Elements -Substances that can’t be broken down into simpler substances

Ex. Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Sodium (Na)

Atoms - Smallest part of an element- Made up of protons, neutrons and electrons

Compounds

- Two or more elements combined

Ex. Water Glucose

Chemical Formulas

- Show the elements found in a compoundMolecular Formulas

- Shows the number of atoms found in a compoundC6H12O6 - Glucose

Structural Formula -Shows the number of atoms and how they are bonded to one another

Inorganic Compounds- Lack elements carbon and hydrogenWater - Main inorganic substance found in living things

- 60 to 90% of living things are water

- We are 2/3 water by mass !!!Salts - Help maintain homeostasis in bodyAcids and Bases

- Involved in digestion and homeostasis

7

Neutralwater

0

Acid Base

14

- Acid + Base Water + SaltNeutralization

Organic compounds- Compounds containing both Carbon and Hydrogen- Includes carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic

AcidsCarbohydrates- Major source of STORED energy for plants and

animals- Includes sugars – like glucose (C6H12O6)-Includes starches -( starches are big molecules, simple sugars are small )

-Chitin is a carbohydrate that makes up the shells of bugs!!!!

DO YOU WANT TO EAT SOME????

- Are made up of many simple sugars combined

Lipids (FATS)

- Another source of stored energy- Have more than twice the amount of energy that Carbs have

- Include fats, cholesterol, waxes, and oils

Proteins -make up parts of cell and make up enzymes

Ex. Hormones, Enzymes, Antibodies, Muscle, Blood

- Are made of small units called amino acids-Many amino acids together will make a protein-(amino acids are small, proteins are big

Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA- Are found in nucleus of cell and are hereditary material

- Proteins that make chemical reactions for life possible- Allow reactions to take place at body temperature-Are biological catalysts – cause reaction to occur but are not used up themselves

Substrate – the substance the enzyme acts upon

Enzyme + Substrate Enzyme Substrate Complex enzyme + new subst. -Enzymes are named for the substrate they act upon

Maltase

MaltoseLactase Lactose

Protease ProteinsLipase Lipids

How Enzymes WorkLock and Key Model

- Each enzyme is specific to a certain substrate- The place where they enzyme and substrate fit

together is called the active site

Factors Affecting Enzyme Action

1. Temperature

- Enzymes work best at specific temperatures- If temperature goes up or down from optimum

temperature enzyme does not work as efficiently

Enzyme Denaturation

- At high temperatures the shape of the enzyme changes and the enzyme does not work anymore

2. pH - Enzymes work best at specific pH’s - If the pH goes up or down from the optimum pH then the reaction rate will go down

3. Relative amounts of Enzyme and Substrate- The rate of a reaction depends upon how often enzymes bump into substrates

- If there is a lot of enzyme bumping into a few substrates then the substrate determines the rate of reaction- If there is a lot of substrate but few enzymes then the enzymes determine the rate of the reaction

Respiration

- Using food molecules to make energy

ATP - Aka adenosine triphosphate - - A chemical used to store energy released by

respirationATP becomes ADP when energy is used.

Anaerobic Respiration

- Respiration without oxygen- Takes place in the cytoplasm- Not very efficient – only produces 2 ATP molecules

Fermentation

- Glucose is broken down into alcohol and carbon dioxide

- Used in making bread, beer and wine

- Leads to lactic acid build up in muscles of humans

Aerobic respiration - Respiration requiring oxygen

- Happens in the mitochondria

- Requires the use of enzymes- Much more efficient then anaerobic respiration

- Net gain of 34 ATP- Glucose is completely broken down to make carbon dioxide and water

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy (ATP) YOU MUST KNOW THIS FORMULA!!!!

- Happens 24/7

Photosynthesis

- Process by which energy from the sun is used to make chemical energy (FOOD)

- Most of the energy available to organisms is the result of photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

- Where photosynthesis occurs in green plants

- Only takes place during the daytime

Chemistry of PhotosynthesisCarbon dioxide + water yields Glucose + Oxygen + water6 CO2 + 12 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O