embodied cognition (or a biological theory of … mind suarez.pdf · enaction: cognition through...
TRANSCRIPT
EmbodiedCognition(oraBiologicalTheoryofKnowledge)RodrigoSuárez
"Ibelievethereisnodeepdifferencebetweenwhatcanbeachievedbyabiologicalbrainandwhatcanbeachievedbyacomputer.Itthereforefollowsthatcomputerscan,intheory,emulatehumanintelligence— andexceedit”(StephenHawkins2016)
?@(#'1&'A'(,4'.'(&B(+$(%''C(%&66'.'+2'(#',8''+(84/,(2/+(#'(/24&'A'%(#5(/(#&$1$*&2/1(#./&+(/+%(84/,(2/+(#'(/24&'A'%(#5(/(2$"C<,'.D(@,(,4'.'6$.'(6$11$8B(,4/,(2$"C<,'.B(2/+E(&+(,4'$.5E('"<1/,'(4<"/+(&+,'11&*'+2'(F /+%('G2''%(&,H(-;,'C4'+(I/8J&+B(KLMN9
Talos ofCrete:Thebronzeautomaton
Moravec's paradox
"itiscomparativelyeasytomakecomputersexhibitadultlevelperformanceonintelligencetestsorplayingcheckers,anddifficultorimpossibletogivethemtheskillsofaone-year-oldwhenitcomestoperceptionandmobility."
:$%+'5(0.$$JB(-MSTU(R 9
0.$$JB(/.*<'%(,4/,(&+($.%'.(6$.(.$#$,B(,$(/22$"C1&B4('A'.5%/5(,/BJB(&+(/+('+A&.$+"'+,(B4/.'%(#5(4<"/+BE(,4'&.(4&*4'.(2$*+&,&A'(/#&1&,&'BE(&+21<%&+*(/#B,./2,(,4&+J&+*('"<1/,'%(#5(B5"#$1&2(.'/B$+&+*E(+''%(,$(#'(#/B'%($+(,4'(C.&"/.&15(B'+B$.5R"$,$.(2$<C1&+*(-/2,&$+9(8&,4(,4'('+A&.$+"'+,E(2$"C1'"'+,'%(#5(,4'(C.$C.&$2'C,&A'(B'+B'(84&24(&B(/(J'5(2$"C$+'+,(&+(4/+%V'5'(2$$.%&+/,&$+D
W$<A'11'(X@Y(B&,</,'%(2$*+&,&$+Y('+/2,&$+Y(#&$1$*5($6(2$*+&,&$+((
Aristotle(384-322BC)
- Epigenesis toreplacepreformism
- Holism(thewholeisofnecessitypriortothepart)
- Matterand‘formalcause’arecomplementaryandinterdependent.
- Mind(anima,soul,form,essence,psyche)andbodyarenotdistinct,andarepresentinalllivingorganisms… althoughhumanintellectmayexistindependently.
- Theheartmovesvitalfluids,thebrainisjustacoolant.
`/1'+(-MKSRKML(Xa9
R I<"$<.B -BC&.&,B9 ,./A'1(8&,4&+(4$11$8(+'.A'BE(/.,'.&'B(/+%(A'&+BD(R 34'B'(BC&.&,B(<+%'.8'+,(.'6&+'"'+,(/,('/24(B,/*'E(6.$"(/CC',&,&A'(&+(,4'(1&A'.(,$(A&,/1(&+(,4'(4'/.,(/+%(/+&"/1(&+(,4'(#./&+E('+B<.&+*(/(2$+,&+<<"(#',8''+(C'.2'C,&$+E(B'+B/,&$+E(/+%(,4$<*4,D(R I<"$<./1 B5B,'"(8/B('"#$%&'%D
DelMaestro1998
LeonardodaVinci(1452-1519)
DelMaestro1998
RenéDescartes(1596-1650)DiscourseontheMethod (1637)MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy(1641)PrinciplesofPhilosophy(1644)
- Machine-likemechanismsrulethebody(likeautomata),there’snoformalcauses.- TheSoul,however,isnotopentomechanisticexplanation,asitisnotmadeofmatter(Cartesiandualism).- ThePinealglandistheinterfacebetweenbodyandsoul.
“cogito,ergosum”asaresponsetoradicalskepticism
TheNaturalHistoryoftheSoul(1745)L'homme Machine (1747)
-Fromanimalstomanthereisnoabrupttransition.-ExplicitlydeniedtheexistenceofGod,aslogicallyimplausible.- Mentalprocessesarisefrommaterialinteractions,anddependonbodilyactions.- RejectedCartesianbody-minddualism.- Hedonisticpursuit,diedofgluttony-inducedgastritis,followedbydelirium…
‘furtherdemonstratingthebodilyeffectsonthemind’
Astrongdeterminists/materialistsofthe18th centuryFrenchenlightenment
JulienOffray deLaMettrie (1709-1751)
CritiqueofPureReason,1781CritiqueofPracticalreason,1788Critiqueofjudgement.1790
- Experienceisa‘construction’ofthemind.- Introductionof‘subjective’views,suchas‘apriori’experience,inperception.- Anactiveroleoftheindividual.- Thesoulisnotseparatefromthebody
ImmanuelKant(1724-1804)
JohannWolfgangvonGoethe,1749-1832
TheoryofColours,1810;perception,colouropponentwheelOpposedtoNewton’sanalytictreatmentofcolour.EarlyversionsofGestaltPsychology(Phenomenology,subjectivity)Earlyversionsofbiologicalhomology(Transformationofplants1790)
ZoologicalPhilosophy(1809):
- Commonancestry- Useanddisuse- Epigenesis- Common‘lifefaculties’:
- Feeding- Buildingthemselves- Development- Reproduction
Jean-BaptisteLamarck(1744-1829)
Physicalcauses,feelingisembodiedandegoindivisible.
1871
‘Umwelt’andtheSchoolofBio-semiotics
Jakob vonUexküll (1864-1944)
Umwelt:"self-centeredworld”Itisalsothesemioticworldoftheorganism,includingallthemeaningfulaspectsoftheworldforanyparticularorganism…
Anorganismcreatesandreshapesitsownumwelt whenitinteractswiththeworld.
LudwigvonBertalanffy 1901-1972
SchoolofVienna(1930-50s,LudwigvonBertalanffy &PaulWeiss)
PaulWeiss1898-1989
19681901-1972
SchoolofVienna(1930-50s,LudwigvonBertalanffy &PaulWeiss)
HierarchicallyOrganizedSystems
PaulWeiss(1898-1989)
PhDadvisorofRogerSperry
Zing-YangKuo (1898-1970)Epigenesis ofbehaviour (1930s),anti-instinct
GilbertGottlieb(1929-2006)Probabilisticepigenesis
RogerSperry(1913-1994)
Sperry1960s.Chemoaffinity andtheorderlygrowthoffibres
"WhattheFrog'sEyeTellstheFrog'sBrain”Lettvin,Maturana &McCullogh 1959(OneofthemostcitedpapersinNeuroscience)Localprocessingofvisualfeaturesinretinalganglioncells
I<"#'.,$(P/,<./+/ -MSK[(R 9 g./+2&B2$(c/.'1/(-MSUNRKLLM9
34'(;24$$1($6(;/+,&/*$
Anautopoietic machineisasystemorganized(definedasaunity)asanetworkofprocessesofproduction(transformationanddestruction)ofcomponentswhich:(i) throughtheirinteractionsandtransformationscontinuously
regenerateandrealizethenetworkofprocesses(relations)thatproducedthem;and
(ii) constituteit(themachine)asaconcreteunityinspaceinwhichthey(thecomponents)existbyspecifyingthetopologicaldomainofitsrealizationassuchanetwork.
DeMáquinas ySeres Vivos(Maturana &Varela1973)
(Autopoiesis andCognition,Maturana &Varela1981–availableonline-)
+3000articlesperyear
s!A'.5,4&+*(B/&%(&B(B/&%(#5(/+($#B'.A'.H
f45B&$1$*5(/+%(#'4/A&$<. /.'(%&66'.'+,(%$"/&+B($6($#B'.A/,&$+
b/8($6(2$+B'.A/,&$+($6(/%/C,/,&$+(-+$,("$.'($.(1'BB(/%/C,'%9
j<.$#$.$BE /+%(,4'(2&.2<1/.(+/,<.'($6(1&6'
0&$1$*5($6()$*+&,&$+
Enaction: cognitionthroughaction
”… cognitionisnottherepresentationofapre-givenworldbyapre-givenmindbutisrathertheenactmentofaworldandamindonthebasisofahistoryofthevarietyofactionsthatabeingintheworldperforms".
Varelaetal1991.TheEmbodiedMind
“Representation”ofexternalrealityisthereforeacontinualadjustmentofthebrain’sself-generatedpatternsbyoutsideinfluences,aprocesscalled“experience”bypsychologists.Fromtheaboveperspective,therefore,theengineeringterm“calibration”issynonymouswith“experience.”Paradoxically,suchaviewisquiterecentinneuroscienceresearchandis,ofcourse,hardtodefendifonesubscribestoAristotle’sthesisthatnothingmovesorchangesitself.Thenovelideaofa“self-cause”–governedprinciplehasemergedinseveraldisciplinesandisreferredtobynumeroussynonyms,suchasspontaneous,endogenous,autogenous,autochthonous,autopoietic,autocatakinetic,self-organized,self-generated,self-assembled,andemergent.
G.Buzsaki 2008,RhythmsoftheBrain
ErnstvonGlasersfeld (1917-2010)
RadicalConstructivism,Epistemology
HeinzvonFoerster (1911-2002)Self-organization,secondordercybernetics
Structuraldeterminism
- Structure-determinedsystemsaresystemssuchthateverythingthathappensinthem(ortothem)isdeterminedateveryinstantbytheirownstructuraldynamicsatthatinstant.- Externalagentsmayonlytriggerinitchangesdeterminedinitsstructurewithoutspecifyingthem.- Astructure-determinedsystem,therefore,hasastructurethatchangesfollowingacoursecontingenttothecourseofitsinteractions,andwheneverweliveasituationthatseemtoviolatestructuraldeterminism,weareastonished.
Metabolism
I$8(&B(C'.2'C,&$+(,./+B6$."'%(&+,$(/2,&$+t(-/+%(,4'($,4'.(8/5(/.$<+%t9
W'.A$<B(B5B,'"(/B(/+($C'./,&$+/115R21$B'%(B'+B$R'66'2,$.(B<#B5B,'"
W'.A$<B(B5B,'"(&B(/(B,.<2,<.'R%','."&+'%(B5B,'"Y(/+5,4&+*(,4/,(4/CC'+B(,$(&,(%'C'+%B($+(&,B($.*/+&B/,&$+
Whatdowesee?Howdoweseeit?Doesitmatter?
Itoetal.,2010
W'<.$C4'+$"'+$1$*5
W'<./1(2$..'1/,'B($6(4<"/+('GC'.&'+2'
34'(6$2<B(&+(C4'+$"'+$1$*5(&B($+(,4'('G/"&+/,&$+($6(%&66'.'+,(C4'+$"'+/(/#)+,(4)/33(/')+%)$%*#$"%&#*(##E(&D'D(&+(/(6&.B,RC'.B$+(C'.BC'2,&A'D