ellen herscher_scourge of the forgery culture - archaeology magazine archive

7/27/2019 Ellen Herscher_Scourge of the Forgery Culture - Archaeology Magazine Archive

1/5

05/10/13 Books: Scourge of the Forgery Culture - Ar chaeology Magazine Archive

archive.archaeology.org/0101/etc/books.html 1/5

Search... Go

A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America

Home

NewsMagazine

Online Exclusives

ProductsSubscribe

Special Introductory Offer!

RENEW GIVE A GIFT BACK ISSUES

E-UPDATE CUSTOMER SERVICEThe Lie Became

Books: Scourge of the Forgery Culture Volume 54 Number 1, January/February 2001

by Ellen Herscher

The author of this reasoned polemic comes down hard on scholars and museums.

For nearly three decades, Oscar White Muscarella has roam ed the intersecting worlds of archaeology and museum s like a

biblical prophet--confronting powerful institutions and wealthy individuals with an uncompromising message and shaking the

comfortable complacency of art historical scholarship . Preaching the evils of the antiquities trade and the plunder that supplies

it, his ire has fallen most harshly on museum s and s cholars who often use looted artifacts in cons tructing their interpretations

of ancient cultures. Now, Muscarella pres ents his views with imp lacable passion in a new book, The Lie Becam e Great: The

Forgery of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures.

The book's argum ent is that scholars of antiquity have long been

indiscrim inate in their treatment of objects that are presented as ancient, but
http://www.amazon.com/Became-Great-Studies-Archaeology-Antiquity/dp/9056930419http://www.archaeology.org/subscribehttp://www.archaeology.org/productshttp://www.archaeology.org/exclusiveshttp://www.archaeology.org/issueshttp://www.archaeology.org/newshttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=Cnj4UZU9QUvicK4qZqwGs64CQCPma0ZUEAAAQASCB5ocgUM2wo9L4_____wFg5ePzhIAWyAEC4AIAqAMByAOdBKoEjQFP0KfABJNrnGQ9ZDUS2BJzQguA-apeDJ5kygnLrTkD8-0efrokyRI9JizpVSe3TYd8nhpK1nOTX_Bb3ZuBl6sFu8rfbK58nCMCGkQYvUfLYqXPRjsqp3TnEBwgtsh18CTVEhp4Qpxky2MtroLfmpOwHXbEfOaptbMMWPBXcFbF4dmMiyTCZ-558i6SpCXgBAGgBhQ&num=0&sig=AOD64_2OPyPSunwVwL31uFTVCLadrdAYtw&client=ca-pub-7517658974579780&adurl=http://willamette.edu/go/ancient&nm=1http://www.amazon.com/Became-Great-Studies-Archaeology-Antiquity/dp/9056930419http://www.archaeological.org/https://ssl.palmcoastd.com/26901/apps/-165606?iCp=7CE73C023C2F14FB2FC4FE3478FFC3197023DFD7B40FC2E9A33E862E4691E786http://www.archaeology.org/eupdatehttp://archive.archaeology.org/https://ssl.palmcoastd.com/26901/apps/-166935?iKey=F**GFT&https://ssl.palmcoastd.com/26901/apps/-165606?iCp=7CE73C023C2F14FB2FC4FE3478FFC3197023DFD7B40FC2E9A33E862E4691E786http://www.archaeology.org/subscribehttp://www.archaeology.org/productshttp://www.archaeology.org/exclusiveshttp://www.archaeology.org/issueshttp://www.archaeology.org/newshttp://www.archaeology.org/http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=Cnj4UZU9QUvicK4qZqwGs64CQCPma0ZUEAAAQASCB5ocgUM2wo9L4_____wFg5ePzhIAWyAEC4AIAqAMByAOdBKoEjQFP0KfABJNrnGQ9ZDUS2BJzQguA-apeDJ5kygnLrTkD8-0efrokyRI9JizpVSe3TYd8nhpK1nOTX_Bb3ZuBl6sFu8rfbK58nCMCGkQYvUfLYqXPRjsqp3TnEBwgtsh18CTVEhp4Qpxky2MtroLfmpOwHXbEfOaptbMMWPBXcFbF4dmMiyTCZ-558i6SpCXgBAGgBhQ&num=0&sig=AOD64_2OPyPSunwVwL31uFTVCLadrdAYtw&client=ca-pub-7517658974579780&adurl=http://willamette.edu/go/ancient&nm=1


2/5

05/10/13 Books: Scourge of the Forgery Culture - Archaeology Magazine Archive


reat:The Forgery ofAncient Near EasternCulturesOscar White Muscarella

Groningen: Styx, 2000.540 pages; $100.00.ISBN 90-5693-041-9

Styx PublicationsSales & DistributionP.O.Box 43NL-9400 AA

Ass en, The Netherlands.Phone 31 592 379 555Fax 31 592 379 551

e-mail: [email protected]: [email protected]

which appear with no concrete evidence to have been recovered from a

proper archaeolog ical excavation of a known s ite. Yet without such

documentation, the very authenticity of the object is in doubt and any

historical conclusi ons bas ed upon it rest on tenuous ground. According to

Muscarella, such m isinterpretations perm eate the cultural history of the

ancient Near East.

A staff mem ber of the Metropolitan Museum of Art since 1964 and currently a

senior res earch fellow there, Muscarella attacks this kind of schola rship not

jus t for creating false knowledge, but because it serves to promote the illicit

trade in antiquities by authenticating and enhancing the aura o f orphaned

pieces. The system he des cribes is abetted by a mafia-like code of silence

within museums and academe that conceals information and impedes

exposure of the underlying process of plunder, forgery, and sm uggling.

The book has extensive endnotes and bibliography, but its content is far from the detached balance expected of academic

works, and the notes tend to contain more anecdotes than substantiating sources . The shorter first section, aptly titled

"Introduction and Polemic," provides the general framework, discus sing in m erciless detail the operations and

interdependence of the "Forgery Culture" and the "Collecting Culture." Muscarella describes with fervor how the s cholarshi p of

the ancient Near East has been corrupted by the infiltration of artifacts o f dubious authenticity and their use by generations of

scholars in recons tructing pas t cultures. His view is that only artifacts excavated from proper archaeol ogical excavations can

form the basis for understanding ancient cultures, and he blames a "close relationship between scholarship and commerce"

for the succes sful proliferation of forgeries. The evidence he presents indeed paints a s ordid picture of decades o f deeply

ingrained symbiosis , in most cases due more to scholarly gullibility than venality.

The second part, "Catalogue" (actually more of a list, since none of the objects are fully described ), includes entries for well

over 1,000 objects (mos t illustrated) that have been identified as ancien t Near Eastern artifacts bu t which Muscarella believes

to be forged or suspicious. His guiding prem ise is that every unexcavated object that appears should not automatically be

ass umed to be ancient, but rather must be challenged to prove that it is genuine. The material cited comes from m useums ,

private collections, dealers' catalogues and shops , and auction houses. (The "Concordance of Museum s and Collections" at

the end of the book provides a quick reference for this rogues' gallery of well known names : curiously, one of the mos t

prominent private collections, that of George Ortiz, is not mentioned, although some highly questionable pieces from his

collection have appeared in p rint.)

Various types of forgeries are dis cuss ed. The majority are of the usual type: totally modern objects intentionally made to

deceive a purchaser into thinking that they are from the ancient Near Eas t. Here Muscarella--by the shee r size of his listing,

which he claims is only the "tip of the proverbial iceberg"--is trying to refute claims of many dealers and museum pers onnel

that forgeries are a "mino r" problem wi thin the trade, and that the few that may appear can be easily detected. (Numerous

objects lis ted come from one dealer who is well known for ass erting his unerring ability to spot a fake.) Yet the Catalogue

makes it clear that, without appropriate scientific analysis (rarely done), the identification of forgeries is a highly sub jective
http://www.amazon.com/Became-Great-Studies-Archaeology-Antiquity/dp/9056930419mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.amazon.com/Became-Great-Studies-Archaeology-Antiquity/dp/9056930419http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CVoAhZU9QUvucK4qZqwGs64CQCPnv4vgDAAAQASCB5ocgUNz9_I36_____wFg5ePzhIAWyAEC4AIAqAMByAOcBKoEjgFP0CD9xi5RehpgBQqonTJljqQKUJicBLoTanojg4EpnxVikU3yFMQGeSSob1e720qTjVOH5kM9gu5h76phGBc_Zdz9J23-ggnt3tmivqglKtV7Xw5W40TaPWOfSsbKKaur0QpwBe2melGzHZNVpwON-Vj4VRn4-XIM3azh_d2U78DbQnX6DvQ9zC-rANv94AQBoAYU&num=0&sig=AOD64_2LfB9KvxHlsaLNLPxRzKrbGLMnzw&client=ca-pub-7517658974579780&adurl=http://www.archaeology.org/products/honduras/http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CmOesZU9QUvqcK4qZqwGs64CQCJH82pADAAAQASCB5ocgUJarrtwBYOXj84SAFsgBAuACAKgDAcgDnQSqBI4BT9Ani3NfAYrYRU1RDNKDC5gGMyknDbsHcG5P3_rsEQgwWlNyGlJ7GBAagemFJRIxQwpJaFEgiORfWaUwfcJYu_02F3oQb9AW0quLmRRcz-tO_9_qZz4Eh01TBaSoE9P36JIfA-sfIYCL4M8NYoa7fpMORyEg_vJNMrnXa_uT_qSuGAAesM13dMEV1fQft-AEAaAGFA&num=0&sig=AOD64_2qIGgqhQLzWCf11H_VC9gUOn6ntg&client=ca-pub-7517658974579780&adurl=http://www.archaeology.org/digital-edition-internationalhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=C4ZvtZU9QUvmcK4qZqwGs64CQCLmP__YDAAAQASCB5ocgUKWs3f39_____wFg5ePzhIAWyAEC4AIAqAMByAOdBKoEjgFP0I9I_0t-OvFzWohICYaY6XXmylanyljaNqhRGAYDUHRjsBB6u8RbfU5-qYF2UuDVqmp_E4M1My9AqO4ADjBGxFh7khpSdvb-V42hpvtMVd5DAtHlzwCYGIBEUxKhQDYgWULpAuhU-XfJgvjVehQx7v3aQBphKteG53RCdZwLhnldp7dCCNd_gM9aaasr4AQBoAYU&num=0&sig=AOD64_3yvo0ADaK_okZmcEv_GT0OyNd0NA&client=ca-pub-7517658974579780&adurl=http://escondidonyc.com/exceptionaltreasures.html


3/5



process. ome mes uscare a prov es e a e exp ana ons or s conc us ons, ase on vara ons n s ye, a erra ons

in iconography, or anachronous manufacturing techniques, but often a piece is s imply dismi ss ed as a fake with comments

such as "disturb us," "seem queer," "a horror," or "as stupid as they come." He hims elf admits uncertainty about many of the

items, and in several cases has changed his mind since previous publications. Can all the objects in the Catalogue be proven

to be forgeries? No, but neither can they be proved to be genuine--this is Muscarella's essential point.

Perhaps even m ore devastating to our knowledge of the past is the widespread practice in the illicit trade of falsifying the

alleged findspot of genuine antiquities. Once certain cultures becom e popular with collectors, other plundered artifacts appear

on the m arket with the sam e attribution, although they may in fact come from a totally unknown area. A variation of forging

provenience is the dealer's claim that individual objects were found together as a "hoard" or "tomb group," thus supposedl y

increasing their his torical significance. In one example, Muscarella des cribes how ten silver vessels on sale in Munich were

used as evidence for an Urartian dynasty and linked (without basis ) to a site in Patmos. He ridicules the ignorant notion that

looters who des troy sites wou ld scrupulous ly maintain the integrity of groups as the objects pas s from their place of discovery

through the complexities of the antiquities m arket. Since provenience is the ess ential core of archaeology, the forgery of

provenience is particularly insidious , as it uses authentic artifacts to create a false picture of the ancient past.

Muscarella also details the com mon practice of adding modern em bellishment to genuine (but plain) artifacts in order to

increase their appea l to the serious co llector. He notes the m any instances when objects found in controlled excavations are

plain, but items on the m arket, said to be from the s ame culture, are highly decorated.

Muscarella demons trates the pervasive penchant of scholars to publish the anomalous pieces that appear without

documentation in mus eums and collections, and their naive credulity in accepting the provenience assertions ("said to be

from") of dealers. Rather than suspecting the authenticity of such unique objects, tortuous explanations are provided to give the

object an exciting "history" and (perhaps not fortuitously) increase i ts value. As a result, much damage has been done . Entire

"cultures" (such as "Amlas h") are known so lely from market material and have no archaeological bas is. No "Median" art has

ever been excavated yet many objects receive this attribution. Whole class es of artifacts, s uch as a group of "Mycenaean" gold

plates said to be from Phoenicia, have no certain authentic parallels . Spurious iconography forms the bas is for far-reaching

claims , such as the motifs on forged plaques which have been used to ass ert that the people of ancient Luristan practiced

Zoroastrianism . Alleged proveniences--s uch as Lu ristan bronzes said to have been found in Urartu, and Urartian art said to befrom the Casp ian area--have led to revolutionary interpretations of ancient trade. Two lapis -lazuli disks (claimed to be

Sumerian) have provided the basis for sweeping recons tructions o f ancient topography, heirloom traditions, recarving

methods , provincial artistic style, and mili tary troop movements. Muscarella urges a rchaeologis ts to ask thems elves why it is

that excavations fail to produce objects like the unprovenienced aberrations that they publish.

The author casts hims elf as the lone voice crying in a philistine wilderness populated by dupes and accomp lices of the

antiquities trade. He names a hos t of villains--mos t prominently Arthur Upham Pope and Roman Ghirshman , dealer-

"scholars " of the mid-twentieth century--but several more recent figures are als o denounced, including Thom as Hoving, Pierre

Amiet, Dietrich von Bothmer, and John Boardman. Numerous other miscreants appear sim ply as "a museum di rector," "a

scholar," "a m ajor university," or "a United States collector." Not surprisingly, publications that feature undocum entedantiquities (real or fake) or directly promote the trade, such as Biblical Archaeology Reviewand Minerva, receive harsh

criticism, but so do scholarly journals that accept articles discussing undocumented objects, and even such ephemera as the
http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CVoAhZU9QUvucK4qZqwGs64CQCPnv4vgDAAAQASCB5ocgUNz9_I36_____wFg5ePzhIAWyAEC4AIAqAMByAOcBKoEjgFP0CD9xi5RehpgBQqonTJljqQKUJicBLoTanojg4EpnxVikU3yFMQGeSSob1e720qTjVOH5kM9gu5h76phGBc_Zdz9J23-ggnt3tmivqglKtV7Xw5W40TaPWOfSsbKKaur0QpwBe2melGzHZNVpwON-Vj4VRn4-XIM3azh_d2U78DbQnX6DvQ9zC-rANv94AQBoAYU&num=0&sig=AOD64_2LfB9KvxHlsaLNLPxRzKrbGLMnzw&client=ca-pub-7517658974579780&adurl=http://www.archaeology.org/products/honduras/http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CGaJGZU9QUv2cK4qZqwGs64CQCOn0z-UDAAAQASCB5ocgUIPHqpf6_____wFg5ePzhIAWyAEC4AIAqAMByAOdBKoEjgFP0Ok6LxYvzlxRDv3gCVwb0KWSj4iBKF0Abs9w1VYn7o8Oh0QLVXouGz4RA2cfpWHqbOnn2-y9KbB1afV77roQdWMu3Xx3LhblXFlhhDgWR23drabS2nf4TkPJjLY7BQTUoKa0uFmmG7Tl0O_a4CXqzprmdAIAFmEkwHcdFEyvMGhzuMNtV7p64WFGQZSD4AQBoAYU&num=0&sig=AOD64_3dYcDwDNIR-s5IwqBpv5vZ0AdYuw&client=ca-pub-7517658974579780&adurl=http://www.chiapasbirdingadventures.comhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CFx_FZU9QUvycK4qZqwGs64CQCMGUwOQDAAAQASCB5ocgUO6xpoj______wFg5ePzhIAWyAEC4AIAqAMByAOdBKoEjgFP0L9hfDRmqQcTdyDwZasLcIlzRA3qsKbm9eLNUSBwOelvafANR_HvxM75XYgCcCc9Uw6Sd4OLXnnKenlmyyrC8VPTxLzzHd0xZd3NPlrrePAsqA2fcGxe5G1BjSpNPyPFQzso-dS9VEUPT0UYW9O8dkS9ZPQJ3ziN0kiSLp5_AseEteStEHTqP2pHQlJ54AQBoAYU&num=0&sig=AOD64_1F5BXC60g14yWzUtPbVTgujyKh8g&client=ca-pub-7517658974579780&adurl=http://archaeology.k-online.biz/%3FloadItem%3DZARCSHIPhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CVoAhZU9QUvucK4qZqwGs64CQCPnv4vgDAAAQASCB5ocgUNz9_I36_____wFg5ePzhIAWyAEC4AIAqAMByAOcBKoEjgFP0CD9xi5RehpgBQqonTJljqQKUJicBLoTanojg4EpnxVikU3yFMQGeSSob1e720qTjVOH5kM9gu5h76phGBc_Zdz9J23-ggnt3tmivqglKtV7Xw5W40TaPWOfSsbKKaur0QpwBe2melGzHZNVpwON-Vj4VRn4-XIM3azh_d2U78DbQnX6DvQ9zC-rANv94AQBoAYU&num=0&sig=AOD64_2LfB9KvxHlsaLNLPxRzKrbGLMnzw&client=ca-pub-7517658974579780&adurl=http://www.archaeology.org/products/honduras/http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CGaJGZU9QUv2cK4qZqwGs64CQCOn0z-UDAAAQASCB5ocgUIPHqpf6_____wFg5ePzhIAWyAEC4AIAqAMByAOdBKoEjgFP0Ok6LxYvzlxRDv3gCVwb0KWSj4iBKF0Abs9w1VYn7o8Oh0QLVXouGz4RA2cfpWHqbOnn2-y9KbB1afV77roQdWMu3Xx3LhblXFlhhDgWR23drabS2nf4TkPJjLY7BQTUoKa0uFmmG7Tl0O_a4CXqzprmdAIAFmEkwHcdFEyvMGhzuMNtV7p64WFGQZSD4AQBoAYU&num=0&sig=AOD64_3dYcDwDNIR-s5IwqBpv5vZ0AdYuw&client=ca-pub-7517658974579780&adurl=http://www.chiapasbirdingadventures.com


4/5



Home s ection of the New York Times and the Niem an-Marcus catalog because they glamorize collecting. Several of the

forgeries lis ted have appeared i n the pages of ARCHAEOLOGY.

No one escapes Muscarella's unrelenting scorn and he frequently ignores im portant contributions made by others. He also

seem s oblivious to the fact that changes have occurred within mus eums and the archaeological profess ion over the last

century. Although he repeats archaeologis t Ricardo J. Elia's now oft-quoted epigram, "collectors are the real looters"

(ARCHAEOLOGY, January/February 1993), he credits the wrong publication. His claim that there is "little information in print

about the role that museums play in the purchase of stolen and plundered art" ignores , for example, Karl E. Meyer's

fundamental work, The Plundered Past, major con tributions by Clemency Coggins (1997 Archaeological Institute of America

Gold Medal winner), recent investigative reports by Walter Robins on in The Boston Globe, and in depth s tudies by British

scholars Christopher Chippindale and David Gill that also address the problem of forgeries. From the museum world came

the ground-breaking Getty Kouros Co lloquium , now the definitive treatment of the problems inherent in undocumented

antiquities. (See "Tarnished Reputations," September/October 1998.)

Despite his condemna tion of scholarly use of undocum ented antiquities, Muscarella does not oppose the publication of such

pieces in what he considers the proper m anner (they cannot be given the same authority as thos e that were scientifically

excavated). This is a difficult and comp lex issue on which there is cons iderable difference of opinion among thoughtful and

well-intentioned scholars . Muscarella him self admits that he "wrestled" with the decision which was "reluctant and

heartbreaking." Nevertheless , he does not hesitate to deride those who have spent nearly as m uch time as has he reflecting

on the iss ue, and who have reached a different conclusion. While alluding to this reviewer (not by name) as "one of the few

scholars active in the good fight against plundering ," he proceeds to caricature and then mock my position. He als o castigates

the AIA for its policies on scholarly use of undocum ented artifacts, even though he played a major role in bringing about the

adoption of those policies . The prophet is not inclined toward nuance or com plexity, but retains his unsparing vision of black

and white.

Despite his rhetorical excess es, Muscarella reveals from an insider's perspective a reality of which the public has too long

been unaware. In one way or another, museum s a re supported by the public, yet many continue to operate in a veil of secrecy

that would be unthinkable in any other public institution. While some forgeries (when identified) may quietly be removed fromdisplay, aggressive efforts to scrutinize questionable objects a re rare, and as Muscarella s hows, even known fakes are

som etimes left on view for "political" reasons . And with recent increased attention to the des truction of archaeological sites

from looting, museum s that still acquire undocumen ted antiquities have even less incentive to change mis leading labels that

have long accompanied pieces from illicit sources.

Years ago, Oscar White Muscarella was the first to raise within the archaeological p rofession the issue of forged provenience

and its effect on the discipline. His call to ethical standards and awareness of the mechanisms o f the illicit antiquities trade

raised the consciousnes s of a younger generation of archaeologis ts and moved organizations such as the AIA and the

International Council of Museums toward the establishment of new standards . Many problems rem ain, and change comes

slowly. Yet Muscarella may have failed to notice how much o f an impact he has a lready had.
http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CGaJGZU9QUv2cK4qZqwGs64CQCOn0z-UDAAAQASCB5ocgUIPHqpf6_____wFg5ePzhIAWyAEC4AIAqAMByAOdBKoEjgFP0Ok6LxYvzlxRDv3gCVwb0KWSj4iBKF0Abs9w1VYn7o8Oh0QLVXouGz4RA2cfpWHqbOnn2-y9KbB1afV77roQdWMu3Xx3LhblXFlhhDgWR23drabS2nf4TkPJjLY7BQTUoKa0uFmmG7Tl0O_a4CXqzprmdAIAFmEkwHcdFEyvMGhzuMNtV7p64WFGQZSD4AQBoAYU&num=0&sig=AOD64_3dYcDwDNIR-s5IwqBpv5vZ0AdYuw&client=ca-pub-7517658974579780&adurl=http://www.chiapasbirdingadventures.comhttp://archive.archaeology.org/9809/abstracts/museum.htmlhttp://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=CGaJGZU9QUv2cK4qZqwGs64CQCOn0z-UDAAAQASCB5ocgUIPHqpf6_____wFg5ePzhIAWyAEC4AIAqAMByAOdBKoEjgFP0Ok6LxYvzlxRDv3gCVwb0KWSj4iBKF0Abs9w1VYn7o8Oh0QLVXouGz4RA2cfpWHqbOnn2-y9KbB1afV77roQdWMu3Xx3LhblXFlhhDgWR23drabS2nf4TkPJjLY7BQTUoKa0uFmmG7Tl0O_a4CXqzprmdAIAFmEkwHcdFEyvMGhzuMNtV7p64WFGQZSD4AQBoAYU&num=0&sig=AOD64_3dYcDwDNIR-s5IwqBpv5vZ0AdYuw&client=ca-pub-7517658974579780&adurl=http://www.chiapasbirdingadventures.com


5/5



(c) 2012 Archaeology Magazine, a Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America

About Us

Writer's Guidelines

Privacy Policy

Contact Us

Advertise

en ersc ers a contr u t ng e to r to an o rm er e tor o e n t qu t es a r et sect on o t e ourna o

Field Archaeology.

See all of our coverage ofHoaxes, Fakes, and Strange Sites.

2001 by the Archaeological Institute of Americaarchive.archaeology.org/0101/etc/books.html

Share
http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/hoaxes/http://www.archaeology.org/advertisinghttp://www.archaeology.org/contact-ushttp://www.archaeology.org/privacy-policyhttp://www.archaeology.org/writer-s-guidelineshttp://www.archaeology.org/about-us

ellen herscher_scourge of the forgery culture - archaeology magazine archive

Documents