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EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATIONS

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OVERVIEW

• What is Embedded System?• Microprocessor Vs Microcontrollers• Applications of Embedded systems.• Microcontrollers from different vendors.• Development requirement.• Demo for a circuit design using

microcontroller and simulator.• Discussion.

What is Embedded system

• Embedded Systems– Operations managed behind the scenes by a

microcontroller• Microcontroller (MCU)– An integrated electronic computing device that

includes three major components on a single chip• Microprocessor (MPU)• Memory• I/O (Input/Output) ports

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Embedded SystemGeneral Block Diagram

Microcontroller(uC)

sensor

sensor

sensor

Sensor conditioning

Output interfaces

actuator

indicator

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Microprocessors Vs Microcontrollers

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• Microprocessor– General purpose computer.

• Microcontroller– System oriented computer.– Single chip computer.

Microprocessor-Based Systems

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MicroPROCESSOR – Basic concept

CPU

containsCCUALU

data registersand

pointer registers

CONTROLADDRESS

DATA

Microprocessor, by-itself, completely useless – must have external peripherals toInteract with outside world

BOOTROM

Used at startup

Instruction(program)

ROMTransducers

KeyboardScreenUART

Parallelinterface

etc

DataRAM

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Issues with external devices

• Many pins– Mechanical failure rates increased– Design time increased – routing issues– Cost increased, board size increased

• Continually redesigning same thing– Compatibility between parts– Upgrade part– Many similar options between different projects

• In Real-life -- Don’t need “100% flexibility”

Microcontrollers

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Block Diagram

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MicroCONTROLLER – Basic concept

CPU

containsCCUALU

data registersand

pointer registers

CONTROLADDRESS

DATA

Microcontroller – put a limited amount of most commonly used resources “inside” the chip – a “limited” amount is often “enough” for many applications

BOOTROM

Used at startup

Instruction(program)

ROMTransducers

UARTParallel

interfaceEtc

DataRAM

MCU-Based Time and Temperature System

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MCU-Based Systems

• Includes microprocessor, memory, I/O ports, and support devices (such as timers) on a single semiconductor chip

• Buses are generally not available to a system designer

• I/O ports are generally multiplexed and can be programmed to perform different functions

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Advantages of microCONTROLLER over microPROCESSOR

• Pin count down• Design time down, Board layout size down• Upgrade path easier – matching between

peripherals for speed• Cost down – bulk purchases• Reliability up• Common software / hardware design

environment available from manufacturer

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Applications of Embedded Systems

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Why Important?

• Embedded Inside:– Automotive systems– Airplanes– Toys– Medical Devices– Furniture

• Billions of units

Examples: Car Door

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Embedded Applications

• Networking, intelligent control

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ANTI-LOCK BRAKES

Anti-Lock

Brake Module

Speed

Sensor

Pressure Valve Dump/Vent Valve

Master Cylinder Assembly

Anti Lock

12 V

Examples: Refrigerator

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Sensing and actuation devices in embedded applications

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Embedded Applications

Signal sensing/data acquisition – data processing & data storing – actuation – data communication (networking)

Examples: Electronic Ping-pong

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Examples: Derbot Autonomous Guided Vehicle

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Embedded Applications

• Networking

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Embedded Systems

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Real Time Control

Must be able to respondpredictably and in a known amount of time

Environment cannot wait for microcontroller to respond.

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What is Real Time? “A real time system is one in which the correctness of the computations not only

depends upon the logical correctness of the computation but also upon the time at which

the result is produced. If the timing constraints of the system are not met, system

failure is said to have occurred.”

- Donald Gillies

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What is Real Time? “Real time in operating systems:

The ability of the operating system to provide a required level of service in a bounded

response time.”

- POSIX Standard 1003.1

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Hard vs. Soft Real Time • Hard– guaranteed worst-case response times– absolutely, positively, first time every time

• Soft– Kinda, sorta, usually

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Who are the Embedded OS players? • Wind River Systems– VxWorks– pSOS

• QNX Software Systems– QNX

• Green Hills Software– Integrity

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Who are the Embedded OS players? • Mentor Graphics – VRTX

• Palm Computing– PalmOS

• Symbian– SymbianOS

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Microsoft • Embedded NT/XP– “Real-time” control

• Windows CE (CE.NET)– Internet devices

• Pocket PC 2002– Handheld PC’s and PDA’s

Microcontroller Packaging and Appearance

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From left to right: PIC 12F508, PIC 16F84A, PIC 16C72, Motorola 68HC05B16, PIC 16F877, Motorola 68000

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Common Microcontrollers•Atmel •ARM •Intel

• 8-bit • 8XC42 • MCS48 • MCS51 • 8xC251

• 16-bit • MCS96 • MXS296

•National Semiconductor • COP8

•Microchip • 12-bit instruction PIC • 14-bit instruction PIC

• PIC16F84 • 16-bit instruction PIC

•NEC

•Motorola • 8-bit

• 68HC05 • 68HC08 • 68HC11

• 16-bit • 68HC12 • 68HC16

• 32-bit • 683xx

•Texas Instruments • TMS370 • MSP430

•Zilog • Z8 • Z86E02

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What you need

• PIC C/ASM Compiler• PIC Programmer• MPLAB IDE

• Free

http://www.ccsinfo.com/

http://www.microchip.com

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What is the Process ?

1. Write you program• MPLAB• C or ASM

2. Compile your program• CCS PCM

3. Transfer your program• Puts HEX file into the PIC• Use PICSTART and MPLAB

• “Burns your app into the PIC”

4. Insert your PIC– Face pin 1 to resistor

5. Power it Up– Connect 9V Battery

6. Debug your program– Never works a the first time

7. Repeat step 1

Summary• An embedded system is a product that has one or more computers

embedded within it, which exercise primarily a control function.• The embedded computer is usually a microcontroller: a microprocessor

adapted for embedded control applications.• Microcontrollers are designed according to accepted electronic and

computer principles, and are fundamentally made up of microprocessor core, memory and peripherals.

• Microchip offers a wide range of microcontrollers, divided into a number of different families. Each family has identical central architecture and instruction set. However, common features also appear across all their microcontrollers.

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