ELITA SMART 6 T H PERIOD

El libro de la gramática

Table of contents

1. ser vs estar2. Nacionalidades 3. All stemchangers 4. Para + para expressions5. IOP+DOP 6. Object pronoun replacement7. Affirmative/ negative words8. Verbs like gustar9. -ísimos(expressing extremes)

Refranes

Soy quien soy. Barriguita llena, corazón contento.

A buena hambre no hay mal pan. No se hacen tortillas sin romper huevos.

Escoba nueva barre bien.A quien madruga Dios le ayuda.Los muertos no hablan ni hacen ruidos.

Ponte las pilas! Escoba nueva barre bien. Mi casa es su casa.

Ser vs. estar

Ser-cómo eres? Description Ocupation Characteristics Time Origin Relationships Estar-cómo estás? Location Condition

Soy somos

eres sois

es son

estoy estamos

estás estáis

está están

nacionalidades

preterite

-ar

-er

-ir

A definite time in the past Has a beginning and/or ending Trigger words

é amos

Aste asteis

ó Aron

í imos

Iste isteis

ió Ieron

í imos

iste isteis

ió ieron

All stemchangers -E-iecerrar to closecomenzar to begindespertarse to wake upempezar to beginentender to understandpensar to think aboutperder to losepreferir to preferquerer to wantrecomendar to

recommend O-uealmorzar to have lunchcontar to countcostar to costdevolver to return (something)dormirse to sleepencontrar to findllover to rainpoder to be able recordar to remember

Acostarse to lay down/ go to bedE-Iconseguir to getrepetir to repeatseguir to followservir to servePedir to ask

Para + para expressions

It is like the endpoint or goal

PurposeTrabaja para ganar dinero.(works in order to earn money)

RecipientEl pastel es para mi madre.(the cake is for my mother)

OpinionLos estudiantes son el futuro para la profesora.(the students are the future accroding to the teacher)

DestinationSalgo para Chile esta noche.(I leave for Chile tonight)

DeadlineEsta tarea es para mañana.(the homework is for tommorow)

StandardEsta es deliciosa para una hamburguesa barata.(this is delicious for a cheap hamburger)

IOP + DOP

Iop to whom or for whomEx. Me compró una rosa a mi.(he brought a rose for me)

DopReceives the action of a verbEx. Los niños muchos libros.(the boys read lots of books)

Me nos

Te Os

le Les

Me nos

Te Os

Lo,la Los,las

Object pronoun placement

Can attach to an infinitveVoy a comerlo can precede a conjugated verbLo voy a comer attach to a gerund/ present progressive *add accent to 3rd syllable to the

last(antepenultima)Estoy comiéndalo Attach to a (affirmative) command!cómelo!!no lo comas!

Affirmative/ negative words

Affirmative Algo: something Alguien: someoneAlguno/a: someCon: with También: alsoSiempre: alwaysTodavía: still,yet Alguien está en el cuarto de baño.Va de pollo con papas fritas.Fue al parque y también a la tienda.

NegativeNada: nothingNadie: no oneNinguno/a: none/not anySin:forTampoco: neither, eitherNunca: neverYa: already , nowNi….ni: neither….norNunca estudio el francés.Nadie estudia el francés.Ni estudia el francés ni el alemán.

Verbs like gustar

costar to costencantar to delightfaltar to be lackingSingular:

Plural:

Other verbs like gustaraburrir to bore fascinar to be fascinating to bastar to be sufficient importar to be important to caer bien (mal) to (not) suit interesar to be interesting to dar asco to be loathsome molestar to be a bother disgustar to hate something parecer to appear to be doler (o:ue) to be painful picar to itch encantar to "love" something quedar to be left over, remain volver (o:ue) loco to be crazy about

Me gusta

Nos gusta

Te gusta Os gusta

Le gusta Les gusta

Me gustan

Nos gustan

Te gustan Os gustan

Le gustan Les gustan

-ísimos(expressing extremes)

Adjectives can express extremes by dropping the final vowel and add the ending -ísimo(a).

It still must agree within the gender, number, and the noun it is describing.

Los postres son buenísimos.(the desserts are really good)

El maestro es malísimo.( the teacher is very bad)

La película es tristísima.( the movie is extremey sad)

IOP+DOP+SE

When you have an IO and DO in the same sentence, the IO comes first.Ellos me los dan.IO: meDO: los

Ella te la vende.IO: teDO: la Indirect Proouns: me,te,le,nos,os,lesDirect Pronouns: me,te,lo,la,nos,os,lo,las

The doer is the reciever.Me lavo:I wash myselfTe lavas: you washSe lava: he washes(himself) she washes(herself) you wash(yourslef) formalNos lavamos: we wash(ourselves)Os laváis: you all wash(yourselves)Se lavan:ellos/ellas-they wash (themselves) ustedes- you all wash(yourselves) formal

Reflexive Verbs

They are used when the subject is also doing the action.Acostarse(ue)AfeitarseBañarseDespertarse(e-ie)Dormirse(o-ue)DucharseLavarseLevantarsePeinarsesecarse

We wake up- nos despertamos

I fall asleep- me duermo

They go to bed- se acuestan

She shower- se ducha

You (informal) comb your hair- te peinas el pelo

Me Nos

Te Os

Se Se

Tú commands(affirmitave+irregulars/negative+irregulars

Regular affirmative commandsUse to give directions or commands.-ara, -er&-ire

Irregular affirmative commands

Negative commandsUse when telling someone what not to do-ares, -er&-iras

Negative irregular commandsTake the YO present form of the verb and replace the –o.

Lavar

To wash Lava la ropa

Wash the clothes

Beber To drink Bebe el limonada

Drink your lemonade

comer

To eat Come el almuerzo

Eat your lunch

Hacer To do Haz la tarea

Do your homework

Poner To put on Pon la mesa Set the table

Ser To be Sé trabajador

Be hardworking

Tener To have Ten el toalla

Have the towel

Decir To say Di algo Say something

Ir To go Ir a la tienda

Go to the store

Salir de To leave from

Sal a casa Leave the house

venir To come Ven conmigo

Come with me

Lavar To wash No laves los platos

Don’t wash the dishes

Hablar

To speak No hables con Mark

Don’t talk with Mark

usar To use No uses mi secador de pelo

Don’t use my hairdryer

decir To tell Yo digo No digas nada Don’t say anything

Hacer To do Yo hago No hagas la cama

Don’t do the bed

Poner To set Yo pongo No pongas la mesa

Don’t set the table

Tener To have

Yo tengo No tengas el dinero

Don’t have the money

venir To come

Yo vengo No vengas a la fiesta

Don’t come to the party

Adverbs

Add the –mente endingBastante:quiteDemasiado:tooMal:badlyMuch: a lotMuy:veryNunca:neverPeor:worsePoco:littleSiempre:always

Irregular adverbs

Form an adverb by using the

preposition con+the singular form of the nounCuidadoso(carefully) cuidadosamente or con cuidadoPerfecto(perfectly) perfectamente or con perfeccíon

Juan trbaja lenta y cuidadosamente.(Juan works slowly and carefully)El autor escribío y fácilmente.(The author wrote quickly and easily)

Mucho

Muy

Mal

bastante

bien

Ya

Tan

demasiado

Nunca

Peor

Poco

siempre

Past particples as adjectives

Drop the –ar ending and put –ado Drop the –er/-ir ending and put ido Make sure the ending matches with the subject of the sentence

Hablar habladoComer comidoVivir vivido

La puerta está cerrada.Los restaurantes están abiertos.

Present progressive+irregulars

the present progressive is formed by combining the verb “to be” with the present participle.

Change –ar verbs into –ando Change –er/-ir verbs into iendo comer comiendoJuan está comiendo.

Hablar hablandoEstoy hablando.

Sometimes you might have to

change the spelling if a word. If two or more vowels are next to each other, you change the ending into –yendo.

Leer leyendoEllas están leyendo la Biblia.

Modal verbs

Modal verbs are helping verbs that is used to express ability, possibility, permission, or obligation. They express the same things as modals but are a combination of helping and the preposition too.

Ir+a+infinitve( to go)

poder+infinitve(to be able to)

Querer+infinitve(to want)

Deber+infinitive(should)

Tener que+infinitve(to have to)

Necesitar+infinitve(to need)

Works Cited

"spanishdictionarygrammer." Spanish Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2015.      <http://www.spanishdict.com/>.

"spanishgrammer." Study Spanish. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. <http://studyspanish.com/>.

Linares, Senora. "Conceptos Gramaticales." 15 Oct. 2015. Lecture.