elements of optical mineralogy -a.n. winchell - part 3
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THIJ
DOOKIS
A
PART
OF THE
UDRAR.Y OF
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OSMANIA
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Title
This
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ELEMENTS OF
OPTICAL
MINERALOGY
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ELEMENTS OF
OPTICAL
MINERALOGY
AN
INTRODUCTION
TO
MICROSCOPIC
PETROGRAPHY
BY
A.
N. WINCHELL
Part
I.
Principles
and
Methods.
Fifth
Edition.
Cloth;
6
by
9;
262
pages;
305
figures.
Part II.
Descriptions
of
Minerals.
With
Special
Reference
to
their
Optic
and
Microscopic
Characters. Third
Edition.
Cloth;
6
by
9;
439
pages;
362
figures.
Part HI.
Determinative
Tables.
Second
Edi-
tion,
New
Printing.
Cloth;
6
by
9;
230
pages;
three
folding
charts.
PUBLISHED
BY
JOHN
WILEY &
SONS,
INC.
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ELEMENTS OF
OPTICAL MINERALOGY
AN
INTRODUCTION
TO
MICROSCOPIC
PETROGRAPHY
BY
ALEXANDER N.
WINCHELL,
Doct.
Univ.
Paris
Professor
of
Mineralogy
and
Petrology
,
University
of
Wisconsin
SECOND
EDITION,
SECOND
PRINTING
PART
III.
DETERMINATIVE
TABLES
WITH
A COLORED
CHART
AND
Two
DIAGRAMS
NEW
YORK
JOHN
WILEY &
SONS,
INC.
LONDON;
CHAPMAN
&
HALL,
LIMITED
*939
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COPYRIGHT,
1929,
1939
BY
ALEXANDER
N.
WINCHELL
All
Rights
Reserved
This
book
or
any
part
thereof
must
not
be
reproduced
in
any
form
without
the written
permission of
the
publisher.
PRINTED
IN U. 8.
A.
PRESS
OF
BRAUNWORTH
A
CO.,
INC.
BUILDERS
OF
BOOKS
BRIDGEPORT.
CONN.
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PREFACE
TO
THE
SECOND
EDITION
SECOND
PRINTING
DURING the
ten
years
since
the
publication
of
the
second
edition
of
these tables
many
new
minerals
have
been
described. About
fifty
of
these
are included
in
the third edition
of
Part
II,
which
was
published
in
1933,
while
nearly
seventy
are
of
more recent
date.
The
author
has
attempted
to
include
in
supplementary
tables
in
this
printing
all
the
new
minerals which seem
to be well
established
and
adequately
described
as to
their
optical
properties. Unfortunately
it
has
not
been
feasible
to
incorporate
them
in
the
main
tables,
but
this
is
probably
not
a
very
serious
difficulty
since
the
minerals
in
question
are
all
very
rare.
It
is
hoped
that the
use
of
colored
paper
for the
table
(III)
classify-
ing
minerals
on the basis
of
their color
(and
pleochroism)
in thin
section
will
make
it
easy
to find
the various
tables
quickly
and
con-
veniently.
In the
preparation
of
this
printing
the
author
has
benefited
by
the
assistance
and
encouragement
of
his
wife,
Florence
S.
Winchell.
ALEXANDER
N.
WINCHELL
MADISON,
WISCONSIN
March,
1939
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PREFACE
TO
THE
SECOND
EDITION
'Or
course
tables
prepared
for the
determination
of
minerals
by
optical
methods should be
based
on
the
chief
optical
properties
of
the
minerals.
However,
it
is
not at all obvious
just
which
optical
prop-
erty
should* be
used first in
classifying
the
minerals. After
several
attempts
to
combine
the
most
important
properties
in
one
table so
that
more
than
one
of
them
could be used
first,
it
seemed
wiser
to
simplify
the
arrangement
by making
separate
tables for
each
impor-
tant
property.
In
addition to
the
tables which
are
given,
tables
might
be
prepared
based
primarily upon
the
optic
angle,
optic
sign,
or extinc-
tion
angles.
However,
the
practical groups
based
upon
optic
angle
or
optic
sign
are
too few in number to be
satisfactory,
while
extinction
angles
are
almost
useless
in
distinguishing
between
tetragonal,
hexag-
onal and* orthorhombic
minerals. Thus
it
comes
about
that the
chief
tables
which
are
given
are
based
upon
refringence,
or
birefringence,
or
color
(and
pleochroism).
As
the
dispersion
methods of
determin-
ing
minerals
come
into wider
use
the
table
based
upon
dispersion
will
become
more
complete
and
more useful.
It
is a
pleasure
to
acknowledge
that
these
tables have
been
improved
as a
result of
thoughtful
constructive
criticism
of the
first
draft
by
Professor
F.
F. Grout
of the
University
of
Minnesota;
the
writer
has
also had the
advantage
of
an
opportunity
to
examine
copies
of
determinative
mineral
tables
prepared
by
Professor
Grout and
others
prepared
by
Professor
D.
J.
Fisher
of
the
University
of
Chicago.
He
has
also
benefited
notably by frequent
consultations with
Professor
R.
C.
Emmons
of the
University
of
Wisconsin.
Plate
II,
based
on
refringence
and
birefringence,
has been
prepared
along
lines
suggested
by
Professor
C. O.
Swanson
of
the
Michigan
College
of Mines
and Professor
R. H. B.
Jones
of
the
State
College
of
Washington.
ALEXANDER
N.
WINCHELL.
MADISON,
WISCONSIN,
January, 1929
vu
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CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION
i
TABLE
I.
OPAQUE
MINERALS
7
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
OF
MINERALS
10
SUPPLEMENTARY
TABLE
II. BIREFRINGENCE OF MINERALS
76
TABLE
III.
COLOR
OF MINERALS
go
SUPPLEMENTARY
TABLE
III.
COLOR
OF
MINERALS
130
TABLE
IVA.
REFRINGENCE
OF
ISOTROPIC
MINERALS
136
SUPPLEMENTARY
TABLE
IVA.
REFRINGENCE
OF
ISOTROPIC
MINERALS
141
TABLE
IVB.
REFRINGENCE
OF
ANISOTROPIC
MINERALS
142
SUPPLEMENTARY
TABLE
IVB.
REFRINGENCK
OF
ANISOTROPIC
MINERALS
192
TABLE
V.
DISPERSION
OF
MINERALS
200
EXPLANATION
OF PLATES
213
INDEX
217
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ILLUSTRATIONS
(In
Pocket at
Back)
PLATE
I.
TABLE
OF BIREFRINGENCES
OF
ROCK-FORMING
MINERALS.
PLATE
II.
REFRINGENCE
AND
BIREFRINGENCE
OF ROCK-FORMING
MINERALS.
PLATE
III.
STEREOGRAPHIC
PLAT
OF
WULFF.
For
an
explanation
of
the
plates
see
page
213
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ABBREVIATIONS
USED
IN
THE TABLES
(Miller
symbols
and
chemical
formulas
need
no
explanation
here)
liii
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xiv
ABBREVIATIONS
The
sign
of
the extinction
angle
in
monoclinic minerals
is
positive
when
it
is
measured
in
the obtuse
angle
between
a
and
c
and
negative
when
it
is
measured in
the
acute
angle
&
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OPTICAL
MINERALOGY
PART III
INTRODUCTION
DETERMINATIVE TABLES
IN order
to use determinative tables based
on
optical
properties
successfully
the
worker must
be familiar
with
optical
principles
and
the
methods
of
applying
them to
the measurement
or
estimation
of
the
optical
properties
of
minerals;
these
topics
are
discussed in Part
I
of
this work.
The
following
tables are as
complete
as
available
data
permit
so
far
as
transparent
or
translucent
minerals are
concerned.
Only
a
few
of the commoner
opaque
minerals are
included,
because the
ordinary
petrographic
methods
are
not
well
adapted
for the
study
of
such
minerals.
In
general,
the
tables
summarize
the
data for
the minerals
described
in Part
II
of
this work.
In
some
cases minerals are
described
somewhat
incompletely
in
Part
II
and
this
condition
may
lead
to
their
necessary
omission
from
one
or
more
of
the
tables
com-
posing
(this)
Part
III.
In
a
few
other
cases, data,
published
since the
appearance
of
Part
II,
have
been
used
in
the
tables. The
tables
include
all
natural
minerals whose
optic
properties
are
known.
The
first
of
the
following
tables
deals
with
the
common
opaque
minerals;
so far
as
these are
always opaque
in
standard
thin
sections
they
are
not
included
in
the
other
tables.
Those
minerals
which
are
sometimes
opaque
and
sometimes
translucent
in
thin
section
are
included
in
this
first
table
and
also
in
the
other
tables,
so far
as
avail-
able
data
regarding
them
permit.
The
second table
which
follows
is based
primarily upon
the
bire-
fringence
of
minerals
and
secondarily
upon
their
refringence.
In
order
to
use
this
property
of
refringence
with
more
precision
the
fol-
lowing
scale has
been
adopted:
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INTRODUCTION
SCALE
OF
REFRINGENCE
1.
Fluorite,
N
=
1.434.
Negative
distinct.
N
1.48
1.53
1.59
1.66
1.74
2.00.
Whenever
an
unknown mineral is
in
contact
with
any
of
the
minerals
or
liquids
which
form
the
limits
of
this scale
of
refringence,
so
that
a
direct
comparison
of
indices
can
be
made
by
the method of
vertical
or
inclined
illumination,
an
accurate
classification
is
possible
even
if
the differences
in
the
indices are
very slight.
For
this
purpose
not
only
are
the minerals
and
liquids
named
above
available,
but
other
common
minerals
and
liquids
which
are
near
these
limits
may
be
used.
The
following
table
may
be useful
in
this
connection:
COMMON
MINERALS
NEAR
THE
LIMITS OF THE SCALE
OF
REFRINGENCE
Between
i
(negative
distinct)
and
2
(negative low)
:
Natrolite
N
=
1.48^
Cristobalite
N
=
1.486
Chabazite
N
m
=
i.48zfc
Analcite
N
=
1.487
Gmelinite
N
m
=
1.48=1=
Borax
N
a
=
1.472
Sodalite
N
=
1.483-1.487 Tridymite
N,
=
1.473
Between
2
(negative
low)
and
3 (positive
low)
:
Microcline
N
ff
=
.529
Quartz
N
=
1.544
Orthoclase
N
.526
Oligoclase
N
m
=
1.543
Gypsurn
N
=
.530
Chalcedony
N
m
=
1.537
Albite
N
m
=
.529
Nephelite
N
=
1.536-1.547
Anorthoclase
N
m
=
.529
Cordierite
N
m
=
i.543=t
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COMMON
MINERALS,
LIMITS
OF
SCALE
OF
REFRINGENCE
Between
3
(positive
low)
and
4
(positive
moderate)
:
Muscovite
........
N
g
=
I.SQ
Anorthite
..........
N
g
==
1.585^
Chlorite
..........
N
m
=
1.57-1.62-}- Beryl
..............
N
=
1.58-1.60
Talc
.............
N
m
=
1.58-1.59 Scapolite
(Ma25Me76)..N
=
i.59
Between
4
(positive
moderate)
and
5 (positive
high)
:
Enstatite .........
N
m
=
i
.66
Forsteritc
.......... N
m
=
i
.66
Calcite ..........
N
=
1.6585
Gehlenite
..........
N
t
,
=
1.658
Sillimanite
........
N
m
=
i.66db
Spodumene
.........
N
p
=
1.65-1.67
Tourmaline
.......
N
=
1.668
(average)
1.65-1.67
(blue
and
green)
Between
5
(positive
high)
and
6
(positive
very
high)
:
Staurolite. . r ......
N
w
=
1.74-1.75
Chloritoid .......... N
m
=
i.74=fc
Grossularite
......
N
=
1.735
Rhodonite
..........
N
=
1.73-1.76
Hedenbergite
.....
N
w
=
1.737
Augite
..........
N
tf
=1.71-1.73
Epidote
(of
moderate
birefringence)
N
m
-=
1.74
1.75.
Between
6
(positive
high)
and
7
(positive
extreme):
Zincite
...........
N
=
2.008
Tilanitc
.......... ~N
g
2.oi
Cassiterite
........
N
=
I.QQ7
Sulphur
..........
N
m
=
2.038
Schorlomite
.......
N
=
1.95-2.01
Picotite
............ N
=
2.05^
It
is
evident
that
an
unknown
mineral
will
not
be
found in
contact
with
all these
limit
minerals.
However,
in thin
sections,
the
unknown
mineral
is
always
immersed
in
Canada
balsam,
and the
index
of
this
substance
is
therefore
commonly
taken
as
a standard.
If
a
mineral
has a
lower index than balsam
its
relief
(and
refringence)
may
be said
to be
negative,
and,
if
higher,
positive.
Unfortunately
balsam is
rarely pure
and
therefore
its index
is
not
invariable;
actual measure-
ments
have shown
that
it
rarely
passes
the
limits,
1.533
and
1.541;
but,
in
order
to
be
on the safe
side,
the
tables include
in
the
division
of
negative
low
relief
minerals
of
indices
up
to
1.544
(=
N
in
quartz),
and
in
the
division
of
positive
low
relief
minerals of
indices
as low as
1.529
(=
N,
in
microcline).
Even then
there
may
be
difficulty
with
sections
prepared
in
the
last
few
years
since
balsam
dissolved
in
xylol
has
come
into
use,
because
such
balsam
may
have
an
index less
than
that of
orthoclase,
perhaps
even below
1.520.
Therefore
it
is
desirable
to
check
the
index
of
the
balsam
by
a
com-
parison
with
that
of
known
minerals,
especially potash
feldspar.
It
is
believed
that
minerals
can
be
classed
accurately
in
this
scale
whenever
they
belong
near
the
middle of one of
the
divisions,
simply
by
comparing
the
relief of the
unknown
mineral
with
that
of
the
various
type
minerals selected or
with
that
of
the
minerals
selected as
limits. For
this
purpose
the
type
minerals or
the
limit minerals
may
be
sought
in
sections
already
available,
or,
more
conveniently,
the
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6
INTRODUCTION
first,
on the color
and
pleochroism
of minerals
in
thin
sections,
and
secondarily
upon
the
birefringence.
In
each
subdivision,
thus
formed,
the
minerals
are
arranged
in
the
order
of
increasing
refringence.
Of
course,
minerals
vary
in
color;
they
are
entered
in
the
table
in
as
many places
as
necessary
to
express
all
these
variations,
so
far
as
known;
but
too
much
reliance
should
not
be
put
on
color
alone
as
a
means
of
identifying
minerals.
The
table
may,
nevertheless,
be
use-
ful
as
a
means
of
suggesting possibilities
in
many
cases.
The
fourth and fifth tables
are
designed
primarily
for
use
with
powders
and
immersion
liquids,
though
the
fourth
table
can
also
be
used
to
good advantage
under
favorable
circumstances
in
the
study
of
thin
sections.
The
fourth
table is
based
primarily
upon
the refrin-
gence
of minerals.
It
is
divided
into
two
parts,
the
first
one
including
the
isotropic
minerals
and
the
second one
including
the
anisotropic
minerals.
In
each
part
the
minerals
are
arranged
in
the
order
of
increasing
refringence
and all
known
variations
in
refringence
are
shown
by
means
of
vertical
lines
at
the
right
of
the column
of
indices.
In
the
second
part
of
the
table positive
minerals
are
distinguished
from
negative
ones
by
indenting
the
indices of
refraction
of
negative
minerals
two
spaces
to
the
right.
The fifth table
is
based
primarily
on
the
dispersion
of
minerals,
that
is,
on the
difference
in
index of
refraction
(N,
N
or
N
m
)
in
light
of
the
F
line
wave-length
and
light
of the C
line
wave-length.
In
each
group,
thus
established,
the minerals
are
arranged
in
the order
of
increasing
refringence.
This
table
is
intended for
use
with
powdered
minerals and
immersion
liquids.
It
presents
all
available
data,
but
is
remarkably
incomplete.
Neither
the
relative
abundance nor
the
relative
importance
of
minerals
can
be
measured
quantitatively;
both
are
matters
of esti-
mate
and
vary
with
time
and
place.
Nevertheless,
minerals
vary
so
greatly
in
these
respects
that
it seems worth
while
to
express
this
varia-
tion,
even
though
the
expression
be
only
the
author's
estimate
of
the
condition.
For
this
purpose
the
names
of
minerals
in
the
tables
are
set
in different
styles
of
type,
as
follows:
1.
Bold-face
capital
letters are used
for
very
common
minerals,
like
quartz,
calcite
and
orthoclase,
and
also
for
a
few
very important
minerals
like
nephelite.
2.
Bold-face
lower
case
letters are
used for
common
minerals,
like
tremolite,
rutile,
tourmaline,
etc.,
and also
for
a
few
important
minerals,
like
analcite,
andalusite
and
cordierite.
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TABLE
I.
OPAQUE
MINERALS 7
3.
Ordinary
Roman
type
is
used
for
less
common
minerals,
like
chabazite,
humite and
pectolite,
and
also for minerals
quite
abundant
or
important
in
rare
rocks,
ores
and other
unusual
mineral
aggregates,
such
as
aegirite,
arsenopyrite,
diamond,
galena,
halite,
malachite,
etc.
4.
Italic
type
is
used for
many very
rare
minerals,
such
as
agrico-
lite,
cervantite
and
hillebrandite.
TABLE
I.
OPAQUE
MINERALS
The
petrflgraphic
microscope
is
not
well
adapted
to
the
study
of
minerals
which
are
opaque
in
thin
section;
therefore
only
those
few
of the
commonest
opaque
minerals are included in
the
following
table
which were
included
in
Part
II
of
this
work.
No
one
working
with
the
petrographic microscope
should
expect
to
identify
an
opaque
mineral
with
certainty
unless
it has a
characteristic
color
in
reflected
light,
a
condition
which is
quite
rare.
Nevertheless,
the
commoner
opaque
minerals can
be
recognized
with a
high
degree
of
probability
in
many
cases,
and
the
table
of
opaque
minerals will
assist
in
this
work.
For
accurate
study
of
opaque
minerals
special
mineragraphic
micro-
scopes
should
be used and
the
samples
should not
be
mounted
in
thin
sections,
but
very highly
polished
on
one
uncovered
side.
For
more
complete
directions
for
such work
reference
may
be
made
to the
works
of
Murdoch,
Davy
and
Farnham,
Schncidcrhohn
and van der
Veen.
Minerals which
are
always opaque
in
thin
sections are
included
in
the
following
table,
and,
in
general,
not
included
in
the
other
tables;
minerals
which
are
subtranslucent
to
opaque
in
thin
section
are
included
for
convenience
both
in
the
following
table
and
in
the
other
tables,
so
far
as
known
data
permit.
The
page
references
in
the
following
table
refer to
the
third
edition
of
Part
II
of
this work.
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TABLE I.
OPAQUE
MINERALS
s
(J*
O
CJ*
* H
O
.a .s
.s
I
.a
C 53 *S
*2
C
I
3
I
13
3
cj
CJ
gr
eg
13
i
P
o>
CJ
*
^-*
in
:q
6
X
*
a
o
o
^
S
cj
-
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TABLE II. BIREFRINGENCE
OF
MINERALS
In
thin section
it
is
usually
possible
to
estimate
the
birefringence
of
any
unknown mineral at
least
approximately
by
means
of
its
max-
imum
interference
color
and
a
measure
or
estimate
of
the thickness
of
the
section.
Therefore
a
determinative
table
based
primarily
on
the
birefringence
is
highly
desirable. It is
true
that the
chart
of
birefrin-
gences
(Plate
I)
is
based
on the
same
property,
but
the
colored
chart
shows
only
the
rock-forming
minerals and is therefore
incomplete
and
unsatisfactory
when
studying
ores and
other
uncommon mineral
aggregates.
Furthermore,
the
colored
chart
shows
only
the
birefrin-
gence
of
minerals, while the
following
table of
birefringence
serves
to
identify
the
minerals
also
by
means
of their
refringence, cleavage,
color,
crystal
form,
optic sign, optic
angle, optic
orientation,
etc.
Many
minerals
vary
more
or
less
in
their
chemical
composition
and
therefore in
their
physical
properties,
including
their
birefringence.
Each
mineral is
entered
in the
tables
in
as
many
places
as
necessary
to
express
all
variations
in
its
properties,
so
far
as
they
are
known.
For
methods
of
estimating
or
measuring
the
birefringence
of
min-
erals,
see
the
fifth
edition of Part
I,
pages
116-124
and
135-137.
For methods
of
estimating
or
measuring
the
refringence
of
minerals,
see
Part
I,
pages
75-85
and
(for
minerals
in
powder
form)
pages
228-
239
and
248-253.
For a discussion
of
cleavage,
see
Part
I,
pages 29-32.
For
the
purposes
of
this table
cleavages
are
not
considered
to
be
visible
unless
they
are
known
to
be
observed
readily
in
thin
section
or are
described
as
perfect.
For
a discussion
of
color
and
absorption,
see
Part
I,
pages
55-56.
For
methods
of
determining
pleochroic
formulas,
see Part
I,
pages
170, 171,
204,
and 211.
For definitions
of
X,
Y
and
Z,
see
Part
I,
pages
117
and
160.
For
methods
of
distinguishing
between
X,
Y
and
Z,
see
Part
I,
pages
124,
130,
137,
and 211.
For
a
discussion
of
crystal
forms
and
crystal
systems,
see
Part
I,
pages
2-26.
For
methods
of
determining
the
optic
sign,
see Part
I,
pages
129-
132, 138,
148-154,
169,
and
206-213.
For
methods
of
estimating
or
measuring
the
optic
axial
angle,
see
Part
I,
pages
186-189,
211,
226,
and
245.
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TABLE
IL
BIREFRINGENCE
OF
MINERALS
11
For
methods
of
determining
the
optic
orientation
of
a
mineral,
see
Part
I,
pages
170, 171,
205,
and
212.
For
methods
of
measuring
extinction
angles,
see
Part
I,
pages
126,
137,
J
73>
i74,
and
178.
For
a
list
of
abbreviations
and
symbols
used
in
the
table
see
page
xiii.
The
last
column
in the
table
gives
the
page
of
the
third
edition
of
Part
II
of
this
work
on which
a
more
complete
description
of
each
mineral
may
be
found.
Success
in
using
the
table is
absolutely
dependent
upon
accuracy
in
assigning
gin
unknown
mineral
to
the
subdivision
to which
it
belongs;
therefore
the
following
outline
classification
should
be
used with
the
utmost
care.
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12 TABLE
II BIREFRINGENCE
10
t>-
t>-
10
to
M
to
v>
M
M
Ch
8
s
fe
^
I
w
~*
CJ
A
w
S
fa
^
1
I
1
i
S
I-
M
1
o
S
ei
M*
ei
*C
NO
t
'
D 2
'&
U
Mineral
':.
I
ii
tj
.a
o
o*
o
6 o
o
6
O
s s
s
i
1
j9
s
O
O
o
$
o
J
fa
O
Optic
91
HO
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GROUP
2:
N-N
p
=o.ooo;
N>i.
4
8
-
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14
TABLE
II. BIREFRINGENCE
ntin
M
O
s
il
S
.s
O
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
U
U U
CJ
U
CJ U
CJO
4)
o>
0)
0>
ilil-ii
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-
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16
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
S
S
\O
M
to
ro
t^.
VO
M
M
o
_
-
a
SW
C
Q
w
.yw-a
3^
^i
1
.^
M
3
O
O
O O
O
O
g
ffi
c8
ffi
,
S
-S
II
.s
3
*^
^
*
CQ
135
C3
OH v3
r
i
CO
jL
10
v
*?
o
^
2 S S
r'
pq PQ PQ
i
/
I
.s
fl
g
o
Q
1
illl
u
W
:.
ii
?-H
u^+
V
\q
o
*-*
oq
^g
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GROUP
6:
Ng-Np=o.ooo;
N>i.74
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36/262
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
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GROUP 6:
N,-Np=o.ooo;
N>r.74
-
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38/262
20
TABLE II. BIREFRINGENCE
-
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GROUP
7:
N
g
-N
p
=o.ooo;
N>s.oo
21
-
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22
TABLE II.
BIREFRINGENCE
M
Ov
fO
O
Tl- v5
M
M
1
1
M
*
9
s
~H
. .
o
10
r^
ro
o
tt
.
. .
d
d d
ii,
ii ii
n_
n_ n_
ii
(
ii ii ii ii
ii ii
ii
ii
ii
H
d
d d
d
d d d d d d d
g
d
d d
d
d
d
-
*j3
_______
' '
T.
III
&
HMMM
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
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GROUP
96:
N
g
-Np
1.48
i
-
3
y
v
sgwK
1
;ri
K
S
H
ci
II
'
ri
''
. .
W)
vi
fl
f)
---
1
6
fe
o
-
^
CL,
-
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24
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
N
1
1
N
acters
C
J*?'
S
.
-
o
V
AK
GENCE
VERY
(3
inera
c
5
;?
d
I
*
5
2
V
.2
.2
g
B
-
v
-9
?tf
S
1
1
3
M
ii
a
a
*
ii ii
5
a
pa
^ o
x^
jg
ii ii
w
g
fr
/^
a
v
o
cS u
pi
o
o
^ o
H
o.oo3Si.48
-
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46/262
28
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
OO
2
M
H
O\
OA
10
M H H
H
C/)
CO
M M
O
Q
B
.S
r4
o
> o
o
^
o
o o
>< >^ ^?
o
&
o
o
x
d ci ci
SOQOQ
r/jro^Orfr
^oooooow
oooo
,
X
n rt* _o _o
r2r2rSr23r2
-H
X
o
o
o
o
t-
C>
CO
O
? ? f I?
ti
ti
T3
*G
t
2
o
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
47/262
GROUP
176:
N
g
-Np>o.oo35i.S3
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
48/262
30
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
tOOO
H
cB
S o
o
^s* ^
*
1
1
0.003 5
i.s
9
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
50/262
32
TABLE
II. BIREFRINGENCE
M
W
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
51/262
GROUP.
2oa: N
g
N
p
>
0.0035
i.74
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
52/262
34
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
M
vO
C>
ON ^O
OO
M
O\
Q
00
Ov
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
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GROUP
236:
Nj-1 Sign
-
35
8 2
N
I
CO
U
ega
ence
n
Lecontite
2S
f
V
s
_
-
s
J
J
d
w
JH
CJ
W
|
y
c$
.
J?
H
o
*
t
U
||
.
co
a
s2*ofi
r
.
.
II
> -O vo
I
c^ c/2
^
T3
13
5
j>
'S
J:
^
t; o
r*
,1
S
8
'S
J
o
~T
~;
~~.
~r
3
s
a
a
S
fi
3 3
3
fi
cJ
T3
*o
o
T3
o u
O
N
N
X
N
|J
N
d
>
AI
^2-
N
H
I
-
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36
TABLE
II
BIREFRINGENCE
n
NO
U
W
K*
V
^
8
V
00
^
.
C5
xSd
|
,0
C5
X X X N
X N
.
A
^
S
5
Jl
u
bi
js
^O
jg
Cl
oj
o
>
I
il
r
^
^J
-' i
Ml
I
II
i?
IIS
bO
/^
$fe
d
^4
^
^
fi
*ti
2
2
21
-
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GROUP
24*:
Ng
N
p
>o.oo95
1.53 0.59.
Si
8
n 37
*t
-T
W
rP
OS
2
8
.
.
-H
-H
-H
o
73
7J *3
73
73
S S 8
8
8 S
g
o
:HHHHHH8o
X
N
N
N
N
>
>3
^
*
*O
M
u
V3
O
^
IM
g^*S
*
n
**
M
2
S^S
8
1888
8d
*
rS
rS
**
-
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38
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
.
.0
A
8
_
_
g
_
1 c/5 c/5
*>
_:
^jf
P-t
-
a
a
*.%
sa
0.
o
fl
vS^
o
5
1
>H
O
O
c/5
'
2
^
|l
.a
a
I
.
l
u
X
PH
be
^
g
'l
e
t/l
^c/)
O< P^
2,8
-
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CROUP
256:
]
s
:^~X
?>
>o.oo(
>
5i.S9.
O
IO
M
W
5- 5
00 00
00
to
:~
2
2 2 8
8
N
H
M
M
H H
ii
II
XX
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40
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
t*
iO O\
vO vO
vO
*fr
*
O
00
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GROUP
260: N
g
-N
p
>
0.0095
1.66
^
So
-
*^
*S
*g
-^
-
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GROUP
$ib:
Nf-Np
>o.oi8si.S3
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66/262
48
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
111
8 Si
O
M
o
O
O
||
x
M
x
x
-
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67/262
GROUP
326:
N
f
-N
p
>o.oi8si.sg
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
68/262
50
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
XI
.
A
*
f
i
X
o
+
Ar?t
.
O
O
-H
q
*
^
.
|.
.
d
,-,
?
V
o
g
. .-H
+
+
4
.^
i .
s-
if
1
1
1
-^ T3
-a
-73
-d
H
O
. a
^
HUM
cS ?5
W
45
e5
#
oj
I
g
ll
PH
3
o
J cJ
oo
o3
c3
oo
-
.
-s
ffi
S
,;
v,
-s-
--3
^
-
sr
^-
. .
.
g
>
3
rs
^3 r3
&
$
CO
C/3
CD
^
CO
K
88
o
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GROUP
33/>:
Ng-N
p>o.oi8si.66
-
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52
TABLE
II
BIREFRINGENCE
8
5
8
S
''
w
a?
o
O
_4
.
*J
O
**^
M*
CO
||
V
>H
^
4
J
*
^
A
.
II
SOX
II
II
O
O
si N
A
V
W
5.1
CO
SJ
V
'-H
v
-s
S
S
if
2 2
.
PQ
PQ
O
Tl
4 7
s
II
.
-K O
O
*?
8
'
u
o
UD
u
N
V
^H
4J
I
M
JD
vi
*J >
v.
A
i
II
o II
. a
is
-^
-^
H
1
5
1
I
til
*
o
cS
o
^
***
1? W
ts .4S
iiii-i-l'
i I
s
3
D
-H
tflg
o
S
O
CO
-H -U
II
si
:
=
s
s
H
NJ
SJ
o
H
H
N
i
II
A,
vs
SJ
Vi
O
C3
M
:--S8-2
^
o .o
H
,q
-I
.o
fc
N
|M
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-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
72/262
54
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
U
A
W
^
H
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v
o
o
o
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o
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o
3
.
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77/262
GROUP
440:
N^-N
p
>o.o275
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
78/262
60 TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
94
E
W
tf
M
PQ
W
ft
o
A
if
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79/262
GROUP
470:
N^
N
p
>
0.0365
i,66
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
80/262
62
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
Tf
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
81/262
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
82/262
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
83/262
GROUP
52a:
N
f
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p
>
0.0365
i.54r
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V
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3
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~
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66
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
00
MOOOOOOCO
O>
-
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85/262
GROUP
540:
Ng-Nj>>
0.0545;
N or
N
m
>
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00
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87/262
GROUP
55
0.0545;
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70
TABLE II. BIREFRINGENCE
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
89/262
GROUP
556:
Ng-N
p
>o.o545;
N or
N
m
>i.74
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
90/262
72
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
1
v? \O
t
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+
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c/5
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
91/262
GROUP
566:
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or
N
m
>2.oo.
Sign
-
73
ii?J
111
till
2
H
S
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
92/262
74
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
OOOOO
.
O
2 2
1
o
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o
13
tb
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bb
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
93/262
GROUP
566: Ng-N
p
>
0.0545;
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N
m
>2.oo.
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75
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
94/262
76
SUPPLEMENTARY
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
95/262
GROUP
186:
N,
-
N
p
>
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
96/262
78
SUPPLEMENTARY
TABLE
II
BIREFRINGENCE
4.
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1
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97/262
GROUP
256:
N
fl
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p
>o.ooosi.5
9
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
98/262
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
99/262
GROUP
3i&:
N
c
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
100/262
82
SUPPLEMENTARY
TABLE II BIREFRINGENCE
H
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
103/262
GROUP
480:
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p
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-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
104/262
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
105/262
GROUP
540:
N
a
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p
:
N0
N
p >o.o545;
N or
N
m
>i.66
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
106/262
88
SUPPLEMENTARY
TABLE
II.
BIREFRINGENCE
o
s
03
6
s
A
U
~
s
Minera
g
IS
1
II
N
o
>
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.
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
116/262
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
117/262
IV.
YELLOW
MINERALS
PLEOCHROIC
97
Cha
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a
CD
U
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X
$
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
118/262
98
TABLE
III.
COLOR
s
6
w
p
g
I
V
3
fe
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x
fe
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o
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c3
2
2
2
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6
c3
2
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
119/262
IV.
YELLOW
MINERALS
PLEOCHROIC
99
3
.o
H
X Q
Q
il
4
N
II
II
3
QOOO) OO
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
129/262
X. BROWN
AND
RED MINERALS
109
\O
> NO
t*
H
4
s
*.
OO
M
NO
H
OO
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to IO
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-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
130/262
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
131/262
XII.
RED
MINERALS
NOT
PLEOCHROIC
111
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
132/262
112
TABLE
III. COLOR
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
133/262
XIII.
RED
MINERALS
PLEOCHROIC
11
t>-
8
t^
OO
M H
00
ON
O O
M W
(^O
^^ci^H^^^^
J3
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TS
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3
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I
i
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a
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-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
134/262
114
TABLE
III.
COLOR
$
2
CN
CN
Characters
4
75
.
M
X
II
H
II
N
H
-
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^
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8
w
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II
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II
H
II II II II
H
Tl
to
vq
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-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
145/262
XXIII,
GREEN
AND
YELLOW MINERALS
125
10
O
M
W
VO
M
S 8
u
ft,
.
d
^
o
^
^r
^
H
:
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
146/262
126
TABLE
III.
COLOR
00
CO
O
00
a
-H
MO
SI*
S3
So
&
b
-
g
1
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S
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N
o
&
m
>
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to
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
148/262
128
TABLE
III. COLOR
-3
II
II
,
II
II
II
II
II II II
^
H
w
a
s
o
a
H-^
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
149/262
XXVI.
GRAY
MINERALS
129
00
t
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
150/262
130
SUPPLEMENTARY
TABLE
III.
COLOR
O
w
S
PQ x
*^
w
^
to
^
M
H
I
I
*
I
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N
H
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ndylite
II
o
A
X
III
M
M
M
M
M
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
151/262
VI.
YELLOW AND RED
MINERALS
131
00
d
O
8
f
H
H
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>< >
o
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sr
&
3-
+
4-
i
ti
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q
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+
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(/)
C/3
H
M
Ar
PQ
-
8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
152/262
132
SUPPLEMENTARY
TABLE
III
COLOR
I
Cha
II
d
3
(JH
H
o
B
&
PQ
-
d
d
+
i
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q
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153/262
XXIII.
GREEN
AND
YELLOW
MINERALS
133
o
G
bio
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73
o
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H
N
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10
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184/262
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190/262
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TABLE
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REFRINGENCE
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192/262
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TABLE
IV
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
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8/11/2019 Elements of Optical Mineralogy -A.N. Winchell - Part 3
195/262
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196/262
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