embedded intro.doc

8/15/2019 embedded intro.doc

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Introduction to Embedded Systems

The embedded system is a combination of comuter hardware, software

additional electrical 7 mechanical arts.A comuter is used in such devices rimarily as a means to simlify thesystem design and to rovide fle2ibility.

8 /ften the user of the device is not even aware that a comuter is resent.

8 !lectronic devices that incororate a comuter 9usually amicrorocessor: within their imlementation

These are Real;time systems rocess events.These events occur on

e2ternal inuts cause other events to occur as oututs. -inimi


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Programmi

ng

Logical/Dig

ital

Design

Computer

Systems

Organization

Embedded

SystemsEmbed

ded&

Real

Time

System

s

Adance

d

Digital

Design

!Synt"esi

s#

$LS%/AS%

C

&

SoCDesign

Control

System

s

DSP


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4rogramming Languages Used in #ew !mbedded0esigns

>

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

Assembly C C++ Java Other

1998-1999

1999-2000


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-icro Controllers Trend in the !mbedded $ystems

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

4-bit 8-bit 16-bit 32-bit 64-bit Se!ial


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Application of embedded systems insphere of life

Consumer electronics

Telecommunication

Automobile

-edical instrumentation

*ndustrial control e?uiment

0efense

Communication satellite

0ata communication

*nternet aliances


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Introduction to microcontroller

A microcontroller is a comuter;on;a;chi, or, if you refer, a single;chicomuter. Micro suggests that the device is small, and controller tells you that thedevice might be used to control ob+ects, rocesses, or events. Another term todescribe a microcontroller is embedded controller, because the microcontroller andits suort circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control.

3ou can find microcontrollers in all )inds of things these days. Any device thatmeasures, stores, controls, calculates, or dislays information is a candidate for

utting a microcontroller inside. The largest single use for microcontrollers is inautomobiles@+ust about every car manufactured today includes at least onemicrocontroller for engine control, and often more to control additional systems inthe car. *n des)to comuters, you can find microcontrollers inside )eyboards,modems, rinters, and other eriherals. *n test e?uiment, microcontrollers ma)eit easy to add features such as the ability to store measurements, to create and storeuser routines, and to dislay messages and waveforms. Consumer roducts that usemicrocontrollers include cameras, video recorders, comact;dis) layers, andovens. And these are +ust a few e2amles.

Microcontroller Basics

A microcontroller is similar to the microrocessor inside a ersonal comuter.!2amles of microrocessors include *ntels BB(, -otorolas (B, and DilogsDB. oth microrocessors and microcontrollers contain a central rocessing unit,or C4U. The C4U e2ecutes instructions that erform the basic logic, math, anddata;moving functions of a comuter. To ma)e a comlete comuter, amicrorocessor re?uires memory for storing data and rograms, and inutEoutut


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9*E/: interfaces for connecting e2ternal devices li)e )eyboards and dislays. *ncontrast, a microcontroller is a single;chi comuter because it contains memoryand *E/ interfaces in addition to the C4U. ecause the amount of memory andinterfaces that can fit on a single chi is limited, microcontrollers tend to be used insmaller systems that re?uire little more than the microcontroller and a few suortcomonents. !2amles of oular microcontrollers are *ntels BFG 9including theBFG;A$*C, which is the focus of this boo):, -otorolas (BHC&&, and DilogsDB.

Microcontroller History

To understand how microcontrollers fit into the always;e2anding worldof comuters, we need to loo) bac) to the roots of microcomuting.*n its anuary &'F issue, 4oular !lectronics maga


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ersonal comuters are for the most art standard ones li)e those tovideo dislays, )eyboards, and rinters.ut along with chea, owerful, and versatile ersonal comuters hasdeveloed a new interest in small, customi


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&loc' diag am o( t"e )*C+, -ic ocont olle


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Pin Diagram of the ! Pin DIP "ac#age of the $!C%&


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$!%& architecture contains the follo'ing(


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B bit C4U with registers A and

&( bit rogram counter94C: and data ointer904TR:

B bit rogram status word94$K:

B bit stac) ointer

*nternal R/- of 9B5&: to J9BF&:

*nternal RA- of &GB ytes

J register ban)s ;&f

&( bytes9bit addressable: G;Gf

B bytes of general urose data memory 5;f

5G *E/ ins arranged as four B bit orts 94 45:

G &(;bit timerEcounters= T and T&

6ull dule2 serial data receiverEtransmitter= $U6

Control registers= TC/#, T-/0, $C/#, 4C/#, *4and *!

G e2ternal and 5 internal interrut sources

/scillator and cloc) circuits


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I)*R+D,C*I+) *+ *HE -EI. S+F*/ARE

The eil $oftware BF& develoment tools are listed below. These are

the rograms that will erform the following=

Comile C Code

Assemble the assembly source files.

Lin) 7 Locate the ob+ect modules 7 the libraries.

Create the H!M files.

0ebug the Target 4rogram.

-icro Nision G is an interegated develoment !nvironment thatCombines 4ro+ect management

$ource Code !diting

4rogram debugging.

CSI A)SI= *t is an otyimi


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The R*0%& real time oerating system simifies the design of thecomle2, time critical software ro+ects.

INTRODUCTION TO THEPROJECT

This ro+ect is designed to demonstrate the technology used in the now a

days driver less metro train which is used in most of the develoed

countries li)e Oermany, 6rance, and aan etc. These trains are e?uied

with the C4U, which controls the train. The train is rogrammed for the

secific ath. !very station on the ath is definedP stoage timing of the

train and distance between the two stations is redefined.

In this "ro1ect

*n this ro+ect we try to give the same rototye for this tye of trains.

Ke are using microcontroller B'cF& as C4U. The motion of the train is

controlled by the steer motor, for dislaying message in the train we

are using intelligent LC0 dislay of two lines. The train is designed for

three stations, named as odhgaya, Ra+gir, #alanda .the stoage time is

of 5 sec and time between two consecutive stations is (sec.there is a

LC0 dislay for showing various messages in the train for assengers.

There are indicators, which are used to show the train direction i.e. U4

ath and 0/K# ath. efore stoing at station the train blows the bu


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$o this ro+ect gives an illustration of actual modern metro train

controlled through embedded electronics control system.

Im"lementation( This ro+ect is imlemented using the following )it

2P.3E*( N4L;!T !mbedded trainer has been design by using

4hillis B'C(&MGE microchi 4*C&(6BE -otorola (BHC&& -icro

controller. This controller rovide in system as well as in alication

rogramming so that one may be able to write rogram and download

directly in the controller through serial ort without removing it from

the system

System Specification

&. C4U= 4hillis B'C(&MGE microchi 4*C&(6BE -otorola (BHC&&

G. &( 2 G LC0 -odule 9H3&(G6J:

5. $i2 seven segment dislay

J. $teer motor controller interface

F. B 2 B L!0 -atri2 0islay

(. A0CE0AC interface

. 6our data switches

B. $witch array

'. AT GJC&( $erial !!4R/-


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Interfacing an .CD to the $!%&

LCD Operation:

O"r r$%e!t !h$se &C' $ver Seve( Se)me(t 'islays *"e t$

the $ll$,i() reas$(s1/ase $ r$)ram $ !har!ters.2As!ii al"es !$"l* be *ire!tly se(t t$ the &C'.3( b"ilt !$mma(* ,$r*s t$ !$(tr$l 'islay.

http://www.iguanalabs.com/lcdbblrg.jpg


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PIN DESCRIPTION OF LCD

PIN Symbol I/O Description

1 -- r$"(*

2 -- +5 $,ers"ly

3 -- $,er s"ly$r !$(trast

!$(tr$l4 S 0 C$mma(*

e).1 'ata e).

5 0 rite1 ea*

6 / O /(able

7 '0 O 8-bit 'ata "s

8 '1 O 8-bit 'ata "s

9 '2 O 8-bit 'ata "s10 '3 O 8-bit 'ata "s

11 '4 O 8-bit 'ata "s

12 '5 O 8-bit 'ata "s

13 '6 O 8-bit 'ata "s

14 '7 O 8-bit 'ata "s

CC SS //

CC- r$vi*es +5 v$lt SS r$vi*es )(* // is "se* t$ !$(tr$l &C' !$(trast


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RS ( Register Select )

S i( is "se* t$ sele!t bet,ee( the t,$ *iere(t re)isters

'AA re)ister : theCO;;A ,he( rea*i()

=0 => ,he( ,riti() ( nable)

he /(able i( is "se* by the &C' t$ lat!h i($rmati$(rese(te* t$ its *ata i(s . he( *ata is s"lie* t$ *ata i(s

a ?? t$ &O "lse m"st be alie* t$ this i( i( $r*er $rthe &C' t$ lat!h i( the *ata rese(t i( the *ata i(s. his "lsem"st be a mi(im"m $ 450 (s ,i*e.

D! " D#

he 8 @ bit *ata i(s *0 @ '7 are "se* t$ se(* i($rmati$(t$ the &C' $r rea* the !$(te(t $ the &C' i(ter(al e)ister. $ *islay letters a(* ("mbers ,e se(* ASC !$*es $r

the letter A-B a- : 0-9 t$ these i(s ,hile maDi( S = 1. here are als$ (str"!ti$( C$mma(* C$*es that !a( be se(tt$ the &C' t$ !lear the *islay $r $r!e the !"rs$r t$ the h$me$siti$( $r bli(D the !"rs$r.


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he $ll$,i() table lists the i(str"!ti$( !$mma(* !$*es

Code ( $%) C$mma(* t$ &C' i(st"!ti$( e)ister

1 Clear *islay s!ree(2 et"r( ?$me

4 'e!reme(t C"rs$r shit !"rs$r t$ &et

6 (!reme(t !"rs$r shit !"rs$r t$ ri)ht

+ Shit *islay ri)ht

. Shit *islay let

) 'islay $ C"rs$r $

A 'islay $ C"rs$r $(C 'islay $( C"rs$r $

E 'islay $( C"rs$r bli(Di()

'islay $( C"rs$r li(Di()

,* Shit !"rs$r $siti$( t$ let

,0 Shit !"rs$r $siti$( t$ ri)ht

,) Shit the e(tire *islay t$ the let

,C Shit the e(tire *islay t$ the ri)ht

)* E$r!e !"rs$r t$ be)i((i() $ 1st li(e

C* E$r!e !"rs$r t$ be)i((i() $ 2(* li(e

1) 2 &i(es a(* 5F7 matriF


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CIRC,I* DIA4RAM


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• 0atasheets= www.datasheetarchive.com
http://www.datasheetarchive.com/http://www.datasheetarchive.com/

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