emergence of genocide in africa karana olivier m.a. anthropology, nyu m.a. intl peace studies, nd
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Emergence of Genocide in Africa
Karana OlivierM.A. Anthropology, NYU
M.A. Intl Peace Studies, ND
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Genocide
International Convention
for the Prevention of Genocide 1948
Article 1
The Contracting Parties confirm that genocide […] is a crime […] they undertake to prevent and to punish.
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GenocideArticle 2
Genocide means any of the following acts committed with INTENT to DESTROY, in whole or in part,
a NATIONAL, ETHNICAL, RACIAL, `OR RELIGIOUS GROUP, AS SUCH:
• (a) Killing; • (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm; • (c) Deliberately inflicting living conditions calculated to
bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; • (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births; • (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another
group.
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Genocide
Article 2
Genocide means any of the following acts
• INTENT
• DESTROY,
• NATIONAL, ETHNICAL, RACIAL, OR RELIGIOUS GROUP,
• AS SUCH:
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Genocide
Article 3The following acts shall be punishable:• (a) Genocide; • (b) Conspiracy to commit genocide; • (c) Direct and public incitement to commit
genocide; • (d) Attempt to commit genocide; • (e) Complicity in genocide.
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Genocide
Article 4
Persons committing […] the acts enumerated in Article 3
shall be punished whether they are rulers, public officials or private individuals.
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COLD WAR
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COLD WAR LEADERS
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SUDAN’S RED SOUTHIsraeli and Soviet support
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RWANDA
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Genocide Images
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History of Hierarchy & Colonialism
• Rwanda and Burundi has a class system based on patronage. A hierarchy and vertical mobility.
• Belgians misinterpret this hierarchy as fixed and decide to favor one particular group.
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COLONIAL PERIOD
GERMANY BELGIUM
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Ethnicity and Politics in Rwanda
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KAYIBANDA 1962-73
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RWANDA
Important dates1956-62 Parmehutu, independence1971 Hutu Massacre in Burundi
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HABYARIMANA 1973-94
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RWANDA
Important date1990 Tutsi-dominated RPF invades Rwanda1993 UNAMIR monitors peace agreement.
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KAGAME
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ANNAN, DALLAIRE, UNAMIR
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RWANDA
Important dates1990 Tutsi-dominated RPF invades RwandaApril-July 1994 GenocideJune – August 1994 Operation turquoiseNovember 1994 Creation of ICTR
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BIZIMUNGU 1994-2000
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KAGAME
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DARFUR
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IMAGES OF CRISIS
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ROUGH NEIGHBORHOOD
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DARFUR
Important dates 1980s Drought 2003 Rebellion 2005 CPA 2006 DPA
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DROUGHT
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NORTH SOUTH WAR
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SLA Abdul Wahid
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SLA MINI MINAWI
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Justice Equality Movement
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Arab-African relations
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Changing face of Darfur
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What comes next?
• How would we treat past aggressions?
• Remember or Forget?
• Universal Jurisdiction
• Truth Commissions.
• ICC
• Traditional methods - Gacaca
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QUESTIONS?