British mantle and started exercising sovereIgnty over anythtn!:t:t ,dfid'd'The new agreement willhave to be guarantey IteneasnIan...Gtee both theIndian Constitutionand the Naga . uara,nd, dment was Important m:causenla against any breach of trust anagree 178 of the PolitIcalSubJect riwl..110I.tutlon. hCrKC';a purdyconstitulional pro' . .oa at\rti.Jn roo Or j:1 ,..oukJnot do.VISIon "IlaiiIiI ... the pnxttds althis point: ...:..art JOnW' fonn ofguMllntCC' thai as far ill!Nag;tland .... 1Ib woldt IndLolW-.IS coocC'mtd, the' constitution WOuld ...,.. br UMaIdrou accq>1T"I; _l.:nao. aft' contuI8 10 the point. The agrcc-rnC'nt,ae-..... .., thr tCTIU oIthr rdalionship will have to be .....t.rd DUI.Tbt agrftmml, _iuet.is going 10 be arrived at shouldbe ..... OfJ'Onud In tbt Jnd.m Conslllulion. t"qually itshould alsobe in-nwponltd tD W constitution. "'T: lui: d tbt incorporated in the Indian Constit ut ion su..iI. WlI'rort" Iht' rolllkdl (unction o{[he intell cCluals:nOI. .OIth,'.lnJrng OrnC'f.Kllnllt's Jlujcommi tments.intellectualsWOuld " VlflnoouJ) bro.ldt'n [/1(' horizon oflhC'ir translating capacities. It also !"t'mb ", .bro.aJ,'ol'8,1nk',function or the intellectuals.Int elieCluals ",oulJ inlO (thrid own inter'l'ention ' as Louis Althusser used 10"'I",'OuldbenC'SSJ.ry.but withoutmonopoly. They Would th.. mst'h'N.(p.1J5: italicsBalibar's) I.s'f 01 uropid or 3 dream, as Balibar rhelorically admits?ButJ have no objtlOn on mat Etienne Balibar more than any other POlitical philosopherof histimehassoughttoengagewithcontemporary probltms, has conslantJ}' reoriented his arguments, and has sought to ground hisin the architecture of nascent movements. Or, is it an o\er-expectation of the intellectuals' abilities and roles? On that too ,,e may quarrel penily, but given the strong presence of theinthe public politics of the country of France, this isnatural. But what can we say of the idea of Europe as translating languages and cultures? That100wecanwaitwithopenarmstogreet,if indeedone day it happens, because it can only benefit the non-European peoples of the world In fact let everyone, every people, every land, assume the role of Interpreter and for that indeed is the opposite of xenophobia. But presemlywhlCh Europe willdo this? Salibar suggests. though not ID as many ,,:ords. the Europe of intellect and the intellectuals. possibly tboit who will become democratic citizens. the intellectual-citizens-tbry will be the mediator. And there lies my objection. Tbt probkm here isthat it does not recognise the strong presence ofthroughout Europe-proletarians and sub-proletarians. andnationalities.underdevelopedregionsand diridedpeoplesandnon-recognisednations,andinternal Whointerpret their aspirations? There is every Iikdi -cbltlbtc:artirrschism will reappear-Romans and non-Romans comlOnabIe. inteUtctual. and democratic Europe andaEurope of a Europe that converses with America, shelters the visitors, andguaranteestheimmigrantworkersparticularly ...becauseof the needsof capital.thatrefusesto ....... III prnent colonial structure. dialoguewitherstwhilecol-aad(au the'post-colonialpredicament'withhonestyand ....,.......of an unruly underclass at times modelling its that oftlw wNlthy neighbours. and at times shOwing possibil ities of Our Trans-n ati onalCitizenshi p 253 " Wpoliticalinitiativestowards massive "h.ThE n,........."- nge.europe thaI willcnoosetnedestiny,tnefirstEuroprgingp:lllerns of contenlious politics "l'N' ,)/ .. nl ... .! "gndi,:;uKe.Salibar insome pages of the worktells wol tp.UI("nl.) of collt'Cli\'e politics. but does not perch his OVeralJ :lf101Jcmo;.T"li ..- lrJ.ns-n:lI ionalcitizenship on the reality of COI1_ Lon!t and pat ientwork of establishing hegemony of pol,II(;tnd confrontation including collective violence on ..mlXluf"('ofooth legalities andi1JegaJitieswillbe in ample niJm..t". ideas, consciousness, and politics may not always Ull f,)ftht' politics of civiliry,if civility failsthem. h 't' ,Ut'tht'nfacinganother possibleopening.ThaIopening isin Jlu(hmgcollt'CtivepoliticsonthegroundthatIhepoliticalsubject nnngatrom 'poli tics as act.ivity',and that we should be awareof'illusory ("hUKlt'rof an)' conceptionof societywhichmakesitappearthaI nonru or ruksa power of their own, as if they were something out-we and 3pMlfromthe groups of people,and couldserve as such as an apW:ution (or the way in which people group themselves as soci-t'tln'" Thai study of the forms ofpolitics will also tell us the possibilities mel tht limits of la\\"inrealising Ihe goal oflrans-nationaJ citizen, for, on ont hand,weshallrequire legalplurality of the mostinnovative kmdrnpoooing to the requirements of the local, on the other hand, 1M nn.' citutn will require (or her appearance not only new European coun .. btu the skiU and ability 10 converse outside law,thus reducing lbcopeTatJoruo( govt'rnmentalitytoaneverpossibledegree.The lromicn ofkpJ theory today suggest a much more practical approach 10 law:liUwUe historicisminlegalscholarship suggestspossibilities 01 poundin& lawin histol :cal possibilities,anda solideconomics of ;...ice. by whichJ mean calculations about the gainand lossfroma hitcaatraliJed kp:J edifice that can only actualise governmental form 01 ___ No oat morethan8alibar knowsthemanifestimpasseandthe of Europnnunification,andthedualhistoryof two

' ng-that of Immanuel Kant (democratic of guarding Europe by means o( surveil-lDOVanmlof C'opleJandculturalminoritiesbythe possibilities o fOur Trens-netion&1 Citizenship 255 mOSIP?werful.ashe e-Iscwhe-re-,allthisprOVHthat thenOllons. of mterlonty and extenorlty, whichformthe of the: of the border, are a ve-ritable- e-anhquau, andImpactmg on. t.he andreality of sovereignty, which lies at theheartof the debate,If wearenot toreplaythefaikd dual ityof thesedestlilles-Iocal andtheglobal-we mustre}c:Clthe theory of choosing one of the two, andmakea new wayan the of loday's patterns of collective politics that seems to pitchfork the t.....o ina single popular strategy of politics. We have to be grateful to Etienne Balibarforthe insights he offers on the issue of citizenship through his stress on the strategic imponance of including thehistoryof colonialexpansionisminanycriticalre-flection on the question of European citizenship. This inclusion is now a flUldamental issue of everyday lifeinEurope due to the increasingl), largerpresence,despitethevariousdiscriminations, of populations of colonialorigins.It notonlymeanswhathecallsa' lessonot otherness' into the structure of European citiZenship, but itmeans dis-plac(' mentof thenotionof citizenshipitself alongunforeseenand unanticipatedlines-largely alongtheline of de-linking citizenship fromt he governmental realities of the legal-political world.Freedom of clandestine labour !lot only requires a strengthening of European institutions such, asthecommissionandtheEUCourtof Justicein Luxemburg,butinstituting dialogicmechanismsatleve,ls tonegotiate the labour questionthat isat the core ofdebate"This implies that a framing of a European constltutlon from thetop conceived accordingtotheclassicalcategoriesof Eur.opean constitutionalismwill not work,The constituentprocess through collective struggles must not come to th3.tWIthm It andIborrow herethewords of thelta1ianpolitical SCientistSandra Mezzadra,'throughstruggleandpolitical.alltheelements of materialreconstitutionof democraticthathavebeen accumulating throughout time' can continue gatheringf O 'BaI'bar notes--elsewhere--thatthePOSitive51e0 nceagamIhhf tbis condition may not be anun(ortunatebdosure, g1buo'b'al",..gr,;"O:\:d .Th"s 'mportantecause politicalISIIesofemer'ngoligarchies, which Europeamsatlon are the other ,r:nam rtant peace",throughnew willestablishpeace. and':hich someversionof European Theissue fromthe point of populu cit izenship willalsopay a pa" 256 Emergence o ft hepoliticalSubject I I\'illl'"llul..rforcesbec.l "able of interveninginIhe rOIIlI'.lI 11.1 ,"'Ch fh'wEuroro/globe intlus sltuatlOn.an teymediat .. _ .' " '!fhoutdr;l\ .. ing,heir mtothepresentof , "onof whichcitizenshipformsapart?Ithmkfromthe ,II,.'., fh1_ ..1 the issue of citizenship becomes apart of pohtlcal pOinloteruC'U, (onlt'Sl-a conlestthaiwi llactuall y changeor displacethemeaning of politics abo to a significant, LeimeIr)' 10 explai n thePOlllttoAlthusser more lime.AlthussercommentedinhIs onMontesqUleu, on the f.lewalnalure of politics as practIce.He pOlllted what unIted Montesquieu\\;Ihthetheoreticianswho. hImanddistinguishedhimfromthem.had10com.monWIth themthe same project:to erect a poltHcal SCIence,Buthe dId 1I0t have tnesameobject(emphasis Althusser's), because he proposed to produce the science not of society in general but of allthe concrete societies in history. And for this reason hedid not have the same method, for he did notwantto grasp any essence, but to discover laws. This difference in ob;ea and method made Montesquieu the most determined opponent of their abstraction. Therefore, he did not propose any social contract as lheorigin of any political society, when contract was the most prevalent form in whichthe foundation and nature of a society was sought to be t-xplained.Montesquieu therefore had the duty to study fact s, myriad and minute facts,but notthe onus to carry an explanation about be-ginning. Therefore he could see through various forms of power. and Idi:theworldof philosophytostudypoliticsandpoliticalactions, Akhu.uer further noted that in the past each great doctrine had thought ibdfin fonn of a specifically 'philosophical' object and its theoret ical dIecu. 1be PlatonicIdea.AristotleanAction,the CartesianCogita, end Ibt Kantian Transcendental Subject. forexample,had asobjects .Ibeocetic::al existence outside the domain of philosophy proper. The fuoaion of a philosophical theory to be quite precise was to becomtCDpled with the problems that elude in the very 'problems' II -.:cd. Pbibophy istherefore alwaysliminal.Whencecame the tosrudypotitics, political objects. and political actions: .....". politics .. activity! If... iI the cue. then we need to be careful about the universali sm ......... tbtob;ect of trans-national citizenship. Even when we break .., , ..hawliamintoappearaDceandreal.the danger of choosing possibi lities of OurTran's-natioIC', naIt1zenshlp257 ' univers;t! 'categoriestoexamineapheno' Thd menonInuniver remai ns.ere we neeconcrete historystudyfTS tM.tll'II of Dtu:UZIl." S Ollthis thll.'dis _ _br 84tJ.ou 11.'1 iiIIIn hJ$.ThrorrrtralWritingsCh. l ... M"'''''. ,.".rurl"'IIC'S,(I\'rw rork: Continuum Press, 20(4):67-:llI.' r 6, I"(la dw IOf wpmbkm.aucof thr polil icsof aut onomy an ...-a" of poI.loa. K'II.'the- mtroductwn 10othr rinthll.' collll.'Clion nw AIDno--sfI{ xpnU:nas(NII.'WDdhi: Sa' !!' IiIItn'II.' 1II dcuW the- two intrrconnectlthemes of polirics as au/onorn ..4 dw dol.- .. "-rOIlrlv "" ITt of rhr poJitiUlJ 5ubj tct inThr,. Y ., 1'Wma.toOlJ.S.,j,p1PrmrwnsInPolitics,Chapter 4.'Aul onomill.'S of aIty Soady . a .lOndoll utd 0rII.'1hl: Anthll.' m Prll.'$$, 2007),139-66.ew 10 Empire.Globalisation and theT now we :-,erethe emergence of the political subject In the speCifichistorical context of a country.Yet this specific context was also the colonial and post-colonial context, marked as we have seen by several overlaps,recalling as it were a global moment in the history of dommati.on and resistance. We noted while discussing the emergence of a specIficMuslimpublicsphereincolonialIndia thedynamicsoperating intheemergence of a 'concreteuniversal',a phrase that expresses therelations between singularities. andinvok.es the conceptof the' fold',thatiscrossingboundariesyetcomposing a uni verse. Wealsonotedthe globaltrajectoryof themilitantanti-colonialsubject.muchintheway BenedictAndersonhasrecently invoked the imagery of political astronomy, which tells us 10 study the gravitationalpull of stars(anti-colonial political entities) evenwhen they seem stationary.Wealsonotedthemilitant internationalism of the anti-colonial subject. inasmuch aswe saw how the problematic of citizenshiphasunfoldedinthewakeof thepossibilitythatnational bordersmay givewaytoa wideridentity, andtherelationbetween ' people' and ' citizenship' may therefore become even more uneasy. The figureof thepoliticalsubjectemergedoutof theseandothercon-junctures, which means that in recovering that history we have to always negotiate boundaries of various kinds.Borders. boundaries, identity. imperial reality. juridical order. revoh. and transgression-these form the backdrop against whichthis book has.Therefore asweare about 10closethisd15CUSStOn,wemustspe-cificall y address the question of what this context of various overlaps Signifies. and specifically the qudliDn: What is this global moment we 268 Ofthe poli t icalSubject Emergence -13%), Chola Empire (800s-1200s), Khmer Empire (802- 1462). Holy Roman Empire(843- 1806),DanishViking Empire(800s-II 00s),Ghana Empi re (900--1240), and Tonga Empire (950--1875). Some of the empires in the second millennium AD: Mongol Empire (1206- 1502),AbyssinianEmpireOttomanEmpire (1281- 1923) ,Mali(1300s-1600s), SlamEmpireAzt.cc Empire ( 1375-1521), Timurid Empire ( 1401-1505),Empm: ( 1492-1975), Portuguese Empire Mughal 1857), British Empire ( 1583), French Empire (1605), RUSSIan( 172 1- 19 17),Aust ri anEmpire(1804-1867),Austro-Hunganan Empire(1 867-1918),GermanEmpire(1871- 1918),.Empire ( 1871-1945), American Empire, USA (l898), BelgianEmpIre ( 1901-1962), Nazi Empire (1933- 1945), and others,..es As many stateswe may say, as are many empires", tradmg , ,ki.sagr3nan milit,aryempires, empires, empires,sea-basedIIempiresempires of finance .'IbUVlng ansemg, colomal empires, save1- ,' I,tionsmar3uding and .kidmultl-natlonacorpor ,. capital,banng,an.dfinallyconfederateempires, ..nat,onalempires,an. movmg emplTes,. '.dEmpire arouses S'III reality they are mlXe. But these are only pure type,t'alor multi-national or-,.dof vastness, non-naIon. in one smma sense'Idddtothe imperial cause, Iimpenal c assweeh ganisationof po l!y,an(demempiredoesnotave 1dtheemperormo'f imperialcounci ,anofraetorianguard,a 0gov-anemperor),thepresencept,.cesand a disti nct Idea that the eillancc prac, eroorsspies,other survfrom people or a law, or even ".does not come"d I sovereignty Ulan empire.btfromGod, a dlsllnctIeo 00.1 fromadistinctlybound, of superior civility and of glory, physical suppression hconstanuym war-like macffiery .. 274 f.tnMQftnce of the Poli t ical Subject r. cxp.utoon of movement of all of,J,wo_ hm,n) IQW;uJsthe Imperi al centre, vasl COnst .... . II"VK.Inon- u. .. c. WJW_ndtur... nd gr.md cili6, and rei at Ihecnd a corrUptio .-./;Jor'.p>hfh"aJn __ .d(ctC'ali\;ryal theeart 0te lmpencent(eB fJI .. ulturr ...... ro 0....UI , -imlV'ria1regImesunder thedlvlneeye.a .iJjO "',..- ..re ..1_1.0-._ _I"",uing Ja",'S--lhlS was true of the HelleniC Ernp;, bw."U1\1.1.,dng"IU,.---..e . 1.-.ofrM P('rsian Emplfe. Roman Empire, MughaJ Empire UDder AuOLl...... L. Am.., Onoman Emrino. British Emprrc. and now U l een can Empire. But beDIM trnpnuJ managemem is bigger than sheer IcgaJmanagement, IIneassil.ne5 .IruJeby regulations,and at timesrul ebytheperSOn 1M person of the empiu who in the past, was the emperor,whoever ts tilt at a partIcul ar Jevel) . That IS how yOu ''J''CSC"fh '.I. 6ndtheatnordinary powers0teImpen aarmIes,governors, mel agtnlS10killpeople atrandom,andtheirimmuni tyfromany accountability. Order by a Roman Governor to throw Christians before hungry bom: or order 10 killat wiUon the streets of Baghdador Basra u an impt"rial characteristic. Empire thus combines rul e ofJaw,rule of reguUoon, and rule of man. For democracy the imp/k ations are scary. Yet.W( must facethe discourse of a' democratic empir e'.This is a discourse made possible by the foll owing elements: I.the ideology of moderni ty; 2.coioniaJ and neo-colonial characteristics of the imperialnati ons; 3.the vioknt practices of democracy; 4.theint imaterelationsforlongbetweenlibera li sma nd dcmoa.cy; s.the c.oUap.t of the Soviet Union and the socialistbloc. with the ronteq''nlt end of the cold war; , .tbr:mdoClhe ambitions of the third world asa col1ective political ador COIlJistingof newlyindependentstates.whichwere CI'IIWIaiIt co&oruc.andsemi-coloniesof the colonialempires' -1iaaUy, 1."RJloupingofforces for fierce competition for world's assets """oilland., mmerals.financecapital.andsheerliquid thereturnof theimperialformforgreat ........, _0It'- fact.nkn .......,..".Otlll uown to us.For instance, phiJo.oplkrl. and others have discussedthe Empi re,Globelisetion. end the SUbiect 2 75 di sciplinary aspects of modernity.Many have likewise d' 'onnection between the form of the elect nation.. -II......"" ". ............IVe .. lI. and the imperialattnbutes:E.ncwrote on the relation between liberal ideology colomalism.Mann writeso( democracy's vioknt career ..wrote.thehnk between finance capital.annexation of tern tones.competiti onbetweengreatpowen.andtheimperial form. Andwe are testimonies of th( deluge of commentaries on defeat of andthe end of the dreams Oflh( third world. Yet. wehave to stillcome to terms adequately wi th the imperial formthat marksthelate20th centuryand early 21st century andis a result of the conj unction of these seven elements.Empi res led to nations. some nat ions aspire for imperial attribut es. and wemaynot be far off from that ti mewhenthere can be another attempt to create another Rome on earth, Rome that was both a nation and an empire. Hardt and Negri are therefore mistaken in one major sense, namely thattheydonot take suffi cent cognisance of the fa ct that nation and the imperial form may combine. though there is this bold iconoclastic stance of themthat it is not imperialism, but the phenomenon of the empireonwhi chtoday'spolitical subject must concentrate.The sig-ni fi cance of the empire of todayis enormously primarily politicalas itstressesmoreand more onits securi ty,ontheneedforitsglobal political- militaryreach.itsoppositiontoautonomi(s.theneedto crush terror, and the high voltage val U( of the ideology of democracy. Themark ofthisis.and wemay havenotedthis also,thatbetween II September2001andthebeginning of theyearof 2008. theanti-g1obalisationmovement did not exactly die. but .crowds thinnC'd out. Meanwhile.amuchmorephysicalwarstartedInmanybeing one of these places. and in this sense Hardt and Negn are nght as they write in Multitude that the empirea state of war.' both globalinscale and long lasting,withno end m Sight ... all sociallifeandposingitsownpoliticalorder.wecan askhere:Can we say thatthe multitude is the pohtlcal subject .thmpire must exercise the when supposedly to protect democraCieseel most authoritarian 'biopower' and sacrifice as t.he d '0isthe nation-state. or simply the nallon. gomg to be amage.r,d", olitical sub'ect under global-imperial conItlOns.. PJfsewemust once more go back to the LSSue Forananswer 0cour..'the modern empire. some of of mentioning the reality of the whichI relerre10 J 276 Emergence o tthePoli t ica l Subject ,Ills 10 thncrdlism, 20,107. 143, 214, 283 libtny,68, 110,232,283. xvii, na J.Qclltionoleu/turf', 229 lucknow Pact,1916, JO,100 Lukacs, Georg, xviii luxembourg, Rosa,211 Machiavelli,14,16,H8, 226 Magun, Artcmy, 276, 218 MllhllbharaM,13,15,22,34-35,105,111, 122-23,125, xxvi politics-dealh relationship in,3--1 1 ManilestooftheCommuni5t Pllrl)', 11, 19, 150,158,227 Mann. Michael,275 Mao. 9,16-17, 135,206--01, 226,xxvi Marginal Nation,The,98,191,258 Marshall,H"66, 244 Marx, 9, 17, 19.36, 135, 140--41, 156. 167. 226,237,257, xxviii Marxism,20. 116,189,211 MIUik89-90 Matmalily of PolitiQ,The,24 Maududi, Maulan"', 93--94 Mayo,lord, 52 Mauini, 86,\OS,121 MrghnadbadhKavya,72 Meherullah, Munshi, 87 memory of history and archives,193--96 andpoliticaJsubjectemergence. 197-202 of partition victims,189--93 and political activism,188 of trauma,190 Index309 M ..... o.y,Maudr",. s..ndro, M.aIln,Q;o.o.,504)mlCTO-politl(.l. Conlf:nllOUJSIIUliloftSand d.alopc:: Ulll!nKe.97---99 oftc!TOnn init.atlvn. 114-15 M,ln, 0Sudh"lwr, 85--86 mililant citlU:nihip, 140--42 Min-jur, Il Min""Krishna Kumar. 26. 29 Miln-, Kumud'm, 26 modem nation'Iutc, 269 Monte$quicu,256 mond law, 22-2) Mostafacharit, 92 Mothtr Courage.48 Mughal aristocn.cy, animosity of, 49, S4 Muhammad, Oost, 41 WaH.41 Muhammad Baqar. Maulavi,48 Thuinplcng,161--72,Mukherji, &nkim,\} Mukhopadhyay. Ashokt Kumar, 104 MuktiKonPothe(WhitherFl'ttdom?), 109 consciou5nt, 19 multilude: of ciry-stales, 167 phenomenonof,207,271-72.27S, 219--81,289-90, m M ... lti,auk, 21S Mwlim nationalism. 90. 9S Muslim AwamiI..eagut, 92-93. 95 MlUlim &n,wr SllmIr)'ikpolnl, 87 Muslim Ltasue,13,15,87--89.91-92 Muslim-nat;onalist identity, 86--88 Mutiny of \857,)0,40.47, SI-S2 Nagarebtllcadcr vision ascounterfigureof IOvereiguty. ,..... criticismaDdpolitioDiIIlentice, 181-84 .... 310 fthePoli1ice!Subjoct Emergence 0 fCnomol'O',I:rJ.ln-ll1 Ornll' CoIIKlion, S5 Ottomanrule, 68

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,..,--.6' H_II, 101 , ...... AwanuPmy. 96,HJ tUOIla!COJIn colonia/ism and of' 84-85g