elements and compoundsbrownk/es105/es105.2011... · properties of compoundsproperties of compounds...
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Elements and Compounds
Chapter 14Chapter 14
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Central ScienceCentral Science
• Study of matter• Transformations it can makeTransformations it can make• Basic research—how things work• Applied research—making useful things
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Submicroscopic worldSubmicroscopic world
• Made of atoms• Link to make moleculesLink to make molecules
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Phases of MatterPhases of Matter
• Three normal states at Earth’s surface– Solid– Liquid
Gas– Gas• How the molecules hold together
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PropertiesProperties
• What is it like?• What phase?What phase?• Color• Reflectance• Odor• Odor• Density• Texture …
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PropertiesProperties
• Physical changes– Usually dependent on conditionsy p– New substance NOT created
Ch i l h• Chemical changes– A reaction occurs– Transforms in to something different that has
new propertiesp p
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Water phase changeWater—phase change
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Methane chemical changeMethane—chemical change
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Guidelines to determine which has occurred
• Return to original conditions– Do you get the original substance back?y g g– Warm it up
Cool it down– Cool it down– Goes from ice to water– Goes from water to ice
• Physical changePhysical change
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Guidelines to determine whichR i i l di i• Return to original conditions– Do you get the original substance back?
W i– Warm it up– Cool it down
A i di h t b i t• Ammonium dichromate becomes ammonia, water vapor and chromium oxide
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Guidelines to determine which• Return to original conditions
– Do you get the original substance back?Do you get the original substance back?– Warm it up– Cool it downCool it down
• Potassium Chromate returns to yellow powder
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Imagine that you can watch a small g ycollection of molecules that are moving
around slowly while vibrating andaround slowly while vibrating and bumping against each other.
The slower moving molecules then t t t li b t th d th istart to line up, but as they do so, their
vibrations increase. Soon all the molecules are aligned and vibrating
about fixed positions What isabout fixed positions. What is happening?
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ElementsElements
S b t t b d d t th t f t• Substances not bonded to other types of atoms• May be single atoms in elemental formulay g
– Au Gold– Li LithiumLi Lithium
• May have more than one atom to make molecules of that substancemolecules of that substance– O2 oxygen
N i– N2 nitrogen• Or be macromolecules: diamond crystals of Cy
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CompoundsCompounds
• More than one type of atom in the molecule• Has a Chemical FormulaHas a Chemical Formula• Sodium Chloride NaCl
• Ammonia NH3• Subscript tells how many of each• Subscript tells how many of each• (Subscript 1 is omitted)
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Classes of matterClasses of matter
• “Substances”
• MIXTURES
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Properties of CompoundsProperties of Compounds
V diff t f l t f th i• Very different from elements of their composition
• Sodium– Shiny soft metal,Shiny soft metal, – melts at 97o C– Reacts violently with water– Reacts violently with water
• ChlorineB il 34 C– Boils at -34o C
– Toxic gas
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Properties of SodiumProperties of Sodium
• Opaque, soft shiny metal• Very malleable: can be cut withVery malleable: can be cut with
knifeT i h idl i i• Tarnishes rapidly in air
• Melts at about 100OCe ts at about 00 C• Reacts violently with water,
d i l d h dproducing lye and hydrogen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
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Properties of ChlorineProperties of Chlorine
• Yellowish gas at room temperature• Toxic to organisms at low concentrationsToxic to organisms at low concentrations• Reacts readily with most other elements• Characteristic odor
http://www.amazingrust.com/Experiments/how_to/Cl2.html
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Properties of Sodium ChlorideProperties of Sodium Chloride
• Clear, brittle solid at room temperature• Melts at 800o CMelts at 800 C• Not toxic—table salt• Not reactive with water
http://dharaniexim.tradeindia.com/Exporters_Suppliers/Exporter19695.325973/Sodium-Chloride.html
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Bonding of atoms makes moleculesBonding of atoms makes molecules
• The Formation of Ions and Ionic Bonds• Types of bondsTypes of bonds
– Metallic BondsC l t B d– Covalent Bonds
– Polar Covalent Bonds• Molecular Polarity and Molecular
AttractionsAttractions
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Causes of bondingCauses of bonding
• Atoms bond together through their electrons
• Electrons behave as though they are contained within a series of sevencontained within a series of seven concentric shells
• Outer shell electrons interact with electrons of other atomselectrons of other atoms
• These are the VALENCE electrons
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Electron Shells• Maximum number
f l t iof electrons in each shell is hshown
• Inner shell fills up pbefore next shell begins to get g gelectrons
• Full shells are• Full shells are most stable
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Full electron shellsFull electron shells
• Outer electron shells of noble gases are fullg
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Sodium Ion FormationSodium Ion Formation
• Ion: An atom that has lost or gained one or more electrons
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Periodic tablePeriodic table
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Electrons shells in periodic tableElectrons shells in periodic table
• First three periods
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Electron Dot StructureElectron Dot Structure• A notation showing only the valenceA notation showing only the valence
electrons surrounding the atomic symbol
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Valence Electron dot structure for elements notstructure for elements not in transition metal groups
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IonIon
• An atom, molecule, or compound with a different number of protons and electronsp
• More protons: positive CAT IONTHE t l k lik l i– THE t looks like a plus sign…
• More electrons: negative AN IONg– Negative has an N in the prefix
• Both are all one word: anion cation• Both are all one word: anion, cation
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Ion formationIon formation• Lose electronsLose electrons
– more protons than electronsiti h– positive charge
• Gain electrons– More electrons than protons– Negative charge– Negative charge
• More than one can be lost or gained• Determine by position in periodic table
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Electron dot structure pattern
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Ionic BondsIonic Bonds
• Electrical force of attraction between oppositely charged ionsoppositely charged ions
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Ionic Bond Ratios
• Compounds form in ratios to neutralizeCompounds form in ratios to neutralize charges
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Molecular IonsMolecular IonsHH
H+H O H+
H+
Hydronium ion, H O+
Water Hydrogen ion
• Typically formed by the loss or gain of a
H3O
Typically formed by the loss or gain of a hydrogen ion, H+
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Groups of atoms forming ions• Molecular ions
B d ithi l t• Bonds within group are covalent
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Naming compounds first wordNaming compounds first word
• Start with element more to the left side ofmore to the left side of periodic table
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Naming compounds second wordg p• Add the element more
to the right on the periodic table, change p , gsuffix to –ide
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Naming compounds NaClNaming compounds NaCl• Sodium Chloride
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Naming compounds Li ONaming compounds Li2O• Lithium Oxide
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Naming compounds CaFNaming compounds CaF2• Calcium Fluoride
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Naming different compounds of same elements
• When more than one compound is formed from differing ratios of the same atoms, a g ,prefix is added to distinguish them
Carbon Dioxide– Carbon Dioxide– Carbon Monoxide
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Naming Common CompoundsNaming Common CompoundsSome have traditional namesSome have traditional names• Water• Ammonia
Methane• Methane • Propanep• etc.