Eleventh Meeting of the Urban Think Tank

The Challenge of GangtokJune 1 7-18, 2000 Gangtok, Sikkim

Water andSanitation -Program

An international ,*

partnership to helpthe poor gain sustained i XM

access to improved ,

water supply and ~-..~ sanitation services E

South Asia Region

:

Urban Think TankWater nnd SaeNtatlo Program -

South Aab

FOREWORD *, .a. ..

by Hon'ble P K. Chamling - l

Chief Minister, Government of Sikkim

We are grateful to the Water andSanitation Program and AusA[D fororganizing the 11th Urban Think Tank inSikkim. The theme of Institutional Options isone of critical importance to the GangtokUrban Water Supply and Environmental .Sanitation Project. I am sure that thedeliberations will contribute to o more focused a'

understanding of the problems and benefitsof different institutional options for urban i Awater supply and sanitation improvement and .- .

will help the State Government to make the --

appropriate policy decisions.My Government is committed to

institutional development through a processof decentralization and consultation withcommunities and other stakeholders. We are -

also actively considering the setting up ofurban local bodies in the state. We have -

undertaken, for the first time, a census to FLidentify the people living below the poverty -- _line to ensure that their needs are incorporatedin developmental projects such as watersupply improvement. We welcome thisopportunity to discuss those issues of -'

institutional development which we hopewill lead to an effective and successfulimprovement of the water and sanitationservices in our state capital.

K. Graham-Harrison

Government of Sikkim AusAID

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Austrolia's Development Cooperation Program with the Government of Sikkim

The Gangtok Urban Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanifttion Project

In 1 998, Australia refocused its development the growing number of multi-storied houses, furthercooperation program with India, targeting compound the health impact.

three new geographic priority areas and with an The proposed project will involve theemphasis on human and social development in rehabilitation and expcnsion of the water supplywater and environmental sanitation, primary health and sewerage network and address the servicecare, education, rural development and needs of vulnerable communities, particularly ingovernance. Sikkim became one of the strategic sanitation services. It will also facilitate thepartner states for AusAID in 1 998 because it was: establishment of a new institutional authority for

* a progressive state with good governance/ urban services in Gangtok by building the capacityreform intent of state agencies to better address water and

* a GO priority area with special status sanitation service needs. AusAID recognizes the* had clear development needs and opportunities strong development opportunities and critical needs* matched Australian core competence in in technical, social, economic, health, governance

many areas of need and institutional functions.* had limited previous donor presence The topical context of the 11th Urban ThinkA full design for the Gangtok Urban Water Tank focused attention on the institutional chal enges

Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project will foced by small towns such as Gangtok in addressing

P Pothak be undertaken shortly. The complex water future urban water and environmental sanitationdistribution system has been unable to needs. The outcome will contribute towards theeffectively and equitably deliver the preparation of the Gongtok project design and any

3 - , abundant water supply available to future implementation activities will benefit from the.. Ii i Gangtok. Per capita water use is very learning that has been generated through the4 W r v , jL ; s low despite the benefits of a dependable interaction among utility managers, representatives

LAm | -!f source and a gravity-fed supply system. from other states, financial institutions and NGOs- f Poordistribution has resulted in inequities with officials from the Government of Sikkim.

within the Gangtok urban area and hasf -.r v j forced disadvantaged communities to tap For further information, contact:

contaminated spring sources. Poorwater Ramesh Subramanianquality has led to a high prevalence of Senior Project Officerwater-borne diseases, particu larly gastro- (Development Assistance)

Australian High Commissionintestinal ailments. Inadequate sewerage New Delhi 110021networks, ill-maintained communal Tel:h011 6888223;Fx:011 6884792latrines and poor sanitary conditions in

Municipal CornerA FIELD VISIT TO SELEPThe Government of Sikkim organized a number of field trips to allow a first-hand look at some of the serious problems of urbanand rural water supply, sanitation, drainage and solid waste management. One of these was to Selep, the water treatment plantthat is the main supply source for Gangtok. The plant is gravity-fed from a perennial stream, located 16.5 km away at Rathechu,at an altitude of 8,000 ft. The treatment process uses sedimentation, rapid sand filtration and chlorination. The plant wasconstructed in 1976 with a treatment capacity of 4.5 mid; a further 9 mid capacity was added in 1982 when the plant wasextended. Treatment capacity remains static at 13 mid, although the plant has an estimated water run-through of 36 mid. Withinsufficient volume in the sedimentation tank, some water is simply. filtered and chemically treated and the final output mixestreated, semi-treated and untreated water The bulk water meter is out of commission, making it impossible to accuratelymeasure the exact quantity being supplied. The present distribution system leads to widespread waste from the plant (surpluswater is flushed down the jhoras as there is insufficient reservoir holding capacity), through leakages and at the consumer's end.The PHED estimates a per capita production of 21 7 liters per day, while independent estimates for household consumption is65 liters per day. There are insufficient on-site facilities for water quality testing and water distribution lines frequently run throughthe jhoras and storm drains where they are vulnerable to infection.

A priority of the Gongtok project is to expand the water treatment plant, and renovate and expand the distribution system.Accurate metering of water will have a direct impact on plans to improve the revenue collection service as customers can becharged for what they consume.

2

Gangtok Fact File and Project BackgroundU.n hi!nk T..k

Population of Sikkim: 406,000 (Census, 1991)Population of greater Gongtok: 90,000 distributed between the core (28%), periphery (50%) and outer periphery (22%)

Gangtok is a rapidly growing hill city . 'c, T "dependent on a fragile environment. It is the

primary city of a predominantly rural state where I U ' -nearly half the population are in Government L Iservice and there is virtually no industry. It is hometo a multicultural society of Nepalis (49%), Bhutia- _ .Lepchas (34%) and Others (17%) who live in mixed kZ, Eneighborhoods, many of which have poor services. -

About 20% live below the poverty line and another20% are classified as vulnerable. Literacy rates arehigh, over 85%. -

Water is supplied via a gravity-fed system anddistributed through the PHED (piped supply - 70%), __ i.i 'RDD (piped supply and standpipes - 15%) and _

springs (individual collection - 15%). Only 37% of - .consumers receive 24-hour supply; unaccounted -+ - - - -- - .

for water is running at 80% due to the large number F --of unauthorized connections and massive physical ,losses; water contamination is widespread.

* The sewerage system extends to less than half (GUWSESP), which will include the entire greaterthe current urban area, with no coverage on the Gangtok area.western face of the Gangtok ridge. There are high The project is to be implemented over fivelevels of exfiltration and pipeline failures are years, with a funding grant of AUD 15-20 millioncommonplace. Sewage contaminates most of the (US $ 8-1 1 million). The focus will be on: improve-natural drains (ihores), making it difficult to operate ments in water supply; sanitation extension andthe sewage treatment plant because of improvement; integrated drainage system; overhaullow throughput. of solid waste management; institutional reform and

* Gastro-intestinol disease is widespread, restructuring; review of tariff, billing and revenueaffecting up to 60% of households with 140,000 collection; environmental health improvement;cases reported annually. Coping costs are an service delivery to the poor and vulnerable;estimated 150 lakhs per annum; the effect on implementing development controls.poor households is particularly acute.

* Inadequate drainage managementaccentuates the high landslide risk and has causedbuilding collapses and casualties. Steep slopes are V vt.w-overloaded with multi-story buildings.

* The Government of Sikkim, with assistancefrom AusAID, is developing options to improve thissituation with the proposed Gangtok Urban WaterSupply and Environmental Sanitation Project

Project rtmeline iFMay 1998 -Shortlisted by Project Identification MissionJune 1999Pre-feasibility study confirmed overall --e .

feasibility For further information, contact:

January-June 2000 dAromr Revi c o r . -Institutional review, socio-economic ondDietr i*_ 'Institutional review, TARU Leading Edge Pvt Ltd ihealth studies NewDelhi -. .- '

July-September 2000 Tel: 011 6193802Full project design Fax: 011 6161065 , .. 39

3

Letter lo the Chief M1n ister

To d.cWsed and debated tne problems exercise The most critical institutional changes

facing Gangtok, visited woter treatment plants, needed to improve service delivery in Gongtok were

sewage works and solid waste dumps looked at identified In a hYPotheticaj letter to the Chief Minister

uorba andprura wae upYsterns and interviewed the Problems were summarized and followed by

Cnu er serabout tneirTbink dan W ciingnss onfyas aayiso om e institutional interventions

Paoipoved t seirvkn cedgte Thnkeore Tank partinialt that could address the Problems and imProve the

poold thir kowlege nd rsoures i a fnal situation, That letter is reProduced below:

To the Honorable P.K. Chaknliug

Chief MinisterGovernment of Sikkim

Dear Chief Minister,

On implementing institutional changesfor wateratnd environmentalsanitation service delivery

to GangtokThe quality quantity and reliability of the water supply has been identified as a serious problemi for all

inhabitants of Gangtok city. Sewerage connections are inadequate, reaching less than 20 percent of the populaion,:

dumping and insanitary disposal of solid ivaste is widespread WVeak institutional arrangements. a lack of awareness

among most of the citizens and a gap in the . enforcement of existing arrangements have created a situation

where the impact on health is reaching critical proportions. Diarrheal . ... . .. 60 percent of the population

and typhoid and hepatitis B are increasing. The effect on poor households is particularly acute and it is estimated

that coping costs amnount to Rs 150 lakhs .. 7.. approximately 75 times the income that could he generated

by a utility.The participants at the 1 I th Urban Think Tank are conscious that your Government is commnitted to a process

of water suipply improvement and institutional restructuring. And Uw are also aware that the existing probleit

derives as maucs fronm inadequate sector nmanoagemjent as from the large-scale financial investment needed to renotate

and extend the existing infrastructure.

We have therefore set out below a number of key institutional interventions that wve hope will help to guide the

reform process.

1. Establish an appropriate urban governance mechanismn for Gangtok that has the support of all sectors of

society and is in accord with the 74th Constitutional Amendmnent. . ..-J. inter-departmental co-ordination

betueen all those responsible for eater supply and environmental sanitation: begin capacity-building of city

administration and civil society instituetions.

2. Achieve a coherent approach to water/sanitalion1drainage proble7ns by - . the service delivery area in

terms of the water catchment area. This uwould obviate the need for artificial rural/urban boundaries.

3. Establish a eell-regulated autonomous agentcy responsible for water quality and appropriate tariff setting.

There is a clearly ideutified . . anrong consumers to pay more for a reliable, good qetality water supply and

a realistic tariff would establish a soundfinancial base.

4. Ensure that existing regulations are enforced and frame new policies and rulej with due emphasis on solid

waste disposal. Introduce neuss technical methods for uaste collection and disposal (for example. ermicomposting)

and dispose of hompital waste at source.

5. Organize Commmunity Health Volunteers to work with both traditional and Government health systems to

introduce better hygiene practice and preventative health care among the community.

A further option which you may like to consider in the long-term e-ision for the developoment of greater Gangtok

is the introduction of the private sector as stakebolders in the water and sanitation sector and the use of competitive

tendering to ensure the best value for msoney. The five uworking groups produced interesting models and propoosals and

one of them developed a well-structured plan ermbracing short- and long-termis strategies; details of their vision is

attached as an annexe to this letter

Youirs sincerely,

Participants at the II th Urban Think Tank

4

Annexe to the Letter to the Chief Minister:Working in Partnership with the Private Sectorto Improve Service Delivery in Gangtok

This plan for the development of Gangtok an independent regulatory structure for

water supply is underpinned by a very strong service delivery within the watershed area.

underlying vision. Taking a joint public/private sector The challenges are certainly daunting andapproach, it has a clear picture of the key broad-based community support will be essentialinstitutional interventions that will be in place four if this approach is to work. In this respect, the Chief

years from now. Introduced in two phases, the Minister and local leaders will need to mobilize anprocess will ensure the development and effectivepubliccampaigntocounterskepticismandinvolvement of local expertise. unite stakeholders to carry this vision forward. A

possible Phase 3 could see the emergence of aPhase 1 community-based body in which all the citizens of

This would not entail any capital investment because Gangtok would hold shares.the Government of Sikkim does not have the money.The process would:

make the PHED exclusively responsible forWater Supply and Sanitation and for Solid Waste _Disposal.

Define the watershed area as the boundary .

for service delivery. ir lA

Form a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)

consisting of a joint venture between the PHED, local L.

urban/rural bodies, and private trade investors asshareholders. The staff would initially be seconded =4 . > |.st.p -

from the PHED (an affordable subsidy).The SPV would:I* outsource solid waste management on the :2.--, V j-i! Lj;.

basis of competitive tendering;* prepare an operation and management ; *-

service contract; 1 1l \* draw up a water loss reduction plan, | _" _-x

* introducea managementcontractforrevenue l

collection on a revenue sharing basis; rn. v

* start a tariff enhancement scheme.The PHED would act as regulator during Phase

1 of the reform process as there would be insufficientrevenue to fund an independent operator. Thisarrangement will, however, carry some rsk ofconflict of interest.

Phase 2 i-Institutional reforms coupled with the loss -ii

reduction plan would allow the SPV to start a .

program of capital expansion in Phase 2. Thoughthe population served is relatively small, the grovity-fed system could nevertheless make the water supply -_

system an attractive proposition for small private a.

operators who could become partners in the SPV ;Phase 2 would see: ' -.

infrastructure investment and renovation of ~ *r

existing assets; r,--* astepwise increase in toriff to tap the identified je tC., .z

willingness and ability to pay off most customers; E ( .+ '* Government employees seconded to the ., ! . jiD

SPV/contractor on a 50:50 cost-sharing basis; - _ - ._ . . _ *-X;._ v

5

Urban Governance in India

"Governance is a broader and more inclusive term than Governments, it encompasses the activities of a range of groupspolitical, social and governmental, as well as their inter-relationships" UNCHS 1 996

Global consensus points to two key elements of "good" governance:

* Decentralization to the lowest possible level; and* Democratization to ensure representation and participation of all groups.But these two elements are underpinned by certain broader principles without which systems of

governance will fail; and these include transparency, accountability, responsiveness, equity, efficiency,effectiveness and leodership.

In recognition of these principles, the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1 992, which has beenratified in principle in Sikkim, created a third tier of Government for urban areas in India. Throughthis process of democratic decentralization, planning for economic development and social justiceare delegated from the state to become the major responsibility of Municipal Governments. Thislegislation enables:

* a more responsive approach to the needs of the poor, Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribesand women;

* a broader approach to slum upgrading;* a democratic process to bring power to local communities in decision-making;* devolution of financial power through State Finance Commissions; and* establishment of Ward Committees to give voice to the disadvantaged.Unfortunately, service levels over the lost eight years have shown no significant improvement and the

conclusion must be that the 74th Amendment has failed to provide the impetus for improvement in cityeconomies, infrastructure and services. While most states have ratified the 74th Constitutional Amendment,and the majority have put elected Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in place, there has been no planning foreconomic development of cities and no city has yet come up with an explicit poverty reduction processand provided resources for it. Crucially, the ULBs do not have the capacity to handle their new functionsand to take advantage of the new opportunities open to them. They have inadequate fiscal autonomy tolevy taxes and many key functions remain with parostatal organizations whose functioning is beyond the

For further information, contact: control of local democratic processes. While the ULBs have power 'on paper', there has been no truePushpa Pathak devolution of power and no commitment to building capacity to handle such power at the local level.Urban Specialist, WSP-SA Thus urban governance remains fragmented, and power remains beyond the remit of the elected ULBs.New Delhi 11 0 003 Eight years after the Act was passed, only marginal, mandatory, changes have been carried out.Fax: 011 4628250 While a few states have taken some initiatives to selectively include a few additional functions, the radical

institutional changes required for true decentralization to occur have been side-stepped.

THE BOUNDARY QUESTION IN GANGTOKThe Government of Sikkim reclassified the city limits of Gangtok in 1991, causing the populationand the city area to shrink by 60 percent. Rapid expansion following the 1971 merger withIndia had pushed the urban boundary well beyond the municipal* boundary with which it wasoriginally contiguous. Strong public pressure to revert to the original limit led to the reclassificationleaving 65,000 residents outside the city boundary and only 25,000 inhabitants in the citycore. Land ownership lies at the heart of this situation as, according to Sikkim legislation, landoutside designated urban areas can only be owned by specified groups of people.

Current Institutional SituationThe definition of the current boundary to exclude large urban areas of greater Gangtok has asignificant impact on the provision of services. Responsibility for water and environmentalsanitation services rests with the Public Health Engineering Department (urban water andsanitation), the Urban Development and Housing Department (solid waste management), theRural Development Department (rural water supply and sanitation) and the Irrigation Department(drainage).There is no municipality.

(Municipality suspended in 1985)

6

Key Roles for Civil Society and NGOs 0 +Urban Think Tank

in the Challenges Ahead

In the two-and-a-half decades since Sikkimbecome part of the Indian Union, politicians

of every persuasion have successively contributed,through populist policies, in creating a society totallydependent on the Government. This problem hasbeen further compounded by the politician'spenchant for immediate demonstrable results thatdo not address fundamental issues of growth,equity, sustainability and governance. Their E , - - .

paternalistic attitude has reduced communities to 'i4 .i?..

passive spectators in the development process and ,the consequences are manifest in many ways; theGovernment's inability to maintain and service manyof the state-owned assets, their inability to effectively .

deal with growing unemployment and social ..w_problems and a lack of community participation _.and sharing of responsibilities in the developmentprocess. Given this backdrop, the implementation Alternative Views from the Think Tankand long-term sustainability of the project depends Conventionally the idea of a strong municipality is considered aon overcoming some serious challenges. prerequisite of good governance. This has not happened in Sikkim

Getting Community Participation: To counter because of doubts and concerns over land issues. But in thinkingcommunity cynicism and disenchantment with the about effective water and sanitation supply, maybe having aGovernment, it is important to create an enabling municipality is not a prerequisite if a strong, independent, bodyenvironment where stakeholders can work together that can operate irrespective of boundaries can be established.in a relationship based on mutual trust, respect andshared vision. Gangtok communities are a majorstakeholder and the main beneficiaries of the system, will mark a turning point leading from aproject and their cooperation and support will only mindset of passive acceptance of Governmentbe forthcoming through active participation and largesse to one of taking the responsibilities forinvolvement in project-planning. This is also development initiatives into their own hands. Overessential to foster a sense of ownership of the assets the years most of the free services provided by thecreated to ensure their long-term sustainability. Government have disproportionately benefited the

Reforming Organizational Structures: In most affluent communities.Gangtok, water supply and environmental Role of NGOs and Civil Societies: NGOs andsanitation is fragmented across a number of civil societies can play a positive role in ensuringGovernment departments, resulting in a lack the long-term success of the project, but in the faceof communication and interdepartmental of community skepticism and bureaucratic inertiacoordination. A bureaucratic structure, by its very the challenges are daunting. They can act as anature, fosters inefficiency and ineffectiveness and catalyst in mobilizing community support bya lack of responsibility, accountability and undertaking education and awareness-buildingtransparency is apparent in Sikkim. Issues of campaigns and by bringing stakeholders togethercompetence and organizational capacity also need to discuss issues of concern and common interest.to be addressed. There is a pressing need to Broad-based community support will also enableestablish a separate legal entity to manage water NGOs and civil societies to undertake advocacysupply and environmental sanitation that is work for much needed policy reform in theindependent, financially autonomous and managementand administration of service delivery.grounded in best management practices. Proper Within a larger context, NGOs and civil societies For further information, contact:rules and regulations must be formulated to enable must foster the growth of grassroots movements Lodoy CD ungyalpaits effective governance. significant enough for their voices to be heard in Ciukim eopmen

Implementing User Pay Systems: Political will unison by the Government and for them to take a . M G Marg, Gangtokand determination to implement a user-pay system more prominent and assertive role in the Sikkimis essential and goes to the very heart of the development process. Tel: 03592 29276sustainability issue. Community involvement in the (The views expressed in this article are entirely Email: sfsikkim@dte.vsnl.net.inproject, resulting in an acceptance of a user-pay those of the author.)

7

ISSN 1020-7805

Guest Editorial

by Mr S.W. TenzingAddI. Chief Secretary-cum-Development Commissioner, Gangtok, Sikkim I

I did nothold outanygreathopesforthisThinkTank, butmymisgivings proved unfounded.This has been a good beginning for the process of consultation which must now continuewith local people. The message from the ministers has been very positive. Important localparticipants came and all the working groups grappled with local problems and came up with interestingideas and options. My hope is that the seeds which have been sown will reap a good harvest.

My initial skepticism at the idea of Gangtok hosting the 11th Urban Think Tank stems from theperspective of a small state/small town mindset, that such high level discussions of experts and municipalpractitioners are the preserves of larger states, and bigger cities. This two-day meeting helped dispelthat misconception. The Chief Minister inaugurated the meeting and his brief speech set out the reformagenda that the State Government is pursuing. With the benefit of hindsight, I find that there is coherencebetween the Government's stated policy and the various ideas generated by the Think Tank.

The seminar was well-structured and expertly facilitated. The city-specific theme and the field visitsevoked a greot interest among all participants. Informed discussions focusing on issues of governance,health, poverty, equity and finance gave a clear indication that the time has come for the community andthe private sector to play a greater role in managing the affairs of the city. Various options generated bythe deliberations will help a progressive State Government to address issues of major concern.

The experience of this Think Tank has left us yearning for a more enduring association with the Waterand Sanitation Program.

The Urban Think Tank Mr Mulay, Director, Ministry of Finance, capturedThe Urban Thin k Tank his first experience of a Think Tank in verse, and in

the process demolished some preconceptions.The Urban Think Tank is a participatory forum, Here are some extracts:which enables experts and practitioners to

address issues related to the service delivery of water Invitedfor the Think Tank.. .I was surprisedsupply and sanitation services to the poorest sectors Nobody thinks Government can thinkof the community. The Think Tank is also intended to Government asks. 'What kind of tank is it?spark policy-level debate and provide a forum where haveDyou reported it?' What e s its capacrit?the issues and concerns of municipal managers can

be brought forward. Regular meetings have been ... Suddenly like a landslide the words camehosted by the Water and Sanitation Program-South rushing...Asia (WSP-SA) in collaboration with the UK Sanitation, water supply, kept on flowing...Department for International Development (DFID) Sticky cloth, sultry weather,since December 1994. blue andpink paper...

The Eleventh Urban Think Tank was held in Ideas pour out.. there are methods that are safer.GangtokfromJune 1 7-1 8, 2000 atthe invitation ofthe Government of Sikkim and in partnership with Visit to the solid waste,AusAID, the Australian Government's Development glimpse of liquid water...Cooperation Program. The meeting focused on the Thousands of connections...institutionalchallengesfaced byGangtok,andsimilar must be a seinous mattersmall towns, in addressing the urban water and isnt itag meertgwaterpipes,sanitation needs of a rapidly growing population. Rs ange, cRules change, city shrinks,

Through the publication of Nagari, the there's a point to ponder...For more information, ' proceedings and key issues of each meeting are

please contact: disseminated to municipalities all over India. The ... Clean city, green city

Water and Sanitation purpose of this information note is to share lessons Nobody pays, what a pityProgram - South Asia learnt, highlightemerging issues, illustrate examples Bring new principles, write new policy

55 Lodi Estate of best practice and provide a link between Bring new tariffstructure, create new legacy....New Delhi 110 003 $ municipalitiesandotherstakeholderstofosterabetter

India > operating environment in the sector of water supply ... That was the Think TankT 0 andsanitationservices.Wewouldwelcomeyourideas Full of learning...

Telephone: 011-4690488-820 'onanyoftheissuesdiscussedandfeedbackformsore We carry memories...E-mailwspsawor n 011-4628250 .enclosed forthis purpose. Please also write to us with nd a lot ofyearning

E-mail: wspsa@worldbank.org i anycommentsandsuggestionsontopicsthatyoufeelWeb site: www.wsp.org are important for managers of local urban bodies.

Created by Write Media * Printed at Thomson Press

Eleventh Urban Think Tank: List of ParticipantsUrb.n Think Tank

'Institutional Options for Urbon Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Service Delivery in Gangtok',June 17-18, 2000, Tashi Delek, Gangtok, Sikkim

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Mr. Vishnu Dutt Gautam Chief of Infrastructure,Mr. D. M. Mulay Director, Ministry of Finance, Indian Development Centre, 536 Guru NanakDepartment of Economic Affairs, Govt. of India, Colony, Punjabipara, Siliguri 734 401New Delhi 110 001 Tel: 0353-432521Fax: 0353-537810Tel: 011-3015059 Fax: 011-3012477 PRIVATE SECTOR

MUNICIPAL MANAGERS Mr. Aromar Revi Director, TARU Leading EdgeMr. G.R. Aloria Commissioner Pvt. Ltd., U12, llnd Floor, Green Park Extn.,Vododora Municipal Corporation, Khanderoo New Delhi 110 016Market Building, Behind Raj Mahal Road, Tel: 011-6193802 Fax: 011-6161065Vadodara, Gujarot 390 001 Mr. G.K. Bhat Director, TARU Leading EdgeTel: 0265-433344 Fax: 0265-433060 Pvt. Ltd., #37, Road 5, Jubilee Hills,

Ms. Nandita Chatterjee Chief Executive Officer, Hyderabad 500 033Calcutta Metropoliton Development Authority Tel: 040-3545955 Fax: 040-35412753A, Auckland Place, Mr. Michel Hewitt Water Engineer,Calcutta 700 01 7 Sinclair Knight Merz, St Leanords,Tel: 033-2471022 Fox: 033-2474971 NSW Headquarters, AustraliaMr. Sushee* Kumar Commissioner, Tel: 612:992824396 Fax: 612-99282506Vindhyachal Division, Mr. Pradeep Singh Project DirectorMirzapur, UP 231 001 (Water Group), Infrastructure Leasing &Tel: 05442-56533 Fax: 05442-56544 Financial Services Ltd.,

Core 4B, 4th Floor, India Habitat Centre,NGOs Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003Ms. Abha Bahadur Advisor, Sulabh Tel: 011-4636637 Fax: 011-4636651International Social Service Organization, Mr. Ross David Kearton Australian Team Leader,Sulabh Bhawan, RZ-83, Mahavir Enclave, Bangalore Water Supply & EnvironmentalPalam-Dabri Marg, Delhi 110 045 Sanitation Masterplan Project,Tel: 011-503261 7/5039916 c/o STUP Consultants Ltd.,Fax: 011-5034014 A-i Tower, 6th Floor, "Golden Enclave",Mr. Ashwini Oberoi Civil Defence, Airport Road, Bangalore 560 01 7Gangtok, Sikkim Tel: 080-5584545/5276418

Fax: 080-5584030Ms. Ganga Pradhan SDM Women'sDevelopment Forum, Gangtok, Sikkim Mr. Somnath Sen Institutional Specialist,

TARU Leading Edge Pvt. Ltd., U12, llnd Floor,Mr. Loday Chungyalpa Secretary, Sikkim Green Park Extn., New Delhi 110 016Development Foundation, "Tashi Khar" Tel:. 011 -6193802 Fax: 011 -6161065Chungyal Complex, MG Marg,Gangtok 737 101, Sikkim OTHER AGENCIES-Tel: 03592-29276 Col. ArvindMalhotra Executive Director, HousingMr. Keshab C. Pradhan Chairperson, and Urban Development Corpn. Ltd. (HUDCO),Sikkim Development Foundation, "Tashi Khor" North East Zonal Office, Camp: Guwahati R.O.,Chungyal Complex, MG Marg, R.G. Barua Road, Ganeshguri, Guwahati 781 005Gangtok 737101, Sikkim 6th Mile, Tadong, Tel: 0361-222173 Fax: 0361-561875Gangtok, Sikkim Ms. Gillian Mellsop First Secretary (Dev. Coop.),Tel: 03592-50704/6- AusAID, Australian High Commission, 1/50-G,Mr. Mewa Lal Secretary, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110 021Muskan Jyoti Samiti, Tel: 011-6888223 Fax: 01 -688749214/693 Indira Nagar, Lucknow 226 016 Mr. H.T. Suresh Assistant Chief, HUDCO,Tel/Fax: 0522-343460 Calcutta

Mr. Pankaj Thapa Member, Green Circle, Ms. Kirti Devi Project Development Specialist,Gangtok, Sikkim Indo-US Financial Institutions Reform &

Ms. Patricia Mukhim Chairperson, Expansion Project, E-3/4 Vasant Vihar,Shillong We Care, Dum Dum, New Delhi 110 057Mimgthymmai 793 013, Shillong, Megholaya Tel: 011-6149836/6143551Tel: 0364-230593 Fax: 0364-229488 Fax: 011-6141420

Mr. Naphel Dukpa Assistant Engineer, Hon'ble P K. Chamling Chief Minister,Water Department, Royal Government of Bhutan, Government of Sikkim, GangtokPhuentsholing City Corporation, Post Box # 02, Tel: 03592-22575Phuentsholinge, Bhutan Mr. P. K. Dong Executive Director,Tel: 975-5-252877 Fax: 975-5-252382 Sikkim Tourism Development Corporation,

Ms. Nidhi Joshi Sr. Program Officer (Health), Government of Sikkim , M.G. Marg,Department for International Development Gangtok, Sikkim 737 101(DFID), B-2, Anand Niketan, New Delhi 110 021 Tel: 03592-22634 Fax: 03592-25647Tel: 011-6114225 Fax: 011-6882954 Hon'ble R.B. Subba Minister for Education and

Mr. Ramesh K. Subramanian Senior Project Law, Government of Sikkim, GangtokOfficer ( Development Assistance), Tel: 03592-22587AusAID, Australian High Commission, Mr. R. Pradhan Director, Budget & Finance,1/50-G, Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, Government of Sikkim, GangtokNew Delhi 110 021Tel: 011-6888223 Fax: 011-6887492 Mr. Rajesh Verma Jt. Director (Computer),

Sikkim Police Headquarter, Gangtok 737 101,Prof. Ravindra K. Pande Professor, Centre for Sikkim Tel: 03592-22042 Fax: 03592-22042Disaster Management, UP Academy ofAdministration, Nainital 263 001 Mr. S.W Tenzing Addl. Chief Secretary &Tel: 05942-35011 Fax: 05942-37642 Development Commissioner, Planning and

Development Commissioner, Government ofMs. Shipra Narang Network Coordinator, Sikkim, Tashiling Secretariat, Gangtok 737 101UNDP/UNCHS (Habitat), Urban Management Tel: 03592-22657 Fax: 03592-22851Programme, Regional Office for Asia andPacific, All Indian Institute of Local Self Mr. Sonam Lepcha Deputy Secretary, PlanningGovernment, 22-23, Institutional Area, D Block, and Development Department, Government ofJanakpuri, Pankha Rood, New Delhi 110 058 Sikkim, Tashiling Secretariat, Gangtok 737 101Tel: 011-5522473/5522474 Tel: 03592-22657 Fax: 03592-22851Fax: 011-5500117 Mr. Sonam Wangadi Chief Secretary,

Government of Sikkim, GangtokSIKKIM OFFICIALS Tel/Fax: 03592-22315

Mr. D. Dadul Secretary, Health and Family Mr. TB. Gurung Divisional Engineer (N/E),Welfare, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok Public Health Engineering Department,

Mr. Dhan Subba Chief Engineer, Public Health Government of Sikkim, GangtokEngineering Department, Government of Sikkim, Tel: 03592-22909Gangtok Tel: 03592-23301 Mr. T.R. Gyatso Director, Health Services,

Mr. Dinesh Pradhan Secretary, Irrigation and Government of Sikkim, GangtokFlood Control Department,.Government of Mr. T.R. Sharma Secretary, Forest Department,Sikkim, Gangtok Tel: 03592-23404 Government of Sikkim, Gangtok

Mr. G.R. Sharma Addl. Chief Engineer, Irrigation Hon'ble TT Bhutia Minister for UD&HD,& Flood Control Deptt., Government of Sikkim, PHE & Irrigation, Government of Sikkim,Gangtok Gangtok Tel: 03592-22264

Mr. H.R. Sharma Secretary, Mr. T.T. Lepcha Principal, Chief Engineer-cum-Public Health Engineering Department, Secretary, Publigc Health Engineering Department,Government of Sikkim, Gangtok Nirman Bhowan, Government of Sikkim,Tel: 03592-22671 Gangtok Tel: 03592-22671

Hon'ble K.T. Gyaltsen Minister of Tourism, Mr. VB. Pathak District Magistrate, East District,Government of Sikkim, Gangtok Gangtok, Sikkim Tel: 03592-22922Tel: 03592-22298

Mr. Karma Gyatso Secretary Tourism, WSP-SASikkim Tourism Development Corporation, Water & Sanitation Program-South AsiaGovernment of Sikkim, Gangtok (WSP-SA), 55 Lodi Estate, New Delhi 110 003

Mr. M.G. Kiran Managing Director, Tel: 011-4690488/89 Fax: 011-4628250Sikkim Industrial & Industrial Corporation Ms. Barbara Evans Regional Urban Specialist(SIDICO), Ms. Poonam Chitkara Team AssistantBhonupoth, Gangtok 737 101 Ms. Kathleen Graham-HarrisonTel: 03592-22287 Editorial Consultant

Ms. Nalini G. Pradhan Additional Secretary, Dr. Pushpa Pathak Urban SpecialistDepartment of Urban Development & Housing, Mr. Mike Webster Rural Development SpecialistGovernment of Sikkim, Gangtok Ms. Soma Ghosh Moulik Urban Institutional

Mr. Namgyal Wangdi Civil Defence, Gangtok Specialist

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Water andSanitationProgram

An ,otcssot,ooolpo-In-sshNp to helpth- poor q.in s-stoji-daccess to impcoved-1-ct s-pply o-d

The Urban Think TankWATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM - SOUTH ASIA

55 LODI ESTATENEW DELHI 110 003

INDIAUrban Think TankW.e d s_ofn_ Peogea.a -

5-at AO.

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11. Do you know anyone else who might benefit from it? (Nome, address and contact numbers, please)R GliS @ Mt °qltl t ; f w ilmt lt m jf E17T W ql? (TlT 4vq7 ;T, TIT ;I c00v Siq t)

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The feedback form of Nagari 10 announced an all-expenses paidtrip to the next Urban Think Tank for the best contribution on any 8a. Do you find this format easy to read?issue regarding Urban Poverty Funds. The selected winner - 'qT iren?

J.K. Varshneya - produced a thought-provoking and conciseonalysis of the problems of urbon poverty reduction. Yes/"t 0 No/; l0