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251© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017Carlo M. Bajetta, Elizabeth I: Italian Letters, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-43553-8

APPENDIX 1

Elizabeth’s Letter to Wanli, Emperor of China

April–May 1602

This missive from Elizabeth to the Ming emperor of China, as recently demonstrated by Rayne Allinson, was the same letter the navigator George Weymouth (fl. 1587–1611) carried with him on his unsuccessful voy-age in search of a North-West passage to Asia, a journey which had been sponsored by the newly chartered East India Company.1 Weymouth left London on 2 May 1602 with two ships, the Discovery and the Godspeed, but was forced to return early in August due to the extreme frost and storms encountered in the Davis Strait, between southeastern Baffin Island (now Canada) and southwestern Greenland. As Allinson explains, this was not the first attempt at correspondence with the far East:

The letter Weymouth carried with him (and eventually brought back unde-livered) was the third Elizabeth had addressed to the Emperor of China: the first was sent out in 1583, the second in 1596 and the last in 1602. Each letter was carried by a different crew of English merchant-adventurers deter-mined to tap into the lucrative trade in silks, spices and porcelain that flowed from the fabled land of Cathay. None of them were successful. Copies and translations of Elizabeth’s first two letters were published by the geographer Richard Hakluyt in his Principal Navigations ... to encourage further public investment in overseas trade and exploration.2

This ‘letter’ is, in fact, a composite object. The exquisitely ornamented English text, penned on vellum, was accompanied by Italian, Latin and Portuguese translations, on paper. At least the first three were written

252 APPENDIX 1: ELIZABETH’S LETTER TO WANLI, EMPEROR OF CHINA

by the same hand. The fact that the miscellaneous costs associated with Weymouth’s journey included £6. 13s. 4d given ‘to Mr Seger for writing her Maiestie’s lettres to the Emperor of China and Cathay’ proves that this man was the Norroy King of Arms William Segar.3

That this letter was not entirely produced by members of staff of the Elizabethan ‘Foreign Office’ need not stupefy. England’s relations with Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Asia were established primarily to fur-ther the interests of its merchants. The exchange of royal letters was cru-cial to the maintenance of such relations; little wonder that establishments such as, in this case, the East India Company, were asked to contribute to the cost of embellishing these missives. Precedents included the messages sent to Turkey in 1595/6, when Thomas Lake reported to Robert Cecil that Elizabeth had signed the letters to ‘the Turk’ which the Secretary had left with him. Lake suggested to

giue warning to the marchants to haue some silke redy for the sealing of them for the Clarkes of the privy Seale are loth to beare the Charge who will to morrow to attend your honour and my Lord for the Seale. These lettres are accustomed to be sealed with the privy Seale.4

Segar, a scrivener, painter of both miniatures and portraits en large, and an artist once patronized by the Earl of Leicester,5 did a marvellous job, and it is a pity that copyright reasons have prevented the reproduc-tion of this item here. While still a lovely example of Cancelleresca, the Italian version was certainly less splendid, at least as far as its contents were concerned. This text, not signed by Elizabeth, is quite evidently a rather hurried and literal translation of the English. It presents a number of errors, mostly related to the failure to recognise the difference between singulars and plurals in ‘e’ / ‘i’ (cf., for example, ‘Inuincibili Emperadore’ and ‘diuerse et particulare relatione’ or ‘delle nostre proprie Subiettj’ in the first lines of the letter) and to a confusion with some English forms (see e.g., ‘Clymato’ for ‘climate’). It seems unlikely that Segar, a profes-sional scribe, would provide such a careless transcript—or that he would not amend at least some of the major inconsistencies of style. Both his and the original composer’s knowledge of Italian must have been, therefore, quite limited.

Adding the Latin, Italian, and Portuguese translations to the English text was, however, a crucial element for the success of the voyage itself. If the first was the standard of international diplomacy (together with

APPENDIX 1: ELIZABETH’S LETTER TO WANLI, EMPEROR OF CHINA 253

French, which was used less outside Europe), the latter two were the languages of the earlier explorers to China from Marco Polo to Jorge Álvares. More recently, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci (1552–1610), earned himself a reputation as one of the few foreigners who had managed not only to learn Chinese, but also to immerse himself in the culture of that country, to the point that the imperial government allowed him to establish a missionary residence in Beijing. Interestingly, however, it was Portuguese which became the lingua franca of the Jesuit missions to the Ming Empire.6

It may be that Elizabeth knew and approved of the idea of attaching documents in languages other than English: she signed the vellum letter ‘Elizabetta R,’ as if to provide an international version of her name, which would, of course, attune to the Romance language texts which accompa-nied the beautifully penned missive. Whatever its ‘authorial’ status, and pace its linguistic shortcomings, the Italian letter to Wanli is further evi-dence of the importance which this language had in Elizabethan interna-tional diplomatic correspondence at the end of Elizabeth’s reign.

Texts

Lancashire Record Office, DDSH 15/3, items 1–4. The English letter, on vellum (Lc1; addressed on the verso ‘To the Right | High, Mighty, and Invincible | Emperour of Cathaye), is followed by its Latin, Portuguese and Italian (Lc2) versions, all on paper. Allinson provides a good descrip-tion of Lc1:

The [English] letter itself measures 433mm x 517mm (c.17 by c.20 inches), and is made of high quality parchment, which may explain why its colors have been so vividly preserved. The borders are luxuriously painted (or ‘limned,’ to use the contemporary term) with red ink and traced with an intricate foliage-pattern of gold. A large initial ‘E’ for ‘Elizabeth’ is skill-fully drawn in a pattern of overlapping and interlacing loops reminiscent of a Celtic-knot, and hangs in the top left corner of the letter, forming an emblematic handle for the banner-like border that hangs from it. ... It is written in a very readable secretary hand, and begins with an enlarged initial line (also drawn in red and gold) that reads: ‘Elizabeth, by the Grace of God Queen.’ The rest of the text is written in brown ink, except for an initial ‘W’ for the royal ‘We’ of the first sentence following the address, and for every ‘M’ introducing the word ‘Majesty,’ which are in gold.7


In the Italian text printed below only errors which may hinder its understanding (including the widespread confusion between singular and plural endings) have been corrected. In the original, ‘u’ (also when meant ‘v’) appears as ‘ŭ’ throughout; this has been ignored in the tran-scription. No further effort has been made to regularise the spelling of this manuscript.

Elizabeth’s Italian Letter To Wanli—Lc2

ELIZABETHA, Per la gracia di Dio, Regina D’Inghilterra, Francia et Irlandia, Defensatrice de la fede etcaetera./ Al molto Potente et Inuincibile Emperadore di Cathaya

Noi habbiamo riceuutto diuerse et particulari relationi, cossi bene delli nostri propri Subiettj come d’altri; quali hanno visitato in parte l’Imperio et Signorie di sua Maiesta; per meggio di che s’hanno raportato cossj bene sua invincible grandezza, come suo Amoreuole tractamento a stragneri che frequentano nel vostro Regno, con traffico de mercantie: Il che ha prouocato, et mosso in noj vn desiderio, per trouare vna più propinqua via di passagio per mare verso vostre Contrade, di cio che vsualmente sin a hora e stato frequentato, et stimato; compassando la maggiore parte del Mondo; Perquale più vicino passagio, non solamente opportunita dj commerci, et traficho dj mercantie, puote essere offerto tra li subi-ectj dj Ambiduoj nostri Regni, ma anchora mutuale lega et Amicitia potra incominciare a crescere, et continuare tra sua Maiesta, et nostre con-trade, et signorie, essendo nelle loro distancie /o/ situationi, non cossi longo separate ne allontanate /ò/ discoste, come bene sono strangie, et incognutte a vno l’altre per ragione del longo, et tedioso corso

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2 Inuincibile] Inuincibili Lc2 4 particulari relationi] particulare relatione Lc2 4–5 delli nostri propri] delle nostre proprie Lc2 7 suo] sua Lc2 10–11 sin a hora] sina hora Lc2 13 commerci] commercie Lc2 puote] puole Lc2 le] li Lc2 14 lega] legue Lc2 15 nostre] nostri Lc2

16 situationi] cituatione Lc2 17–18 separate... altre] separato ne allontanato /ò/ discosto, come bene sono strangio, et incognutto a vno l’altro Lc2 18 del longo, et tedioso corso] delle longe, et tediose corsso Lc2

17 strangie: rather than witnessing a linguistic interference of the English ‘strange,’ this form is attested in Italian; cf. Vocabolario della Crusca, 4th ed., s.v. ‘strangio’.

18 incognutte: i.e., ‘incognute,’ ‘incognite.’


di nauigatione, vsato sin qui di questa parte verso voj, a che fine habiamo per lo passato assai anni fa, et in diuerse tempi dapoi, fatto electione d’alcuni di nostri Subiecti (sendo Popolo per natura inclinato a grande Dissegni) per scoperire Contrade, et Regni incognuttj, et posto essi in mane per il trouar fuori dj qualche piu vicino passaggio per mare, nelle Contrade di soa Maiesta, per il Septentrionale, /o/ Orientale parte del Mondo, in che sin qui non preualendo, et che alcune delle loro naui, mai non ritornarono, ne sentito di esse dopo il partire de qui, et altre che ritornarono essendo impedite del destinato viaggio, per il Giazzato, et fredo intollerabile, di quello Clymato: Habbiamo pur anco di nouo del nostro bramoso desiderio, a fare saggio /ò/ proua, di quanto pos-sibile sara, di fare performare all’ultimo, vna più propinqua discoperta delle vostre Contrade, Preparato et messo fuora duoj Pichole Naui, sotto la directione dj vno nostro Subiecto et Seruo Georgio Waymouth, sendo il Principale Piloto, di questo presente viaggio. Huomo per il suo sapere, et experientia in navigatione, specialmente electo per noi, in respecto di questo Dissegno, il che si piacera Dio cossi de prosperare nel suo passagio, ch’egli /ò/ alcune delle sue compagnie arriueranno in qualche porto, di vostro Regno, Prigiamo soa Maesta (in fauore di noi che habbiamo cosi desiderato l’obtenere questo meggio d’accesso verso di voj, et in risguardo d’vna impresa performata da luj, et sua compagna, con si gran difficulta, et Dangiero) che vi piacera usarlo con quello risguardo che gli potra dare incorragimento a fare questo di nouo discopperto passagio, il che sin qui non e stato frequentato /ò/ conosciutto di niuno, a paruenire vno vsato frequentato trafficho, dj cotesto parte del Mondo a soa Maiesta; Per qual meggio vostre Contrade potranno in aduenire essere seruitte /ò/ prouiste delle natiue commodità di questa parte, de speciale seruitio et

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21 d’alcuni] d’alcune Lc2 23 fuori] fuoro Lc2 25 naui] naue Lc2

26 ritornarono] ritornauono Lc2 27 ritornarono essendo impedite] ritornauono essendo impedito Lc2 28 fredo] frede Lc2 29 bramoso] bromoso Lc2 30 discoperta] discoprire Lc2

31 Naui] Naue Lc2 36 ch’egli] chegli Lc2 39 d’vna interpresa performata] d’vno interpresa performato Lc2

44–45 vostre... prouiste] vostro Contrade potra in aduenire essere seruitto /ò/ prouisto Lc2

40 Dangiero: not an erroneous translation of English ‘danger’: this form appears, in fact, in Vocabolario della Crusca, 4th ed., s.v.

42 parvenire: probably meant as ‘divenire,’ as witnessed by ‘become’ in the English original.


uso per soa Maiesta, et suoi Subiecti, et per ritorno di scambiamento /ò/ trovamento i commodità di vostre contrade, noi et nostri Subiecti possiamo essere furnito dj cose di simile seruitio, et vso. dell quale mutuale benefi-cio, amicitia, et piacere, potra crescere, et venire essere stabilitto tra noj; Il che per la nostra parte non vogliamo impedire per questo à offerirui, per il honorabile raporto di cio che habbiamo vudito di vostra Maiesta, et a causa che in questa prima discoperta della via per vostre Contrade. à noi parve non conueniente a impiegare naue di tal cargo che potarebbeno menare in esse qualche grande quantita di nostra natiua commodita, per il che potrebbeno incorrere dangero del souracargare[.] Resoluissimo di vsare pichole naui, come più proprie per vno passagio incognutto, car-gate per la maggiore parte con tale cose necessarie, ch’erano in vso per il loro scoperire, Piacera soa Maesta d’essere aduertito, che per le par-ticularitade di tale cose, che per ora sono menate in esse naui, che delle sorte di mercantie dj detta natura, il nostro Regno è bastante, e da potere di furnire molto Ampiamente soa Maesta si come ancho de diuerse altre sorte, et specie de mercantie de simile vso, di che piacendo soa Maesta più particularmente d’essere informato per il sudetto Georgio Waymouth, et la sua compagnia, di tutto cio vt supra, significandosi a noj per let-tere di soa Maiesta a essere rimandato per il nostro sudetto Subiecto, che nostra visitatione del vostro Regno, con le nostre naui, et mercantie, sara acceptabilemente, et amoreuolente receuutto, noj vogliamo nella proxima flota che mandaremo, vostra Maiesta fare apparire, piu expressamente, che vso, et beneficio nostra Amicitia, et commertio potrà produre a vostra Maiesta, et Contrade. Cependante Raccommendiamo vostra Maiesta allo protectione del Eterno Iddio, la cuj prouidenzia guida, et preserua tutti Rej et Regni./ Scripto in nostro Palazzo Regale di Greenvicj 4° di Majo Anno del nostro Signore 1602 e del nostro Regno /44°/.

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47 trovamento] troquamento Lc2 52 prima discoperta] primo discoperto Lc2

52–53 vostre... parve] vostra Contrade. à noi paio Lc2 56 naui] naue Lc2 56–57 cargate] carghiamo Lc2 59 menate in esse navi] menato in esse naue Lc2 60 e] é Lc2

66 nostra] nostro Lc2 naui] naue Lc2 69 nostra Amicitia, et commertio] nostre Amicitia, et commertio 71 la] il Lc2

55 Resoluissimo: probably meant as ‘risolvemmo’; cf. ‘wee did resolue’ below, line 51.70 Cependante: quite probably a back formation from French ‘cependant.’ The form

would certainly appear unfamiliar in Renaissance Italian; it is not attested in Vocabolario della Crusca or Vocabolario Treccani.


Contemporary English version – Lc1

ELIZABETH BY THE GRACE OF GOD QUEEN of England, France and Ireland Defendor of the faith etc. To the great, mighty, and Invincible Emperour of Cathaia, greeting. Wee haue receaued dyuers, and sondry relacions both by our owne Subiects, and by others, whoe haue visited some partes of your Maiesties Empire and Dominions, wherby they haue reported vnto vs aswell your Inuincible greatnes, as your kynd vsage of Strangers, that resorte vnto your Kingdomes with trade of merchandize, which hath wrought in vs a desire, to fynd oute some neerer waye of pas-sage by Seas from vs, into your cuntrey, then the vsuall frequented course that hetherto hath byn houlden by compassing the greatest part of the world, By which neerer passage, not only opportunity of entercourse of traffique of merchandize may be offered between the Subiectes of both our Kingdomes, but also a mutuall league, and amity may growe, and be contynued, between your Maiestie and vs, our Cuntries, and Dominions being in their distance of scituacions, not so farr remote, or seuered, as they are estranged, and vnknowen the one to the other, by reason of the long and tedious course of Navigacion hetherto vsed from theis parts unto yow. To which ende wee haue heretofore many yeares past, and at sun-dry tymes synce made choice of some of our Subiects, being a people by nature enclyned to great attemptes, and to the discouery of Contries, and Kingdomes vnknowen, and sett them in hand with the fynding out of some neerer passage by Seas into your Maiesties Contries, through the North, or East partes of the world, wherin hetherto not preuayling, but some of their Ships neuer returning back agayne, nor being heard of synce their departure hence, and some of them retourning back agayne being hindered in their entended voyag by the frozen Seas, and intollerable cold of those Clymates; wee haue yett once more of our earnest desire to try the vttermost that may be done to performe at length a neerer discouery of your Contrye, prepared and sett fourth two small Shipps vnder the direction of our Subiect, and Seruant George waymouth, being the princi-pall Pylott of this present voyage, a man for his knowledge and Experience in nauigacion, specially chosen by vs to this attempte whom if it shall please god so to prosper in his passage, that either hee, or any of his com-

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23–27 but some of their Ships … Clymates: possibly a reference to what happened to Sir Hugh Willoughby and his crew, who perished in the North Sea in 1554 because of the extreme cold.


pany shall aryue in any port of your Kingdome, wee pray your Maiestie in favour of vs, who haue soe desired the attayning this meanes of accesse vnto yow, and in regard of an enterprize performed by hym, and his com-pany with so great difficulty, and danger, that you will vse them with that regard that maye gyue them encouragement to make this their newe discouered passage, which hetherto hath not byn frequented, or knowne by any to become a vsuall frequented trade from theis partes of the world to your Maiestie. By which meanes your contrey may hereafter be serued with the natyue commodityes of theis partes of speciall seruice, and vse, both for your Maiestie and Subiectes and by returne, and enterchange of your contrey comodities, wee and our Subiectes may be furnished with thinges of lyke seruice and vse, out of which mutuall benefitt amity, and frendshipe may growe, and be established between vs, which wee for our part will not let hereby to offer vnto yow for the honorable report which wee haue heard of your Maiestie and because in this first discouery of the waye to your conntrey, it seemed to vs not convenient to ymploy Shippes of that burthen, which might bring in them any great quantity of our natyue commoddities wherby they might be pestered, wee did resolue to vse small shippes as fittest for an vnknowen passage, laden for the most part with such necessaries, as were of vse for their discouery; It may please your Maiestie by the particulers of such things, as are brought in theis Shippes to vnderstand that of goodes of those kyndes, our kingdome is able to furnish your Maiestie most amply, and also of sundry other kyndes of mer-chandize of like vse, whereof it may please your Maiestie to be more par-ticulerly enformed by the said George waymouth, and his company, of all which upon significacion vnto vs by your Maiesties Lettres to be returned by our said Subiect that our visiting of your Kingdomes with our shippes, and merchandize shalbe acceptable, and kindly receiued, wee will in the next fleet, which we shall send vnto yow, make it more fully appeare what vse, and benefitt, our amity, and entercourse may bring to your Maiestie and contrey. And in the meane tyme do commend your Maiestie to the protection of the Eternall God, whose prouidence guideth, and preserueth all Kinges, and Kingdomes. From our Royall Pallace of Greenwiche the fourthe of May anno Domini 1602 and of our Raigne 44°. /

Elizabetta R

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Notes

1. Rayne Allinson, ‘The Virgin Queen and the Son of Heaven: Elizabeth I’s Letters to Wanli, Emperor of China,’ in EFC, 209–28.

2. Ibid., 210. See also D. F. Latch, ‘The Far East,’ in The Hakluyt Handbook, ed. David B. Quinn (1974; 2 vols, Burlington: Ashgate, 2010), I, 214.

3. Cf. Allinson, ‘The Virgin Queen and the Son of Heaven,’ 219-20, and Woudhuysen, Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts, 74. On Segar see also R. J. S. Adolph, ‘Segar, Sir William (b. in or before 1564, d.1633),’ ODNB. As Elizabeth Goldring has shown, in addition to being a herald, William Segar was also a noted portrait painter to the late Elizabethan elite. Segar’s sitters included Leicester, Essex, and Queen Elizabeth, among oth-ers, and the fees he commanded for the portraits he painted were considerably higher than those of other leading court artists of the day; see Goldring, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, and the World of Elizabethan Art, 143–53, 163–64, and Id., ‘Heraldic Painting and Drawing in Early Modern England,’ in Painting in Britain, 1500-1630: Production, Influences, and Patronage, ed. Tarnya Cooper et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press for The British Academy, 2015), 262–77.

4. CP 30/32. Cf. Andreani, Letters 1590-96, 131; Allinson, A Monarchy of Letters, 30-31.

5. See the essays by Goldring quoted above, note 3.6. Cf. David E. Mungello, The Great Encounter of China and the West,

1500-1800 (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009), 16–17.7. Allinson, ‘The Virgin Queen and the Son of Heaven,’ 220. See also

the comment on the fact that ‘red had a special significance in the context of Chinese administrative culture. Wanli was taught the art of calligraphy from an early age (and so could write his own letters if need be), but more importantly as emperor he was the only person permitted to sign documents in vermillion ink’ (ibid.). One may want to remember, though, that while this, as Allinson notes, was probably not known to Elizabeth and her secretaries (ibid.), red had been a color associated with Imperial power since at least Roman times.


Selected BiBliography

(See also the List of Abbreviations)

Manuscripts

Elizabeth’s Letters – Manuscript witnesses

camBridge

Cambridge University Library, MS Dd 3.20(4)

Florence

ASFi, Mediceo del Principato 4183

Kew

SP 70/77, 77/1, 78/41, 78/45, 89/1, 89/2, 97/2, 98/1, 99/1

london

BL, Add. MSS 48126 (Yelverton MS. 141), 48149 (Yelverton MS 161)BL, Cotton MS Julius E IIBL, Cotton MS Nero B IBL, Cotton MS Otho C XBL, Cotton MS Vitellius C XI BL, Harley MS 787London Metropolitan Archives, CLC/234/MS01752 (formerly Guildhall Library

MS 1752)

262 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

oxFord

Bodleian Library, MS Smith 68

preSton

Lancashire Record Office, DDSH 15/3

SimancaS

AGS, Secretaría de Estado (Negociación de Flandes), 590

Venice

ASVe, Collegio, Lettere di Principi, 33

Vienna

Haus-, Hof- und- Staatsarchiv, Hausarchiv-Familienakten, Karton 21 (formerly Karton 15), Konvolut 4, Faszikel 5

waShington

Folger Shakespeare Library, MS X d 138

Other Manuscript Sources

BruSSelS

Archives Générales du Royaume, Audience 1830/3

Florence

ASFi, Mediceo del Principato, 2636, 3080, 4183

genoa

ASGe, MS 349ASGe, Archivio Segreto, 1868, 1870, 2782/7, 2827

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 263

hatField

CP 4, 30, 31, 36, 37, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 61, 69, 76, 83, 88, 93, 133, 134, 135, 147, 155, 163, 165, 177, 185, 188, 206, 229

Kew

PC 2/18SP 12/16, 12/160, 12/213, 12/222, 12/231, 12/244, 12/246, 12/247, 12/279,

12/284, 12/289, 46/19, 46/20, 53/15, 70/24, 70/39, 70/70, 70/81, 70/83, 70/85, 70/91, 70/92, 70/93, 70/94, 70/95, 70/102, 70/109, 70/113, 70/114, 70/141, 77/1, 77/2, 77/6, 78/6, 78/22, 78/23, 78/45, 78/46, 79, 80/1, 84/9, 84/20, 84/56, 88/1, 89/1, 98/1, 99/1, 102/49

london

BL, Add. MSS 18018, 23240, 35840, 48126, 48149, 78176BL, Cotton MS Caligula C IXBL, Cotton MSS Galba C V, C XIBL, Cotton MS Julius F VIBL, Cotton MSS Nero B I, B VI, B IXBL, Cotton MS Titus F XIIBL, Cotton MSS Vespasian C VII, C VIII, F IIIBL, Cotton MS Vitellius C XIBL, Lansdowne MSS 18, 31, 44, 70BL, Royal MS 13 B ILambeth Palace Library, MS 658

milan

Biblioteca Trivulziana, MS 47

napleS

MS Farnesiano 258, 1646 (II)MS Museo 99.c.32

oxFord

Bodleian Library, Bodl. MS 900Bodleian Library, Clarendon MS 35Bodleian Library, Tanner MS 50


rome

Vatican Library, MS Urb. Lat. 1040

SimancaS

AGS, Secretaría de Estado (Negociación de Flandes), 590, 591, 592, 2218

Venice

AsVe, Collegio, Lettere Principi 33

Vienna

Haus-, Hof- und- Staatsarchiv, England-Hofkorrespondenz, Konvolut 2Haus-, Hof- und- Staatsarchiv, Hausarchiv-Familienakten, Karton 21 (formerly

Karton 15), Konvolut 3, Faszikel 4; Konvolut 4, Fas. 5Haus-, Hof- und- Staatsarchiv, Hhsta Ur Fuk 1370

waShington

Folger Shakespeare Library, MSS V a 603, W b 132 (187), X d 138

woKing

Surrey History Centre, Loseley Letters, 6729/3/171

priMary printed sources and reference Materials

Albèri, Eugenio, ed. Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al Senato. 15 vols. Firenze: Tipografia all’insegna di Clio, 1839–63. Reprint, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Ascham, Roger. Rogeri Aschami epistolarum, libri quatuor, Edited by William Elstob. Oxoniæ: typis Lichfieldianis, prostant venales apud Henricum Clements, 1703.

Beal, Peter, ed. Catalogue of English Literary Manuscripts 1450-1700, last accessed 26 February 2017, http://www.celm-ms.org.uk.

Beale, Philip, Adrian Almond, and Mike Scott Archer, eds. The Corsini Letters. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley, 2011.

http://www.celm-ms.org.uk.


Brown, Rawdon. L’archivio di Venezia: con riguardo special alla storia inglese. Venice: Antonelli e Basadonna, 1865.

Elizabeth I. Selected Works. Edited by Steven W. May. New York and London: Washington Square Press, 2004.

Ellis, Henry, ed. Papers Relating to the Proposed Marriage of Queen Elizabeth with the Brother of the Emperor. London: John Nichols and Sons, 1853.

Florio, John. Firste fruites. London: Thomas Dawson for Thomas Woodcocke, [1578] (STC2 11096; ESTC S105629 copy: Huntington Library via EEBO).

Gachard, Louis Prosper, ed. Correspondance de Philippe II sur les affaires des Pays-Bas 1558–1577. 5 vols. Brussels: C. Muquardt, 1848–79.

Harington, John. Nugae Antiquae. 2 vols. Edited by Thomas Park. London: J. Wright, 1804.

Institute for Historical Research, Office Holders in Modern Britain, last accessed 15 February 2017, http://www.history.ac.uk/resources/office.

Kaylor, Noel Harold, and Philip Edward Phillips, eds. The Consolation of Queen Elizabeth I: The Queen’s Translation of Boethius’s De Consolatione Philosophiae. MRTS, 366. Tempe, AZ: Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2009.

Kervyn de Lettenhove, Joseph Marie Bruno Constantin, Relations politiques des Pays-Bas et de l’Angleterre, sous le règne de Philippe II. Continued by Louis Gilliodts-Van Severen. 11 vols. Brussels: Hayez; Commission Royale d’Histoire, 1882–1900.

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Index of names

AAconcio, Jacopo, xxvi, lxii–lxiii n37Adams, Simon, 32Alba (Alva), Duke of. See Álvarez de

Toledo, Fernando, Duke of Alba

Albèri, Eugenio, 11Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, xxxi,

237–43Aldobrandini, Pietro, Cardinal, 245Alessandro de’ Medici, later Leo XI,

237–8, 242n2Alfonso II, Duke of Modena and

Ferrara, xxiii, lvAlford, Stephen, xlivAllen, Margaret, xxviAllen, William, 173, 175, 184n4,

186n15Allinga, Ahasverus, lvii n1Allinson, Rayne, liv, 251, 253Álvares, Jorge, 253

Álvarez de Toledo, Fernando, Duke of Alba, 63, 64, 67–8n3, 67n2, 68n11, 69, 74n22

Anderson, Henry, 85n7Andraide, Diego, 217n6Andraide, Rodrigo, 217n6Andrew of Austria, Cardinal, 238Anne of Austria, Daughter of

Maximilian II, 63, 64Antonio, Prior of Crato, xliv, xlvi, xlvii,

xlix, l, liv, 75–86, 197–208Aquinas, St. Thomas, 178Aretino, Pietro, xxviAriosto, Ludovico, xxiii, lix n13, 29, 168Aron the Tyrant, Prince of Moldavia

(Moldova), 165Ascham, Roger, xxiv, xxv, xxviii, xxix,

xxxi, xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xlvi, xlix, lix n8, lxi n18, lxi n19, lxiv n53, lxv n63, lxvi n74, lxvi n76, lxvii n81, lxviii n86, 20n3, 21, 42n16, 54

Note: Page number followed by ‘n’ refers to end notes

278 INDEX

Ashley, Anthony, xliiiAstemio, Lorenzo, 141Astley, Katherine. See Champernowne,

Katherine

BBadoaro, Andrea, 164Bandello, Matteo, 29Bartoli, Cosimo, 11, 51n36Barton, Edward, 163, 165, 167, 170n3Bayning, Paul, 79, 87, 89, 95Beale, Robert, xli, xliii, xliv, xlviii, l, liii,

lxxv n130, lxxvi n136, lxxvi n148, 80, 82, 85n10, 85n12, 92, 113–5

Belmain, Jean, xxxiBembo, Pietro, 4Bernardo, Maffeo, 10Bizzarri, Pietro, xxvi, 29Boccaccio, Giovanni, 31, 50, 59Bodenham, Roger, 133n9, 133n11Bodenham, William, 122, 124, 125,

127–30, 133–4n11, 133n9, 136, 140, 144, 146n21, 146n24

Boethius (Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus), xxxiii, xlvi, 3

Boleyn, Anne, Queen of England, 6n8, 174, 176, 185n12

Bolla, Bartolomeo, 12Bolland, Charlotte, xxv, xxviBorgarucci, Giulio, xlvBorghesi, Lorenzo, 70, 74n23Brooke, William, 10th Baron Cobham,

xxv, 23n5, 68n6, 122, 133n9Brutti, Bartolomeo, xxxviii, xlvi,

lxxiv n126, 163–72Bryskett, Lodowick, 189

CCalvin, John (Jehan Cauvin), xxxi, 3Carey, Sir George, 209Carleton, George, 202

Castelvetro, Giacomo, xxiii, xxviiCastiglione, Giovanni Battista, xxiv,

xxv–xxvi, xlv, lxi n20, lxi n21, lxii n29, lxii n33, lxii n34, lxii n37, 11, 16n13, 23n5

Cavalcanti, Guido, xlv, 64, 68n11Cave, Lisle, xliv, 78n9Cavendish, Sir Thomas, 209, 217n1Cecil, James, 1st Marquess of

Salisbury, 184n6Cecil, Sir Robert, Secretariat of, 224Cecil, Sir Robert, 1st Earl of Salisbury,

xxxviii, xli, xliii, xliv, xlvii, liii, lxvii n83, lxvii n85, lxviii n86, lxviii n88, lxix n92, lxxiii n121, lxxiv n123, 186n18, 214, 229, 250n1, 250n3, 252

Cecil, William, Secretariat of, xxxiii, xxxvi, xliii–xliv, liii, xliv, lxxi n107–9, lxviii n88, 22, 224, 247, 252

Cecil, William, 1st Baron Burghley, xxii, xxviii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xliii, xliv, xlix, l, lii, lxviii n88, lxix n92, 21, 23n1, 25, 26, 28, 29, 38, 42n13, 42n17, 43n26, 44n27, 61n42, 61n44, 62n46, 64, 68n9, 68n11, 69, 111n5, 121, 122, 132n5, 134n13, 134n14, 137, 147n33, 148n35, 148n40, 155n43, 165, 171n14, 172n19, 173–6, 184n3, 185n10, 185n13, 187n21, 187n23, 195n25, 242n5

Chaloner, Sir Thomas, 223, 230Champernowne, Katherine, xxiv, xxvCharles II, Archduke of Austria, xxx,

lvii n1, 21, 23n6, 25–7, 30–3, 36, 39, 40, 42n13, 43n17, 43n19, 43n27, 44n27, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61n42, 61n43, 62n46, 64

Charles IX, King of France, liiCheke, Henry, xxviii, xliii, xliv,

lxiv n48, lxxi n107, lxxi n109

279INDEX

Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, xxxiv, xxxv

Cibo, Eleonora, Marquesse of Cetona, 69

Cibo, Innocenzo, 11Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero), 3, 32,

175, 190Cicogna, Pasquale, Doge of Venice,

113–9, 120n1, 164, 198Citolini, Alessandro, xlvClement VIII, Pope, 242n2Clerks of the Privy Council, xliii–xlv,

lix n8, lxxi n107, lxxii n114–6, lxxv n130, 80

Clerks of the Signet, xxxiii, xliii–xlv, lxx n102, lxxi n107

Cobham, Henry, 53, 61n43, 62n46, 63–6, 68n9, 68n12, 69, 72, 133n10

Contarini, Francesco, Venetian Ambassador, 238

Conway, Sir John, 151Coomans, Jerome, 238, 243n9Cordell, Thomas, 79, 85n7Cornaro, Ottavian, 94Corsini, Filippo, 107–9, 111n2, 215,

217n2, 219, 222n12Cosimo I de’ Medici, 2nd Duke of

Florence, lv, 11Courtenay, Edward, Earl of Devon, 9Cresswell, Joseph, 185n13Cristobal of Portugual, Son of Antonio

Crato, 198, 199, 201–3, 205–6, 207n6

Croft, Sir James, 122, 133n10, 148n37, 155n43

Cuffe, Henry, xlvii, 224

Dda l’Armi, Lodovico, 10, 17Dale, Valentine, xxxiDa Milano, Giovanni Luigi, 12Dannett, Thomas, 28, 34, 43n27,

44n27, 45, 50, 51n32

da Ponte, Nicolò, Doge of Venice, li, 79, 80, 87, 89, 91–106, 116

Darcy de Chiche, John, 2nd Baron Darcy of Chiche, 180

Darcy de Chiche, Thomas, 3rd Lord Darcy de Chiche, 173–5, 177, 180, 182, 184n2–4, 185n10–11, 190, 195n25

Darobins, Thomas, 85n7Davison, William, xxxviiDaybell, James, xxxiide Brito Pimentell, Antonio, 78n1de Chiche. See Darcy de ChicheDell, William, 199De Loo, Andreas. See Van Loo,

Andreasde Maistre, Denis, 162n51de’ Medici, Alessandro. See Alessandro

de’ Medici, later Leo XIde’ Medici, Maria. See Maria de’

Medici, Queen of FranceDe Mendoza, Bernardino, xxi, liv,

133n9–10de Moret, Antonie, Sieur de Reau, 229De Sousa, Royz (Joao Roiz de Sousa),

76–7, 78n1Dethick, Gilbert, Garter King of Arms,

52n39Devereux, Robert, 2nd Earl of Essex,

189, 195n25, 197, 198, 202, 207n7, 224, 219, 227n15, 229, 246, 259n3, 230

Dolce, Ludovico, xxviDonne, John, lxiii n46, 215Dovara, Luigi, 111n4Drake, Sir Francis, 75, 78n6, 151,

155n45, 198, 207n5, 227n14Duarte, Francisco, 210Dudley, Robert, 1st Earl of Leicester,

xxii, lviii n7, lix n9, 25, 30, 42n11, 51n36, 70, 73n19, 74n21, 81, 121, 132n1, 135, 155n44, 252, 259n3

Dusell, Richard, 85n7

280 INDEX

EEdmondes, Thomas, xliii, xliv, xlv,

xxxvi, 239Edward, Prince of Wales and later

Edward VI of England, xxiv, 1Einstein, Lewis, xxiiElizabeth I, Queen of England

authorship of the letters, xxx–xxxi, li, liii, liv

education, xxiv–xxviii, 1–2and French, xxiv, lii–liii, lx n15,

lx n16, lxiii n46, 3, 32, 246handwriting, xxv, xxxi–xxxii, xlvi, 21and Italian, xxi, xxii–xxx, liv, lvi,

lvii n1, lx n15, lx n16, lxiii n46, 2, 43n22, 238, 253

reading and quoting from Italian authors, xxii–xxiii, xxvii, lix–lx n13, lx n14, 2, 3, 159, 160 (see also ‘Ariosto’; ‘Petrarch’; ‘Tasso’)

role of Italian during her reign, lvii–lviii n5, lviii n7, lix n8–9, xxi–xxii, 253

scribal habits, xx, xxvi–xxvii, xxix–xxx, li, lxxiv n121, 21–2, 65, 152

signing of letters, xxxii, xxxvii, xli, liii–liv, lxvii–lxviii n85

and Spanish, lx n15, lx n16, lxiv n49, 22, 23n6

use of rhetoric and figurative language, xxviii–xxx, xlvii–xlviii, li–lii, 2, 32, 54, 65, 66, 81, 137, 144, 153, 160, 204, 247, 248

Elton, Geoffrey R., xlviiiEmilia of Nassau, 202Erasmus of Rotterdam (Desiderius

Erasmus Roterodamus), 32Erizzo, Francesco, 10Erizzo, Lodovico, 10Erizzo, Marcantonio, xxvi, xlix, l,

9–14, 15n2, 15n9, 15n12, 17, 18

Erizzo, Paolo, Podestà di Negroponte, 10

Evans, Florence M. Greir, xxxviii

FFarington, Henry, 85n7Farnese, Alessandro, Prince and later

Duke of Parma, xxxi, xli, lvi, lxx n99, 121–37, 140–9, 151–62, 238

Farnese, Ottavio, Duke of Parma, 134n12, 148n36

Faunt, Nicholas, xliii, xliv, l, liv, lxxi n107

Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, xxv, 25

Ferdinando I de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, xxxviii, xli, xlix, l, lxxiv n126, 62n48, 108, 111n2, 173–87, 189–95, 209–17, 219–27, 229–35, 245, 248

Ferreira, Esteban, 202Filippo, Giunta, 174, 177, 184n3,

185n10Fisher, John, 4Florio, John, xxii, xxiii, lviii n7, lix n9,

lx n15, lxxiii n117Francesco I de’ Medici, Grand Duke

of Tuscany, xli, 51n36, 107–11, 111n4, 173, 210

François Hercule, Duke of Alençon and later Duke of Anjou, xxiii, lix n13, lxv n69, 32, 78n2

Fredrick II, Elector of Saxony, xxxviFredrick II, King of Denmark, 136,

147n29Fregoso, Cesare, 10

GGachard, Louis Prosper, 140, 152Gamberini, Spartaco, xxii

281INDEX

Garraway, William, 85n7Gentili, Alberico, xxvi, xlv, lxii n37Gentili, Scipione, xxviGiannetti, Guido, 10, 17, 18, 20n1,

20n3Gibson, Jonathan, xxxiGlascock, Richard, 85n7, 91, 93, 95Goldberg, Jonathan, xlivGoldring, Elizabeth, 70Grafigna, Agostino, xli, lxx n99,

122–5, 127, 129–30, 133n9–11, 134n14, 136, 140, 142, 144, 146n21

Grant, Robert M., 32Grey, Lady Katherine, Countess of

Pembroke, 71Grimani, Marino, Doge of Venice, lviGrindal, William, xxiv, lxi n23Guicciardini, Francesco, 59, 67n1Guicciardini, Giacomo, 174, 185n9,

189, 190, 195n25, 195n28, 219, 222n11, 223–6, 227n16, 227n17

Guicciardini, Lorenzo, 174, 185n10, 186n15, 189

Guzman de Silva, Diego, 25–8, 30, 43n22, 45, 51n30

Guzmán, Enrique de, 2nd Count of Olivares, 186n15

HHakluyt, Richard, 251Hale, John, xxiiHampton, Bernard, xliii, xliv, lxxii n116Harborne, Sir William, 163–4, 170n1Harrison, G. B., xxiHatton, Sir Christopher, xxii, lviii n7,

133n6Hawkins, John, 227n14Henri, Prince of Condé, 242n1Henry, Prince of Wales and later

Henry V of England, 107

Henry III, King of England, 78n2Henry IV, King of France, 187n19, 189,

195n25, 202–3, 205, 237, 245–7Henry VII, King of England, 79Henry VIII, King of England, xxiv,

lxxvi n143, 1–5, 6n6, 10, 11, 14, 16n12, 17, 28, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180, 182

Hepburn, James, Earl of Bothwell, 22Herbert, Henry, 2nd Earl of

Pembroke, 69, 71–2Hicks, Michael, xliv, lxxi n108Holmden, Edward, 79, 80, 85n7, 87,

91, 93, 95Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), 32Howard, Katherine, Queen of

England, 1–2Howard, Thomas, 2nd Duke of

Norfolk, 47

IIacopo, Giunta, 174, 177, 184n3,

185n10Iannaccaro, Giuliana, xxviii, liii, 32Ivan IV The Terrible, Tsar of Russia, 81

JJames, John, xxxviii, xli, xlix, 210James VI/I of Scotland/England,

xxvii, xxx, lvi, lxxiii–lxxiv n121, lxxiv n123, lxxvii n155, 11, 22

KKoca Sinan Pasha. See Sinan Koca PashaKouri, E. I., xxxii

LLake, Thomas, xliii, 252Lanfranchi, Carlo, 121, 132n5, 133n6

282 INDEX

la Quadra, Alvaro de, xxviiiLawrence, Jason, xxiiLecland, Edward, 85n7Lesieur, Stephen, xliiLestrange, Roger, 26, 30, 35, 39,

42n17Lippomano, Hieronimo, 164Lopez, Rodrigo, 198, 207n7

MMacCaffrey, Wallace T., 75Magno, Celio, 92, 97, 101, 116Manuel of Portugal, Son of Antonio

Crato, 202, 205Marcus, Leah S., xxiMargaret of Austria, Princess of

Asturias and Duchess of Savoy, lvi, lxxvii n153

Maria de’ Medici, Queen of France, 245–50

Marillac, Bertrand de, Bishop of Rennes, lii

Marrapodi, Michele, xxiiMary I, Queen of England, xxiv,

xxx–xxxi, xxxvi, lvi, lxviii n86, lxviii n92, lxxii n116, 1–2, 61n42, 74n22

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, xxxii, xxxviii, xlii, lxxvii n153, 30, 137, 151, 162n52, 180

Mattingly, Garrett, xxviiMaximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor,

xxxi–xxxii, xxxvii, xlix, xlvi, lvii n1, 5, 21–63, 107, 247

Maynard, Henry, xliv, lxxi n108Mendoza, Bernardino de, lvii n2Michiel, Giovanni, xxivMildmay, Sir Walter, 64Mont (Mundt), Christopher, 28–9Montrose, Louis Adrian, 30More, Sir William, 78n6Moryson, Fynes, 79, 84n4, 85n9

Mueller, Janel, xxi, xxiv, 4Mundt, Chistopher. See Mont

(Mundt), ChristopherMurād III, Sultan of the Ottoman

Empire, 163–4, 168Muzio, Girolamo, 4

NNegri, Francesco, xxviiiNeville, Sir Henry, 245–7Norris, Henry, lii, 198, 207n5North, Roger, 2nd Baron North, xxv

OOchino, Bernardino, xxiv, lxi n20Ockham, William of, l

PPalatino, Giovan Battista, xxxiPalavicino, Sir Horatio, xlv, xlix, l,

lxxv n128, lxxvii n154, 111n1, 111n2, 162n51, 174–6, 186n14, 186n18, 187n21, 187n23, 250n1

Parkins, Sir Christopher, xxxiii, xxxvi, xli, xlii, lix n8, lxvi n77, lxvii n79, lxvii–lxviii n85

Parr, Katherine, xxi, xxii, xxiv, xxvi, xxx, xxxi, 1–7

Parry, Sir Thomas, 250n8Patch, Howard R., 3Perrenot, Frédéric, Lord of

Champagney, 122, 132n5Perrenot de Granvelle, Antoine, 132n5Persons, Robert, 184n4Peter the Cossack, Crown Grand

Chancellor, 172n17Peter VI the Lame, 164, 167, 172n17Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca), xxii,

xxiv, 2–3, 5, 6n9, 59, 72, 159Petrina, Alessandra, xxvi, xxix, liii, 32, 94

283INDEX

Petrucci, Armando, xxviPeyton, John, lxxii n116Philip II, King of Spain, lvi, 25, 30,

43n22, 43n23, 61n42, 63, 68n3, 75, 78n1, 107, 111n4, 121–34, 136, 137, 146n20, 146n21, 146n24–6, 147n29, 148n35, 148n37, 151–8, 161n48–9, 172n16, 195n28, 197, 202, 210, 212, 215, 216, 233, 237

Philip III, King of Spain, 238–41Picton, John, xxiv, lxii n26Pizzoli, Lucilla, xxiiPlatt, Jeffrey F., xxxii, xlivPollini, Girolamo, 173–5, 177, 180,

182, 184n3, 186n15, 187n21, 189

Pollnitz, Aysha, xxivPolo, Marco, 253Ponte, Nicolò da. See da Ponte,

Nicolò, Doge of VenicePorphyry (Porphyry of Tyre), 32Priuli, Lorenzo, Doge of Venice, 9–16Pryor, Felix, xxi, xxxi, liiiPtolemy, Claudius, 12

RRadcliffe, Thomas, 3rd Earl of Sussex,

45–7, 51n36, 52n39, 53, 55, 59, 61n42, 63, 73n19

Raimondi, Gianmario, xxvi, xxviiRalegh, Sir Walter, xxii, lviii n7Raning, Andrew, 85n7Reynolds, John, 184n4Ricci, Matteo, 253Ridolfi, Roberto, 69, 73n13Rishton, Edward, 174Rockendolf, Earl of, 52n38Rogers, Daniel, xliiiRonning, Paul, 85n7Rossi, Sergio, xxii

SSabinus, Cirillus, 29Sackville, Thomas, Baron Buckhurst,

28, 51n36, 161n48Sadler, Edward, 85n7Sadler, Robert, 85n7St Barbe, Edith, 85n10Sander, Nicholas, 174Sansovino, Francesco, xxviSardi, Antonio, 11Scaramelli, Giovanni Carlo, xxiiiScodel, Joshua, xxivScott, Mary Augusta, xxiiScotto, Girolamo, 4Segar, William, Norroy King of Arms,

252, 259n3Seymour, Jane, Queen of England, 1Shakespeare, William, 207n7Sidney, Mary, Countess of Pembroke,

71Sidney, Sir Philip, xxii, xxiii, lviii n7,

lix n9Sidney, Sir Robert, xliiSigismund III, King of Poland, 163,

167, 169Sinan Koca Pasha, Ottoman Grand

Vizier, 164, 168, 169Sixtus V, Pope, 134n12, 135Skinner, Vincent, xliv, lxxi n108Smith, Sir Thomas, Secretary of State,

xxii, xxxvii, xliii–xliv, lxviii n88, 111n5

Smith, Thomas, Clerk of the Privy Council (not Sir Thomas), xliii, lxx n106

Soranzo, Giacomo, xxiiiSpenser, Edmund, 189Starkey, David, 3, 6n7Stewart, Alan, xxxiiSturm, Johann, xxivSuleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of

the Ottoman Empire, 29, 82

284 INDEX

TTassoni, Lodovico, xxiiiTasso, Torquato, xxiii, xxvii, lx n14,

31, 59, 204Taviner, Mark, xxxviiiTerence (Publius Terentius), 32Thomas, William, li, lxxv n133Tomson, Lawrence, xliv, 75, 78n8,

78n9Tremayne, Edmund, xliii, lxxi n107Trorote, Thomas, 85n7

UUbaldini, Petruccio, xxviii, xlv, lix n10,

lxiv n50

VVan Champagney, Frederik Perrenot,

governor of Antwerp, 140, 143, 144, 148n37, 155n43

Van Loo, Andreas, 121–3, 132n5, 133n7, 135–7, 143–4, 146n21, 147n33, 147n35, 148n36, 148n40, 149n42, 152, 154, 155n44, 157, 161n48

Vannes, Peter (Pietro Vanni), 9, 11, 15n1, 15n3, 16n12, 17

Vaughan, Jacqueline D., xlivVellutelli, Acerbo, 79, 81, 84n5,

85n12, 98, 100Vellutello, Alessandro, 2Venier, Giovanni Antonio, 102, 104,

114, 116, 118Vere, Sir Francis, 237Vickers, Brian, 54Virgil (Plublius Vergilius Maro), 2Vitelli, Gian Luigi ‘Chiappino,’

Marquess of Cetona, 63–74

WWaad, William, xliii, xlvWalsingham, Sir Francis, Secretariat of,

xxii, xxxiii, xxxvii–xxxviii, xli–xliv, lxxi n110, lxxiii n119, lxxvi n136, 75–6, 78n7, 78n9, 80–2, 85n10, 85n12, 92, 155n44, 174, 198, 222n12

Walther, Hans, 32Wanli, Emperor of China, 251–9Weymouth, George, 251, 252,

255–8Whitgift, John, Archbishop of

Canterbury, 184n4Wilcocks, Thomas, xxxviii, 165–8Wilkes, Thomas, xliiiWilliam the Silent, Prince of Orange,

121, 202Willoughbly, Sir Francis, 84n4Wilson, Thomas, xxii, xxxvii, lxviii n88,

69–72, 73n16Windebank, Thomas, xxx, xxxiii,

xxxvii–xxxviii, xli–xlviii, l, liii–liv, lxix n93, lxix–lxx n97, lxx n100, lxxi n107, lxxiii n119–21, lxxiv n123, lxxvi n144, 28, 62n48, 137, 157, 158, 165, 210, 224, 230, 247

Winwood, Ralph, 245–6, 250n3, 250n8

Wolley, Sir John, xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxviii, xli–xlii, xlv, lv, lix n8, lxvi n75–7, lxvii n82, lxvii n83, lxviii n88, lxxiii n119, 65, 75, 78n6, 186n14, 210, 224

Woudhuysen, Henry, xxxiWright, Stephen, xxivWriothesley, Henry, 3rd Earl of

Southampton, xxiiWyatt, Michael, xxii, xxiv

285INDEX

XXimenez, Andrea, 209–16, 217n2Ximenez, Emmanuel, 209–16, 217n2Ximenez, Fernando, 209–16, 217n2Ximenez, Nicolò, 209–16, 217n2

YYetsweirt, Charles, xxxviYetsweirt, Nicasius, xxxvi

ZZamoyski, Jan, Crown Grand Hetman,

172n17Zouche, Edward la, 11th Baron

Zouche, xliiZuccaro, Federico, 70, 73n19,

74n21Zwetkovich (Zwetkowitz), Adam,

Baron von Mitterburg, 25, 26, 30–1, 36, 39, 42n13, 43n17, 46