embryonic growth amniotic sac- fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the developing...
TRANSCRIPT
HUMAN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Embryonic Growth Amniotic sac- fluid-filled membrane that
surrounds and protects the developing fetus Umbilical cord- ropelike structure that
connects the embryo and the mother’s placenta; nutrients and oxygen go from mom to child through this; baby passes waste to mom through cord
Placenta- thick blood-rich tissue that lines the walls of the uterus during pregnancy and nourishes the embryo
Conception
Conception is union of sperm and egg also known as fertilization
Zygote is the result of the fertilization Zygote attaches to the uterine wall and
that is called implantation Embryo is what zygote changes too
between the third and eighth week of pregnancy
Fetus is after 8 weeks
Fetal Development
First trimester0-2 weeks- spinal cord, brain, ears, arms,
and heart begin to form3-8 weeks- mouth, eyelids, hands fingers,
feet form, heart fully functional9-14 weeks- develop human profile, sex
organs, fingernails and toenails develop, may start sucking thumb at 12 weeks
Fetal Development
Second Trimester15-20 weeks- can blink, growth of head
slows, limbs reach full proportion, eyebrows develop, can grasp and kick
21-28 weeks- hear conversations, regular cycle of waking and sleeping, weight increases rapidly, may survive if born after 24 weeks but would need special medical care
Fetal Development
Third Trimester:29-40 weeks- uses all five senses, begins to
pass water from bladder, approximately 266 days after conception the baby is ready to be born
Pre pregnancy
If you are planning ahead to having children you should take good care of your health and then have good prenatal care
Eat properly when pregnant: need extra calcium- for strong bones and teeth, protein for muscle, iron for red blood cells and oxygen, vitamin a cell and bone growth, vitamin b for nervous system, folic acid to build spinal cord
Labor Stage 1 dilatation- contractions of uterus
cause cervix, to dilate or widen, 95% of babies heads are resting here, the contractions break the amniotic sac
Stage 2 passage through the canal- cervix is fully dilated and baby passes through the birth canal, baby cries to clear its lungs of amniotic fluid
Stage 3 afterbirth- placenta is still attached and must be pushed out of the body and cut from the baby
During pregnancy
Should not gain more than 35 pounds Do not consume large amounts of
caffeine Don’t use tobacco, alcohol, or drugs Alcohol can cause Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome Environmental hazards are lead, smog,
radiation, and cat litter
Complications Miscarriage- spontaneous expulsion of a fetus
that occurs before the 20th week of pregnancy Stillbirth- dead fetus expelled from the body after
the 20th week Ectopic pregnancy- zygote implants in fallopian
tube, abdomen, ovary or cervix, number one cause of death in pregnant females
Preeclampsia- prevents the placenta from getting enough blood, result in low fetal birth weight and problems for mother like high blood pressure, swelling, and large amounts of protein in urine
Heredity Traits passed from parents to children EX: eye and hair color, shape of your
earlobes Chromosomes are found within the nucleus
of a cell that carry codes for traits, Our body contains 46, 23 from each parent
Genes basic unit of society DNA- unit that makes up the chromosomes
Heredity
One pair of genes responsible for trait. Dominant genes appear when the trait is
present Recessive genes appear only when
dominant genes are not present So if you have one of each the dominant
trait will show
Heredity
Sperm and egg cells carry chromosomes the females are always x and males are x or y
Chromosomes determine gender XX is femaleXY is male
Genetic disorders Caused by partly or completely defect in
genes; some caused right away others later in lifeSickle-cell anemia- red blood cells sickle shaped
and clumpTay-sachs- destruction of nervous system; die
during early childhoodCystic fibrosis- mucus clogs many organs,
nutritional problems, serious respiratory infectionsDown syndrome- mental retardation, short stature,
round faceHemophilia- failure of blood to clot
Infancy
Period of fastest growth Birth to 1 year Task is to develop trust Time of learning Learn to view the world as a safe place
Early childhood
1 to 3 years Task to develop ability to do tasks for
oneself Learns to walk, talk, dress, feed
themselves Develop autonomy- confidence that a
person can control his or her own body impulses and environment
Middle childhood
4 to 6 years old Task- to develop responsibility, take
initiative, to create own play More engaged in interactions with
others, model adult behavior, help with chores
Late childhood
7 to 12 years Task- to develop an interest in
performing activities Transition from home to school Learn role in society
Adolescence Childhood to adulthood Go through puberty Hormones are what regulates changes and
helps you go through change Sex characteristics develop
Females: breast develop, waistline narrows, hips widen, body fat increases, menstruation starts
Males: facial hair appears, voice deepens, shoulders broaden, muscles develop
Both: body hair appears, permanent teeth grow in, perspiration increases
Adolescence Eggs present at birth in females Sperm production begins when go through
puberty Females growth spurt happens earlier in life than
males Boys voice cracks because larynx is growing Brain is 95% of adult size by age 6 but does not
mentally start to mature until teen years Abstinence until marriage keeps you free from
STDs Task: achieve emotional independence
Adolescence Mental changes that occur are things grow
and become more understanding of things Emotional changes are due to the fact of all
the hormones being released Social changes occur because you and
friends start defining who you are and try new things
Support and guidance of parents help you become more emotionally and socially independent
Adult physique does not mean you’re an adult
Young adulthood Age 19 to 40 Task: develop intimacy Tries to develop close relationships Four aspects to focus are personal independence,
occupational choices, intimate relationships, contributions to society
How can being involved as teen and young adult help transition later in life?Help them find a career they enjoy, make friends and meet
new people to provide support, activities they can do when they retire, give sense of satisfaction later in life
Middle Adulthood
40 to 65 years Task: develop a sense of having
contributed to society Social transitions during this time focus
on family
Late Adulthood
65 to death Life expectancy is 77 years in United
States Health care advances is what allows us
to live longer now Having your health triangle in balance is
what allows you to successfully adjust to aging
Grieving Process Denial or Numbness Emotional Releases Anger Bargaining Depression Remorse Acceptance Hope To help cope with death allow reflection once
gone through these stages