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First Year Diploma Semester - II
PREFACE
Elements of ElectronicsElectronics Engineering Group
Printed at: Repro Knowledgecast Ltd., Mumbai
TEID : 971
Written as per the revised ‘G’ Scheme syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (MSBTE) w.e.f. academic year 2012-2013
First Edition: November 2015
Salient Features
• Concise content with complete coverage of revised G-scheme syllabus. • Simple and Lucid language.
• Neat, Labelled and Authentic diagrams.
• Illustrative examples showing detailed solution of numericals.
• MSBTE Theory Questions and Numericals from Summer-2007 to Winter-2015.
• Includes MSBTE Question Papers of Summer, Winter - 2014 and 2015. • Three Model Question Papers for practice.
• Important Inclusions: Additional Theory Questions, Practice Problems, KnowledgeBank.
PREFACE Target’s “Elements of Electronics” is compiled with an aim of shaping engineering minds of students while catering to their needs. It is a complete & thorough book designed as per the new revised G-scheme of MSBTE curriculum effective from June 2012. Each unit from the syllabus is divided into chapters bearing ‘specific objectives’ in mind. The sub-topic wise classification of this book helps the students in easy comprehension. Each chapter includes the following features: Theory is provided in the form of pointers. Neat labelled diagrams have been provided wherever
required. Italicized definitions are hard to miss and help students map answers easily. Illustrative Examples are provided in order to understand the application of different concepts and
formulae. By introducing them after formulae, these examples enable students to gain command over formulae. An array of problems from simple to complex are included. (Examples here are similar to problems asked in previous years’ MSBTE Question Papers and also problems important from examination point of view)
Formulae are provided for quick recap and last minute revision. MSBTE Theory Questions covered in separate section to give a clear idea of the type of questions
asked. (Reference of answer to each question is provided.) MSBTE Numericals till latest year are included with complete solutions. MSBTE Waveform Questions offer conceptual solutions to waveform based question. Additional Theory Questions help students to gain insight on the various levels of theory-based
questions. Problems for Practice (With final answers) covers a variety of questions from simple to complex. Knowledge Bank is designed to enrich students by providing the knowledge required to understand
the concept covered in syllabus but does not fall in the scope of syllabus. MSBTE Question Papers of years 2014 and 2015 are added at the end to make students familiar with the MSBTE examination pattern. A set of three Model Question Papers is designed as per MSBTE Pattern for thorough revision and to prepare the students for the final examination.
Best of luck to all the aspirants! From, Publisher
SYLLABUS
Topic and Contents Hours Marks
Topic 1] Passive Components Students will be able to:
16 20
Differentiate active & passive components by observation, specification & application. Use various passive components as per requirements and applications.
1.1 Resistor: [8 Marks]
Classifications of resistors, material used for resistor General specification of resistor- maximum voltage rating, power rating, temperature coefficient, ohmic ranges, operating temperature
Classification and application of resistor
Colour coding: with three, four & five bands
LDR – Working, characteristics & application
TDR- listing of its type
Potentiometer : linear and logarithmic, constructional diagram, specifications, applications of carbon and wire wound resistor
1.2 Capacitor [6 Marks]
Classification of capacitors, dielectric materials used in capacitor
Capacitor specifications: working voltage, capacitive reactance, frequency characteristic
Fixed capacitor : specifications & applications
Electrolytic capacitor: constructional diagram & working
Variable capacitors: requirement of variable capacitor, construction, working, specification of air gang, PVC gang capacitor, trimmer capacitor
Coding of capacitors using numerals, colour band system
1.3 Inductor: [6 Marks]
Introduction of magnetic materials- Ferromagnetic & ferrimagnetic, B-H curve, hard & soft magnetic material, concept of Hysterisis, permeability, corecivity, reluctivity & losses in magnetic material
Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, self & mutual induced e.m.f.
Induction – Definition & expression (with simple derivation) of self inductance, mutual inductance, coefficient of coupling, Q factor, inductive reactance
Constructional diagram & application of air core, iron core & ferrite core, inductor frequency range for- AF, RF, IF toroidal inductor.
Working principle of slug tuned inductor
Colour coding of inductor.
Topic 2] Semiconductor Diodes Specific objectives: Students will be able to:
16 24
Draw symbol and constructional sketch of various types of semiconductor, optical diodes.
List diodes for the various applications.
Understand concepts of P-N junction diode, zener diode, special diodes, optical diodes with schematic symbols
2.1 P-N junction diodes Working principle, circuit diagram & characteristic of P-N junction diode,
static & dynamic resistance, specification, forward voltage drop, maximum forward current power dissipation
2.2 Zener diode Constructional diagram, symbol, circuit diagram and characteristics of zener
diode. Specification: Zener voltage, power dissipation, dynamic resistance 2.3 Special diodes Construction, symbol & applications of PIN diode, Schottky diode, Tunnel
diode 2.4 Optical diodes Construction, symbol, operating principle & applications of LED, IRLED,
Photo-diode, LASER diode Topic 3] Rectifiers and filters Specific objectives: Students will be able to:
10 16
Draw circuit of different types of rectifiers. Compare different types of rectifiers with respect to their parameters and applications. Compare different types of filters.
3.1 Rectifiers: Need of rectifiers, types of rectifiers
HWR,FWR (bridge and centre tap) circuit operation input/output waveforms for voltage & current
Parameters of rectifier ( without derivation): Average d.c. value of current & voltage, ripple factor, ripple frequency, PIV of diode, TUF, efficiency of rectifier
Comparison of three types of rectifiers 3.2 Filters: Need of filters
Circuit diagrams, operation and input-output waveforms of following types of filters: Shunt capacitor Series inductor LC filter π filter Numerical examples based on parameters of rectifiers
Topic 4] Wave shaping circuit Specific objectives: Students will be able to:
08 16
Draw circuit of different types of wave shaping circuits. Compare different types of wave shaping circuits with respect to the parameters and applications.
4.1 Linear wave shaping circuit Need of wave shaping circuits, comparison between linear and non-linear
wave shaping circuits Operations of wave shaping circuits Linear circuits: RC integrator & differentiator 4.2 Non-linear wave shaping circuits Circuit diagram, operation, waveforms of different types of clippers using
diodes: series, shunt, (biased and unbiased) Circuit diagram, operation, waveforms of different types of clampers: positive
and negative
Topic 5 – D.C. circuits and Network Theorems Specific objectives: Students will be able to:
14 24
Use basic rules of electrical circuits with the view of solving problems on electrical circuits.
Use various theorems to determine unknown electrical quantities in the network
5.1 Fundamentals of D.C. circuit Review of Ohm’s law Concept of open &short circuit Kirchhoff’s current and voltage law Maxwell’s loop current method 5.2 Node analysis
Concept of ideal & practical current and voltage sources, source conversion Star/Delta & Delta /Star conversion (no derivations) Network terminology- active, passive, linear, non-linear bilateral, unilateral
network 5.3 Network theorem: Statement, explanation & applications of following Superposition theorem Thevenin’s theorem Norton’s theorem
Maximum power transfer theorem Numerical examples on above topic.
TOTAL 64 100
Contents
Chapter No. Topic Page No.
Unit - I: Passive Components
1 Resistors 1
2 Capacitors 26
3 Inductors 48
Unit - II: Semiconductor Diodes
4 Semiconductor Diodes 77
Unit - III: Rectifiers and Filters
5 Rectifiers 111
6 Filters 139
Unit - IV: Wave Shaping Circuits
7 Wave Shaping Circuits 163
Unit - V: D.C. Circuits and Network Theorems
8 D.C. Circuits and Node Analysis 192
9 Network Theorems 218
Model Question Papers
Model Question Paper I 262
Model Question Paper II 265
Model Question Paper III 268
MSBTE Question Papers
Question Paper – Summer 2014 271
Question Paper – Winter 2014 274
Question Paper – Summer 2015 277
Question Paper – Winter 2015 280
Basic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1) MSBTEChapter 01: Resistors
1
Publications Pvt. Ltd. Target
1.1 Electronic Components
1.5 Linear resistors
1.5.(a) Fixed linear resistors 1.5.(b) Carbon film resistor 1.5.(c) Wire wound resistors 1.5.(d) Carbon composition resistors
1.3.(a) Colour coding with four band system1.3.(b) Colour coding with three band system1.3.(c) Colour coding with five band system
1.7 Non-linear resistors
1.7.(a) Light dependent resistor (LDR)1.7.(b) Thermistors (TDR) 1.7.(c) Comparison of TDR and LDR
1.3 Colour coding of resistors
1.6.(a) Potentiometers 1.6.(b) Linear potentiometers 1.6.(c) Logarithmic (non-linear) potentiometers 1.6.(d) Specifications and applications 1.6.(e) Comparison of linear and logarithmic potentiometer
1.2.(a) Characteristics of resistors
1.4 Classification of resistors
1.2 Resistors
1.6 Variable linear resistors
Resistors UNIT I
2
Elements of Electronics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Electronics) MSBTEPublications Pvt. Ltd. Target 1.1 Electronic components The components used in designing or assembling of an electronic circuit are called electronic components. Every circuit usually contains multiple electronic components such as diodes, resistors, capacitors, transistors etc. Basic classification of electronic components: Passive components: i. The electronic components, which by themselves are not capable of amplifying or processing
an electrical signal are called passive components. ii. These components conduct current in both the directions hence are known as bilateral/
bidirectional devices. e.g. Resistors, capacitors, inductors. Active components: i. The electronic components, which by themselves are capable of amplifying or processing an
electrical signal are called active components. ii. These components conduct the current only in one direction and therefore are known as
unilateral/unidirectional devices. e.g. Electronic tubes and semiconductor devices such as diodes, transistors, FETs, UJTs etc. Comparison between passive and active components:
Passive component Active component i. The electronic components which by
themselves are not capable of amplifying or processing an electrical signal are called passive components.
The electronic components which by themselves are capable of amplifying or processing on electrical signal are called active components.
ii. It does not introduce any gain. It may introduce the gain. iii. It has bidirectional functions. It has generally unidirectional functions. iv. These components do not act as an energy
source. These components act as an energy source.
e.g. Resistors, inductors and capacitors Transistor, diodes and power devices. Discrete components: i. The components, which are discrete in nature i.e., individual form, are called discrete
components. ii. These components may be active or passive in nature. e.g. Resistors, capacitors, transformers, semiconductor diodes, etc.
Electronic components
Active componentsPassive components
Resistors Capacitors Inductors Electronictubes
Semiconductordevices
Basic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1) MSBTEChapter 01: Resistors
3
Publications Pvt. Ltd. Target Non-discrete components: i. The components which are connected together to build a single circuit and not discrete in
nature are called non-discrete components. ii. These may be active or passive components. iii. Combination of non-discrete components form integrated circuits. Parasitic components: i. The components do not exist physically, but are due to electrodes or wirings are called
parasitic components. ii. Conceptually, they are present in the device and in the electronic circuits. iii. These components play an important role when circuit is operated at high frequency. e.g. Inter electrode capacitances, junction capacitances, stray capacitance, charge storage
capacitances, diffusion capacitances etc. 1.2 Resistors i. The flow of electric current through any material encounters an opposing force. This opposing
force is called resistance of the material and this property of a device is called resistor. ii. The passive component, which opposes the flow of electric current and has positive
temperature coefficient of resistance is called a resistor. iii. It can conduct current in both directions and therefore is known as bilateral device. iv. According to Ohm’s law: V = IR
Resistance R = V
I
where, V is potential difference between two points of material and I is current flowing through it. v. a. The resistance (R) of a resistor is directly proportional to length (L) of material used i.e.,
R L and R is inversely proportional to area of cross-section of material used (A) i.e., 1
RA
R L
A
b. Proportionality sign is removed by introducing proportionality constant which is called as specific resistance of the material. It is denoted by rho ().
R = L
A
where, = Specific resistance of material used. vi. Factors affecting resistance: a. Length b. Area of cross-section c. Nature of material d. Temperature vii. Unit: The resistance is measured in ohm (). It is the smallest unit of resistance. Larger units of resistance are kilo ohm and mega ohm. 1 Kilo ohm = 1 k = 1 103 1 Mega ohm = 1 M = 1 106
4
Elements of Electronics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-2) (Electronics) MSBTEPublications Pvt. Ltd. Target viii. Symbol: ix. Materials used for resistor: a. Nichrome b. Tungsten c. Bronze d. Eureka e. Manganese f. Constantan 1.2.(a) Characteristics of resistors: i. Resistance value ii. Temperature coefficient of resistance. iii. Voltage coefficient of resistance iv. Frequency range v. Tolerance (Accuracy) vi. Shelf life vii. Load life viii. Resistivity ix. Power handling capacity x. Working voltage. General specifications of resistor: i. Maximum voltage rating: a. The maximum voltage at which the resistor can operate without failure is called
maximum voltage rating. OR The maximum voltage that can be applied to a resistor without any damage to it is
called the voltage rating. b. It is given by Vmax = (power rating resistance value)1/2 Vmax = (P R)1/2 c. The working voltage is usually rated as d.c. value. ii. Power rating: a. The maximum amount of heat dissipated by a resistor at maximum specified
temperature without any damage to resistor is called power rating of a resistor. b. It is expressed in watt (W) at specified temperature. c. As temperature increases, power rating decreases. iii. Temperature coefficient of resistance: a. The percentage change in resistance per unit change in temperature is called
temperature coefficient of resistance. b. It is denoted by letter alpha (). c. The temperature coefficient can be positive or negative depending upon whether
resistance increases or decreases with temperature.
d. Temperature coefficient () = 1 2
1
T T
T 1 2
R R
R (T T )
106 (ppm /C)
where, 1TR = value of resistance at temperature T1C
2TR = value of resistance at temperature T2 C
Fixed resistor
R R
Variable resistor
Basic Physics (F.Y.Dip.Sem.-1) MSBTEChapter 01: Resistors
5
Publications Pvt. Ltd. Target iv. Tolerance: a. Tolerance of a resistor measures deviation of the resistance value from its actual
(indicated) value in percent. Thus, tolerance is defined as the accuracy to which value of resistor can be made or selected.
b. Tolerance indicates factor by which the actual value of the resistor may be either grater or smaller than specified value of the resistor.
c. It may range from 0.001% to 20%. d. Different values of tolerance are due to different types of resistors and different
materials used in making them. e. Significance of Tolerance: Low percent of tolerance means high manufacturing accuracy and high percent of
tolerance indicates low manufacturing accuracy. v. Operating temperature: a. The maximum temperature, at which the resistor can be operated without failure is
called maximum operating temperature. b. It is also called temperature rating. c. If operated above this temperature, resistor gets damaged. vi. Wattage: a. The wattage of a resistor is the power handling capacity of a resistor. b. It is the amount of power it can dissipate without excessive heating. c. The power rating of a resistor is given in wattage. e.g. Normal available resistors have power ratings of 1/8 W, 1/4 W, 1/2 W, 1W, 2W. d. The size of resistor depends on its power handling capacity. Small resistors are
designed to handle low powers. vii. Resistivity (or specific resistance) is defined as the resistance of the piece of that material
which is 1 metre long and of unit cross-sectional area. viii. Frequency range: a. The range of frequency, upto which the resistor offers pure resistance, is called
frequency range. b. The resistor may be pure resistor at low frequency as it offers only resistance, but it
may have capacitive or inductive impedance at high frequencies. ix. Shelf life is defined as the change in value of resistance during storage usually quoted
for one year. x. Load life: a. Load Life is defined as the change in value of resistance after specified time, at
specified temperature. b. Resistors are tested for change in resistance after 1000 hours at 70 C. xi. Ohmic range: a. Ohmic range of a resistor is defined as its minimum to maximum resistance value
that can be manufactured. b. Ohmic range changes depending on the type of material and different
manufacturing processes used for a resistor. c. It ranges from few ohms to several mega ohms.