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ELEMENTARY

LATIN GRAMMAR.BY

ARCHIBALD H. BRYCE, LL.D.,TRIN. COLL., DUftT.TN;

ONE OF THE CLASSICAL MASTERS IN THE HIGH SCHOOL OF F.PINBURGIT.

1*!

5

LONDON:T. NELSON AND SONS, PATERNOSTER ROW;

EDINBURGH; AND NEW YORK.MP (TCI. XV.


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NELSON'S CLASSICAL SERIES.

FIRST LATIN READER. By Archibald H. Bryce, LL.D. FourthEdition. 21G pages 12mo. Price 2s.

SECOND LATIN READER. By Archibald H. Brtce, LL.D.384 pages. Price 3s. 6d.

GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE. By Archibald H.Brtce, LL.D. 12mo. 268 pages. Price 2s. 6d.

ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR. By Archibald H. Bryce,LL.D. 12mo. 170 pages. Price Is. 3d.

FIRST GREEK READER. By Archibald H. Bryce, LL.D. ThirdEdition. 222 pages. Price 2s. 6d.

HORACE. Edited hy Dr. Freund, author of " Latin Lexicon," &c,and John Carmichael, M.A., one of the Classical Masters of theHigli School, Edinburgh. With Life of Horace, Notes, Vocabularyof Proper Names, and Chronological Table. 12mo, cloth. Price3s. Gd.

VTRGILII MARONIS CARMINA. Edited by Dr. Freund. WithLife, Notes, and Vocabulary of Proper Names. 12mo, cloth. Price3s. fid.

T. NELSON AND SONS, LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND NEW YORK.


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This Work is an abridgment of the Larger Latin Grammarforming part of the same Series. It is designed for the useof beginners, and of those who intend to prosecute classicalstudies only to a limited extent. It therefore contains

merely the amount and kind of information considerednecessary for the age and requirements of such students.Some matter, however, has been insertedusually in smallertypewhich may be omitted in the earlier stages of instruc-tion, and which will with more prufit be presented to thepupil when he is farther advanced.

The Syntax has been less abridged than the other portionsof the work, because the natural connection of its severalparts rendered curtailment more difficult; and because itis right that all students, whatever their ultimate objectmay be, should have a systematic view of the principleswhich regulate the construction of Latin sentences, and ofthe peculiar idioms of the language.

In compliance with the wish of many teachers in Scotland,the author has appended to Part II. Ruddiman's Rules of


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IV PREFACE.

Syntax; which, though not free from serious defects, havethe great merit of brevity, and of being easily committed to

memory.To illustrate satisfactorily the many changes which appearin the declension of Nouns, an unusually large number ofParadigms has been given ; and throughout the entire bookthe greatest care has been taken, by simplicity of statementand clearness of arrangement, assisted by the resources oftypography, to present the facts and principles of LatinGrammar to the young in a manner at once interestingand impressive.


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aniinte,

PART l.-ACCIDENCE.Chapter

I. Letters and Stllabi.es,Sect. I. The Letters, ...

II. SyllablesQuantityII. Classification op Words, ...

III. Inflexion: GbnderNumberCase,IV. Substantives,

Sect. I. General Remarks,II. First Declension,III. Second Declension,IV. Third Declension,V. Fourth Declension,VL Fifth Declension,

V. Adjectives,Sect. I. Inflexion of Adjectives, ...

II. Comparison of Adjectives,VI. The Numerals, ...VII. Pronouns,

Sect. I. Personal Pronouns,II. Reflexive Pronouns,

III. Possessive Pronouns,IV. Demonstrative Pronouns,V. The Relative Pronoun, ...VI. The Interrogative Pronouns,VII. The Indefinite Pronouns,

Pago99

1111

1214141617203133343442465050515152545565


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VI CONTENTS.


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CONTENTS. VllChapterVIII. The Genitive, ...IX. The Ablative, ...X. The Infinitive, ...

XI. The Supines,XII. Participles,XIII. The Gerund,XIV. The Imperative Mood, ...XV. Compound SentencesPrincipal Clauses,XVI. Subordinate Clauses,XVII. Final Clauses, ...XVIII. Conditional Clauses,XIX. Concessive Clauses,XX. Temporal Clauses,XXI. Causal Clauses,

XXII. Relative Clauses,XXIII. Interrogative Clauses, ...XXIV. Sequence of Tenses,XXV. Ruddiman's Rules,

J 27129132133133134135136137138139140140141141143143146

APPENDIX.Gender of Nouns,Irregular Verbs,Greek Nouns,The Calendar,Roman Monet and JIkasures,Roman Names,Abbreviations,

157161169170172174175


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ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.

PART I.ACCIDENCE.

CHAPTEE ILETTERS AND SYLLABLES.SECTION l.-THE LETTERS.

1. Letters are signs for sounds.2. The Latin letters are the same as the English, except that W

is wanting. Thus :Capitals: -A, B, C, D, E, F, G, II, I, J, K, L, M,

N, 0, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, X, Y, Z.Small:a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, 1, m, n, o, p, q,

r, s, t, u, v, x, y, z.Obs. 1.The Romans had originally only one form, i, for the vowel

i and the consonant j; and one form, v, for the vowel u and theconsonant v.

Obs. 2.H is not properly a letter, but only a breathing. Thusthe twenty-five letters of the Alphabet may be reduced to twenty-two.

3. The letters are divided into two classes Voivels and Conso-nants.

4. The Vowels (Vocales, i.e., "sound-producing") are six,a, e,h o, u, y.


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10 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.5 The Consonants (Con-sonantes), which cannot be sounded

without the help of a vowel, are either,(1.) Semi-vowels*, m, n, r, and the sibilant s; or,(2.) Mutesj}, b,f, v; c, k, qu, g, h, (j); t, d.

fi. Tlie Mutes admit of a double classification :(1.) According tothe organ by which they are pronounced, viz., Labials, or lip-letters ;Palatals, or throat-letters ; Lingual Dentals, those uttered by apply-ing the tongue to the teeth. And (2.) According to the degree ofbreathing employed in their utterance, viz., light or sharp, interme-diate, and rough or flat. Thus :

LAIUALS. PALATALS. LINGUAL DENTALS.p c, h, or qu t light or sharp.b g, (J) d intermediate./, v,{ph) h,(ch) (th) rough or flat.

7. x and z are double consonants, being equal,(1.) x to cs, or gs, and sometimes to hs or qus.(2.) z to sd or ds.

8. The Alphabet, then, may be arranged as follows :(1.) Six Vowels, a, e, i, o, u, y.

|" Five Semi-vowels, I, m, n, r, s.(2.) Nineteen | ( Four Labials, p,b,f,v.

Consonants, -l Mutes I Six Palatals, c, k, qu; g, h, (j).divided into j (Two Lingual Dentals,., t, d.

[ Two Double Consonants, x, z.9. The word Diphthong means "double sound." A diphthong is

composed of two vowels combined together in pronunciation. Thoseof most common occurrence are ae, oe (both sounded e), and au; as,coenae, audio, ei, eu, oi, and ui are rare.

Obs.When two vowels meet in a word, but are not to be taken as adiphthong, a mark of diaeresis (") is placed over the second: as,poeta, pronounced po-e-ta.

* A vowel sound has two characteristics: First, it comes freely in pronunciation ;and, secondly, when it is once formed, it can be prolonged. The semi-vowels possessthis second property, and hence their name of half-vowels. The semi-vowels /, m,n, r, are also called liquids.


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SYLLABLESWORDS. 11SECTION M.-SYLLABLES-QUANTITY.

1. A Syllable is one distinct articulate sound.2. A syllable may consist of one letter, if that letter be a vowel ;

or of two or more letters sounded at a breath. Every syllable mustcontain one vowel sound; as, i, "go;" et, "and;" te, "thee;"poenae, " of punishment ;" urbs, " a city."

3. The quantity of a syllable is the time taken up in pronouncingit. Hence, as regards quantity, there are two kinds of syllablesshort and long. A syllable which is sometimes pronounced short,and sometimes long, is called variable.

4. When we wish to indicate that a syllable is short, we mark itwith a curve, thussedeo; that it is long, with a horizontal stroke,thussedes; that it is variable, with both, thustenebrae (i.e., eithertenebrae or tenebrae).

5. A short syllable is said to have one " time" (mdra), and a longsyllable two " times." Hence a long syllable is equal to two shortones ; hence, too, all diphthongs, being composed of two vowelsounds, are long.

6. The quantity of a syllable generally depends on the vowel ofthat syllable. A vowel may be long either (1) by naturei.e., whenit has absorbed, or is supposed to have absorbed, another vowel or aconsonant, as in diphthongs and contracted syllables ; or (2) when itstands before two consonants or a double consonantas, mellis. Inthe latter case it is said to be long by position.

CHAPTER II.CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS.1. The words which form the Latin language may be grouped in

eight classes, commonly called the Eight Parts of Speech.2. Four of these suffer changes, or inflexion, on the final syllables,and hence are called Declinable. The other four remain unchanged.

DECLINABLE.Substantive (Noun).Adjective (Noun).Pronoun.Verb.

INDECLINABLE.Adverb.Preposition.Interjection.Conjunction.

Obs.The inflexion of substantive?, adjectives, and pronouns is calledDeclension (decliiiatio) ; that of verbs, Conjugation (conjugatio).


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ll> ELEMENTABY LATIN GRAMMAR.3. (I.) A Substantive (Noun) is a word which is used as the name

of anything that wc speak about: as, servios, slave; eyuus, horse;duiniis, house \jilMUui, justice : helium, war.

4. (II). An Adjective (Noun) is a word which is used with a sub-stantive, to indicate some quality or attribute, or to announce somefact : as, bonus piier, a good boy ; tres equl, three horses.

5. (III). A Pronoun is a word which is used to supply the placeof a substantive, or to point to some substantive going before or fol-lowing : as, ego, I ; tu, thou ; qui, who ; Me, that person.

6. (IV.) A Verb is that part of speech which is used to make anassertion about something : as, mdgister laudat puerum, the masterpraises the boy.

7. (V.) An Adverb is a word which is used with verbs, adjectives,and adverbs, to modify their meaning in regard to time, place,manner, &c. : as, turn praeerat exercltui, he at that time com-manded the army ; acriter pugnant, they fight keenly.

8. (VI.) A Preposition is a word which is placed before substan-tives, to show in what relation a thing, an action, or an attributestands to some other tiling : as, fiscos cum pecunia, bags withmoney ; venit in wrbem, he came into the city.9. (VII.) A Conjunction* is a word which serves to connectwords, phrases, clauses, and sentences to one anothereach to oneof its own kind : as, pater et mater, the father and mother ; diu etacriter, long and keenly ; proxlmus aetate, et ejusdem clvitatis, mostnearly coeval, and a fellow -citizen ; lego et disco, I read and learn ;lego ut discam, I read that I may learn.

10. (VIII.) An Interjection is a word which is used to expresssome emotion of the mind : as, heu, alas ! euge, bravo ! heus, holla !

CHAPTEE III.INFLEXION, ETC.1. Inflexion is the change made on the terminations of certain

parts of speech, by means of which we are able to show how thewords of a sentence are related to one another, how they are com-bined, and what is the nature of each proposition.

* It must be borne in mind that there are other words which connect clauses andsentences together, such as Relative rionounsar.d Relative Adverbs.


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GENDERNUMBER. 132. In the declinable parts of speech the inflexions are regulated

by the " accidents " of Gender, Number, and Case ; and in verbs,by those of Mood, Tense, Number, and Person.

GENDER.*3. Animals are divided into two classes or sexes, the male and

the female. Things without life have no distinction of sex. Andthus we have three classes of thingsviz., things of the male sex,things of the female sex, and things of neither sex.

4. In the names of thingsi.e., substantivesthere is a corre-sponding classification into Masculine Gender, Feminine Gender,and Neuter Gender. The word neuter means " neither."

5. The name of an individual of the male sex is called a mascu-line substantive ; of one of the female sex, a feminine substantive ;and of one of neither sex, a neuter substantive.

6. When a word can be applied eitber to the male or the female ani-mal of a class, it is said to be of the Common Gender : as, parens,a parent, (either father or mother ;) civis, a citizen, (either male orfemale;) vates, a prophet, or prophetess. Such words are calledmasculine when applied to males, and feminine when applied tofemales.

7. An Epicene Noun is one which, while indicating an object thathas sex, yet leaves the sex unspecified: as, aquila, an eagle;passer, a sparrow,t

8. Words are said to be of Doubtful Gender which are used some-times in one gender and sometimes in another : as, dies, a day,(masc. or fern.)

NUMBER.9. Number is that change in the form of a declinable word bymeans of which we are able to indicate whether we are speaking of

one object, or of more than one.10. There are two Numbers ;the Singular, used of one ; the

Floral, of more than one. Singular comes from the Latin wordsinguli, one by one ; Plural, from plus, (gen. plur-is,) more.

* For the Rules of Gender, see Appendix.t In the names of animals, we find that some are always, or almost always, fern., as, vulpes, a fox; aquila, an eagle,


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14 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.CASE.

11. Case is the form in which substantives, adjectives, and pro-nouns are used, for the purpose of expressing the relation in whichthey stand to other words in the sentence.12. There are six Cases, the Nominative, Genitive, Dative,Accusative, Vocative, and Ablative.

CHAPTER IV.SUBSTANTIVES.SECTION I.

GENERAL REMARKS.1. A Substantive (Noun) is a word which is used as the name of

anything that we speak about : as, servus, a slave ; domus, a house ;helium, war ; justitia, justice.

2. Substantives are of two kinds,Common and Proper.3. A Common Substantive is a word which can be used as the

name of each individual of the members of a class : as, miles, sol-dier, applicable to any soldier; Squus, horse, to any horse; urbs, city,to any city.

4. A Proper Substantive is a word which is used as the nameof some special individual (person, animal, place, or thing) : as,Romulus, Romulus ; Roma, Rome ; Bucephalus, (the horse) Bu-cephalus.

5. Substantives are divided into five classes, called Declensions,according to the system of inflexions adopted in forming their cases.The declension to which a substantive belongs is known by the in-flexion* of the genitive singular.

* Every declinable word may be divided into two partsthe stem and the in-flexion. The stem is that part which remains unaltered throughout all the casesand numbers; as, mens- in mens-a. The inflexion is that part which suffers change;as, -ae, -am, -a, -arum, -is, -as,


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GENF^AL REMARKS. 156. The Genitive Singular of the First Declension ends in -ae.

...


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16 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.

SECTION II.FIRST DECLENSION.

1. The nouns of this declension end in the nom. sing, in -a, and inthe gen. in -ae* (See p. 14, note * ; and p. ] 5, N.B.)

Singular. Flural.Nom. Mens-a., fem., a tabled Mens-ae, tables.Gen. Mens-ae, a table's, or of a table. Mens-arum, tables', or of tables.Bat. Mens-ae, to or for a table. Mens-Is, to or for tables.Ace. Mens-am, a table. Mens-as, tables.Voc. Mens-a, tablet Mens-ae, tables/Abl. Mens-a, from, with, in, or by a Mens-Is, from, with, in, or by

table. tables.

2. A few nouns have -dbus in the dat. and abl. plur., as well as-as. They are such as have a masculine of the same stem in theSecond Declension : as, fili-a, f., a daughter ; but fili-us, a son, ofthe Second. So the adjectives, duo, two, and ambo, both, have intheir fem. cludhus and ambubus.

Singular. Plural.Nom. Fili-a., fem., a daughter. Fili-ae, daughters.Gen. Fili-ae, a daughter's, or of a Fili-arum, daughters', or of

daughter. daughters.Dat. Fili-ae, to or for a daughter. Fili-abus, or filiis, to or forAce. Fili-am, a daughter. Fili-as, daughters, [daughters.Voc. Fili-a, daughter! Fili-ae, daughters/Abl. Fili-a, from, with, or ly a Fili-abus, or fllils,from, with,

daughter. or by daughters.3. Gender.The nouns of the First Declension are fem. : as,

mensa, table ; but words denoting males are masc. : as, nauta, asailor. Also names of rivers in -a, as Sequana, the Seine. ButAllia, Albula, and 3fatrana are fem.

4. Adjectives of this declension are declined exactly like sub-stantives. Thus, Buna, fem. of Bonus, p. 35.* Greek nouns, of all declensions, liave been omitted. They will be found in theAppendix, and more fully in the Larger Orammar of this Series.t As there is no Article in Latin, mensa may mean either a table or the. tabic,

according to the sense required.


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SECOND DECLENSION. 17Singular. Plural.

Worn. B6n-a, fern., good (woman, &c.) Bon-ae, good (women, &c.)Gen. Bon-ae. Bon-arum.Dat. Bon-ae. Bon-is.Ace. Bon-am. Bon-asVoc. Bon-a. Bon-ae.Abl. Bon-a. Bon-is.

Jqufl-a, an eagle.Fund-a, a sling.Port-a, a gate.

LIST OF WORDS TO BE DECLINED.FEMININE.

The three following like frjua, a mare.Filia: Serv-a, a slave.Da, a goddess.

Agricffl-a, a farmer.Belg-a, a Belgian.

MASCULINE.Co!leg-a, a colleague.Naut-a, a sailor.

Poet-a, a poet.Scrib-a, a scribe.

ADJECTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE TOGETHER.Ancilla sldula, a diligent

maid-servant.Luna plena, the full moon.

Mula parva, a small she-mule.

Porta aperta, an open gate.

Puella pulchra, a beautifulgirl.

SECTION III.SECOND DECLENSION".

1. Nouns of the Second Declension end in the nom. sing, in -us,-er, -ir, -ur, and -mot. The gen. sing, ends in -i.

Plural.Serv-I, slaves.

Singular.Nom. Serv-iis, masc, a slave.Gen. Serv-i, of a slave.Dat. Serv-6, to or for a slave.Ace. Serv-fim, a slave.Voc. Serv-e, slave IAbl. Serv-6, from, tic., a slave.

Serv-5rum, of slaves.Serv-Is, to orfor slaves.Serv-6s, slaves.Serv-I, slaves !Serv-Is. from, tic, slaves.

LIST OF WORDS TO BE DECLINED.J gnus, m., a lamb.Amicus, m., a friend.Annus, m , a year.Acinus, m., an ass.

Campus, m., a plain.Certus, m., a stag.Hortus, m., a garden.Liipus, m., a wolt

ADJECTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE.

Magnus, m. adj., great.Maius, {., an apple tree.Parvus, m. adj., small.Ramus, m., a branch.

Amicus fidus, a faithfulfriend.

Hortus amplus, a spaciousgarden.

Mains parva, a small applotree.


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18 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.2. Words ending in -r are declined like servits. They seem to

have ended originally in -us, but the inflexion of the nom. and of thevoe. has been lost. Thus :

Singular. Plural.Nom. Piier, uiasc, a boy. Piier-I, boys.Gen. Puer-I, of a boy. Puer-orum, of boys.Dat. Puer-6, to or for a boy. Puer-Is, to or for boys.Ace. Puer-urn, a boy. Puer-os, boys.Voe. Puer, boy/ Puer-I, boys /Abl. Puer-6, from, dc.,a boy. Puer-Is, from, &c., boys.

LIST OF WORDS TO BE DECLINED.Asper, m. adj., rough.Liber, m., the god Liber or

Bacchus. (No plur.)Liber, m. adj., free.Liber-i, -drum, m., (no

sing.,) children.

Miser, m. adj., wretched.Tener, m. adj., tender.

ADJECTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE.Gener cuius, a dear son-in-law. Sdcer beatus, a happy father-in-law.

3. In most nouns ending in -r, the e of the nom. is not part ofthe stem, but is merely euphonic, and is lost in the oblique cases(see note *, p. 20) : as,

. Singular. Plural.Nom. Magister, masc, a master. Magistr-I, masters.Gen. Magistr-I, of a master. Magistr-orum, of masters.Dat. Magistr-6, to orfor a master. Magistr-Is, to oxfor masters.Ace. Magistr-iim, a master. Magistr-6s, masters.Voe. Magister, master.' Magistr-I, masters/Abl. Magistr-6, from, dc, a Magistr-Is, from,


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SECOND DECLENSION. 19Singula r.

Nom. Vir, a man.Gen. Vir-i, of a man.Bat. Vir-6, to or for a man.Ace. Vir-um, a man.Voc. Vir, man !All. Vir-6, from, tic., a man.

Plural.Vir-I, men.Vir-orum, of men.Vir-Is, to or for men.Vir-6 s, men.Vir-i, men IVir-is, from, dc, men.

5. All words in -um are neuter. The following rule must be ob-served in their declension :Neuter nouns have the nom., ace, and voc. alike in each number ;

and in the plural these cases end in -a.Singular.

Nom. Mal-um, neut., an apple.Gen. Mal-I, of an apple.Bat. Mal-6, to orfor an apple.A cc. Mal-um, an apple.Voc. Mal-iim, apple!All. Mal-6, from, dc., an apple.

Plural.Mal-a, apples.Mal-orum, of apples.Mal-is, to or for apples.Mal-a, apples.Mal-a, O apples/Mal-is, from, d-c, apples.

LIST OF WORDS TO BE D1XLINEDCollum, n., the neck.Donum, n., a gift.FOlium, n., a leaf.

Ovum, n., an egg.I'Oculum, n., a cup, bowl.

Sigmim, n., a statue, sign.Templum, n., a temple.

ADJECTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE.Helium longum, a tedious war. Arvum latum, a wide field.Ovum magnum, a large egg. Oppidum parvum, a small town.

6. Gender.Substantives in -us, -er, and -ur are generally masc.;those in -um are neut.7. Deus, god, has the voc. sing, like the nom. ; in the nom. and

voc. plur. it has dii (contracted into di) as well as dei; and in thedat. and abl., diis (contracted into dis) as well as deis. Thus :

Singular.Nom. Le-us, m. , a god.Gen. De-i, of a god.Bat. De-6, to or for a god.Ace. De-iim, a god.Voc. De-iis, god IAbl. He-Q,from,


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20 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.8. Adjectives which have the masc. in -us or -er, and the neut. in

-um, are declined like nouns of this declension. The masc. in -ushas the same inflexions as servus; in -er, the same as puer ormagister; and the neut. in -um, the same as malum. The fern, formin -S, belongs to the First Declension, and follows the inflexions ofmenace Thus, bonus (m.), bona (f.), and bonum (n.), good ; tener (m),tenera (f.), and tenerum (n.), tender. (See p. 35.)

SECTION IV.THIRD DECLENSION.

1. In the First and Second Declensions the stem of a noun maybe easily distinguished, even in the nom. ; but in the Third Declen-sion it is so disguised, by the omission of consonants or the modifica-tion of vowels, that it cannot be known without reference to one ofthe oblique* cases. The following arrangement groups the nounsof this declension in Seven Classes, according to the change whichtakes place on the stem in the nom.

2. The gen. sing, ends in -is, and the dat. in -i. It will be ob-served that the nom., ace, and voc. plur. are the same in form.

CLASS I.3. The First Class contains those nouns which have the pure


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THIRD DECLENSION. 21LIST OF WORDS TO BE DECLINED.

Anser, anseY-is, m. or f., agoose.

Arbor, arbffr-is, f., a tree.Caesar, Caesar-is. m., Cae-

sar. (No plur.)Consul,consul-is,m.,& consulDilor, dolor-is, m., grief.

Exul, exUlis, m. or f., anexile.

Fur, furis, m., a thief.(Gen. plur. -um or -ium.)

Gravior, gravior-is, m. andf. adj., heavier. (Abl. sing.-e or -i; gen. plur. -um.)

MuHer, mutter-is, {., awoman.Pastor, pastor- is, m., ashepherd.

Sol, Soils, m., the sun.(Wants gen. plur.)

Timor, timor-is, in., fear.ADJECTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE.

Fur malus, a wicked thief.Pastorfidus, a faithful shepherd.

Sol cldrus, a bright snn.Sdror blanda, a kind sister.

4. To this class belong nouns like pate)- and mater, which omit ein the oblique cases, so that the gen. is patris, and not pateris.

Obs.Iter, n., a journey, has Utner-is, from the old form of thenora, itiner.

Singular. Plural.(3.) Nom. Frater, m., a brother. Fratr-es, brothers.

Gen. Fratr-is, of a brother. Fratr-um, of brothers.Dai. Fratr-I, to orfor a brother. Fratr-Ibus, to or for brothers.Ace. Fratr-Sm, a brother. Fratr-es, brothers.Voc. Frater, brother/ Fratr-es, brothers/Abl. Fratr-e, from, dc, a Fratr-Ibus, from,


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22 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR,LIST OF WORDS TO BE DECLINED.

Acquor,* acquOr-is, n., tliesea.

Cadaver, cadaver-is, n., acorpse.

Calcar, calcar-is. n., aspur.

Fulgur, fulgHr-ti, n., light-ning.Papaver, papaver-is, n., apoppy.

Uber, tibPr-is, n., anudder.

Yds, vas-is, n., a vessel. (PI-vas-a, -orum, 2nd Decl.)

Yectigal, vectigul-is, n., re-venue.Ver, ver-is, n., spring. (Noplur.)

6. The adjective par, equal to, is declined in its ruasc. and fern,like honor, and in its neut. like animal. (See p. 39.)

CLASS II.7. To the Second Class belong those nouns which, in the nom.,

add a letter (usually s or e) to the pure stem : as,Singular.

(1.) Nom. TTrb-s, f., a city.Gen. TJrb-Is, of a city.Dat. TJrb-I, to or for a city.Ace. Urb-em, a city.Voc. TJrb-s, city IA bl. TJrb-e, from,


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THIRD DECLENSION. 238. As x is equal to cs or gs (see p. 10, 7), all nouns ending in x

belong to this class : as, dux = dues; lex = legs.Singular.

(3.) Nora. Lex, f., a law.Gea. Leg-is, of a law.Bat. Leg-i, to or for a law.Ace. Leg-em, a law.Voc. Lex, law !All. Leg-e, from, die, a law.

(4.) Nom. Dux, m. or f., a leader.Gen. Due-is, of a leader.

&c.

Plural.Leg-es, laws.Leg-urn, of laws.Leg-ibus, to ox for laws.Leg-es, laws.Leg-es, laws 1Leg-ibus, from,


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24 ELEMENTARY LATJN GRAMMAR.LIST OF WORDS TO BE DECLINED.

FObls, nCb-O, , a clond.Rupes, rup-is, , a rock.

Vulpes, vulp-is, {,, a fox.Tales* tat-ls, m. or , a prophet

Singular. Plural.(2.) Xom. Host-Is, m. or f., an enemy. Host-is, enemies.

Gen. Host-is, of an enemy. Host-ium, of enemies.Dat. Host-i, to or for an enemy. Host-ibus, to or for enemies.Ace. Host-em, an enemy. Host-es, enemies.Voc. Host-is, enemy/ Host-es, enemies IAll. Host-e, from, dc. , an enemy. Host-ibus, from, dec., enemies,

LIST OF WORDS TO EE DECLINED.Collis, eoll-is, m., a hill.Gravis, gr&v-is, m. and f. adj., heavy.Litis, lev-is, m. and adj., lightMentis, ment-is, m., a month.Mitis, mil-is, m. aDd adj., mild.

Obs.Some words in -is have -im in the ace. sing., and -i in theabl. ; and some have -em or -im, and -e or -i.

Amnis, amn-is,\ m., a river.Auris, aur-is, L, an ear.Atis, av-is, , a bird.Brevis, brev-it, ra. and adj., short.Civis, civ-is, ra. or , a citizen.

] 1 . Many adjectives are declined in the masc. and fern, like hostis,and in the neut. like rete. (See grams, p. 38.)

CLASS IV.12. The Fourth Class includes thyose nouns which drop the last

letter of the stem in the nom. : as, sermo (for sermon), gen. sermon-is; lac (for lacij, gen. lact-is; cor (for cord), gen. cord-is; po'ew.a(for poemat), gen. poemdt-is; rnel (for melt), gen. mell-is; 6s (foross), gen. oss-is.

Singular.(1.) Nom. Sermo, rn., conversation.

Gen. Sermon-Is, of conversation.Dat. Sermon-I, to conversation.Ace. 8ermon-em, conversation.Voc. Sermo, conversation/All. Sermon-e, from, dec, con-venation.

Plural.Sermon-es, conversations.Sermon-urn, of conversations.Sermon-Ibus, to conversations.Sermon-es, conversations.Sermon-es, conversations/Sermon-Ibus, from, dec, con-versations.

Valts has -um in the gen. plur.t Amnis, avis, citis, and collis have either or -' (though usually -) in the ubL

sing.; but gratis, levis, mitis, and brlvii have -t only. Mentis has sometimes -um inthe gen. plur.


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THIRD DECLENSION. 25LIST OF WORDS TO BE DECLINED

Latro, m., a robber.Ltgio, f, a legion.Leo, m., a lion.

Lfgo, m., a mattock.Oratio, f., a speech.IWvo, ai., a peacock.

Praeco, m., a public ci icr.Pracdo, m., a robber.Ratio, f , reason.

Singular.(2.) Nom. Cor, neut., the heart.

Gen. Cord-is, of the heart.Dat. Cord-i, to or for the heart.Ace. Cor, the heart.Voc. Cor, heart I

Plural.Cord-a, hearts.(Cord-ium, or-um, of hearts.)Cord-ibus, to or for hearts.Cord-a, hearts.Cord-a, hearts/

Abl. Cord-e, from, dr., the heart. Cord-ibus, from, dr., hearts.

LIST OF WORDS TO BE DECLINED.Dogma, dogmat-is, n., an

opinion.Fil, fell-is, n., bile- (No

gen. plur.)

Imc, lact-is, n., milk. (No pi.)Hit, mell-is, n., honey.(Wants sen., dat, andabl. plur.)

5s, oss-is, n., a bone, (Gen.plur. in -turn.)

Poema, poimat-is, n., apoem.

06s.Words in -ma, like poema, usually make the dat. and abl.plur. in -is, instead of -ibus ; as poematis, for poematlbus.

CLASS V.13. To the Fifth Class belong those nouns which omit d or t

in the nom., before the final s: as, laus (for lauds), gen. laud-is, f.,praise ; frons (for fronts), gen. front-is, f., the forehead. In oneword n is dropped; viz., sanguis (for sanguins), gen. sanguln-is,m., blood.

Singular.(1.) Xom. Laus, f., praise.

Gen. Laud-is, of praise.Dat. Laud-I, to or for praise.Aec. Laud-Sm, praise.Voc. Laus, praise/Abl. Laud-e, from, dr., praise.

(2.) Nom, Frons, f., the forehead.Gen. Front-Is, of the forehca d.Dat. Front-I, to the forehead.Ace. Front-Sm, the forehead.Voc. Frons, forehead.'Abl. Front-e, from, dkc., the fore-

head. *

Plural.Laud-es, praise,':.Laud-um, ofpraises.Laud-ibus, to orfor praises.Laud-es, praises.Laud-es, praises/Laud-ibus, from, dr., praises.Front-es, foreheads.Front-ium, offoreheads.Front-ibus, to foreheads.Front-es,foreheads.Front-es, foreheads/Front-ibus, from, dr., fore-

heads.


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2G ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.Singular.

(3.) A'om. Lapis, m., a alone.Gen. Lapid-is, of a stone.Dat. Lapid-i, to or for a stone.Ace. Lapid-em, a stone.Voc. lapis, stone!All. Lapid-e, from, &c, a stone.

Plural.Lapid-es, stones.Lapid-um, of stones.Lapid-ibus, to or for stones.Lapid-es, stones.Lapid-es, stones!Lapid-ibus, from,


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firmrii, carmtn-it, n.. apoem.

Sbilr, ibOr-ts, n., ivory.(Plur. rare.)

Flumcn, fluinXn-is, n., ariver.

Ordmeii, yriimin-is, n.,grass.

NUmen, mimln-is, n., adeity.

IJeclen, pectln-Ts, m. acomb.

ADJECTIVE AND SUBSTANTIVE.Carmen gratum, a pleasing I Peclen Zburncus, an ivory [ Grdmen rfrens, fresh grass,poem. | comb.

CLASS VII.16. In the Seventh Class are ranged those nouns in which thefinal letter of the stem is changed, in the nom., into s: as, mos (for

mor), gen. mor-is ; fios (for flor), gen. flor-is :Singular.

(1.) Nom. Flos, in., a,flower.Gen. F16r-Is, of a flower.Dat. Flor-I, to or for aflower.Ace. Flor-em, a flower.Vuc. Flos, flower I

Plural.Flor-es, /ewers.Flor-um, offlowers.Flor-ibus, to or forflowers.Flor-es, flowers.Flor-es, flowers!

All. Flor-e, from, &c., a flower. Flor-ibus, from, dr., flowers.(2.) Nam. Crus, h., a leg.

Gen. Crur-is, of a leg.Dat. Crur-i, to or for a leg.A cc. Crus, a leg.Vnc. Crus, leg IAll. Crur-e, from, &c., a kg.

Crur-a, legs.Crur-um, of legs.Crur-ibus, to orfor legs.Crur-a, legs.Crur-a, legs 1Crur-ibus, from, &c, legs.

LIST OF WORDS TO BE DECLINED.Aes, aer-is, n., brass.

(Wants gen. plur.)Jus, fur-is, n., law, light..!/


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28 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.not yet exemplified, which exhibit the peculiarities of more than oneclass. Thus (1.) Judex, which makes the gen. judlc-is, adds s to thestem, like the nouns of Class II.; and also changes the last vowel ofthe stem, like those of Class VI. So also vertex, gen. vert'ic-is ;princeps, gen. princXp-is ; and many others. (2.) Homo, cardo,imago, and such like, drop the final n of the stem, like sermo,Class IV. ; and change the last vowel of the stem, like Class VI.(3.) Miles, equSs, dives, and many others, omit t before s, like ClassV.; and change the final vowel of the stem, like Class VI.(4.) Corpus, tempus, vvlnus, funus, &c, change the last vowel ofthe stem, as the nouns of Class VI.; and substitute s for r, like thoseof Class VII. Thus:


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Arunilo, arundln-is, t, areed.

Cardo, eardin-is, m., ahinge.Grando, grandin-is, f., hall.

Imago, (mcigln-is, {., anImage.

Nemo, ?>eml!}-is, no one.(Wants voc. sing, and allthe plur.; abl. sing, rare.)

Ordo, ordtn-is, m., order.Virgo, virgin-it, t, amaiden.

Obs.Caro, f., flesh, stern carin-, drops the i ia the oblique cases;as, gen. curnis, dat. carni, &c.

Singular.(3.) Norm. MI15s, m., a soldier.

Gen. Milit-is, of a soldier.Dal. Milit-i, to or for a soldier.A cc. Milit-em, a soldier.Voc. Miles, soldier I

Plural.Milit-es, soldiers.Milit-um, of soldiers.Milit-ibus, to or for soldiers.Milit-es, soldiers.Milit-es, soldiers!

Abl. Milit-e, from,


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80 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.]f). The adjective gravior, heavier, is similarly declined; the

niaso. and fem. like honor, and the neut. like corjms. (Seep. 38.)

20. A few nouns are quite irregular, and cannot, be placed underany one of the above classes. Their forms are therefore givenseparately :


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FOURTH DECLENSION. 31

ABSTRACT VIEW OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.CLASS.

I. Pure stem in the Nominative.Consul. Honor.Consul-is. Honor-is.

op4

II. Z,e/ter added to stem.Urb-s. Dux (=duc-s).Urb-is. Due-is.

III. Vowel inserted.Nav-i-s. Clad-e-s.Nav-is. Clad-is.NOUNS WITH PECULIARITIES

CLASSES. NOM.(1.) II. and VI. Judex(2.) IV. and VI. Homo(8.) V. and VI. Miles(4.) VI. and VI f. Corpus

ci.asIV.

OF

Last letter of stem dropped.Serino. Lac, .Sermon-is. Lact-is.

V. Letter thrown out be/ore s.Aetas. Laus.Aetat-i*. Laud-is.

VI. Last vowel of stem changed.Nomen, n. Caput, n.Nomin-is. Capit-is.

VII. Last consonant of stem changed.Flos. Arbos {or Arbor).Flor-is. Arbor-is.

MORE TUAN ONE CLASS.STEM. GEN.

(Judic-)(Homin-)(Milit-)(Corpor-)

Judic-is.Homin-is.Milit-is.Corpor-is.

SECTION V.FOURTH DECLENSION.1. The nouns of the Fourth Declension end, in the nom., in -its,

or -a. Those in -us are masc. or fem., and those in -a neut.Singular.

Nom. Fruct-us, m., fruit.Gen. Fruct-us, offruit.

Fruct-ui, to or for fruit.Fruct-um, fruit.Fruct-us, fruit IFruct-u, from, disc, fruit.

Nom. Gen-u, n., a knee.Gen. Gen-us, of a knee.

Gen-u, to or for a knee.Gen-u, a knee.Gen-u, knee:Gen-u, from, dr., a knee.

DatAce.Voc,All.

DatAce.VocAll.

Plural.Fruct-us, fruits.Fruct-uum, offruits.Fruct-Ibus, to orforfruits.Yru.ct-us, fruits.Fruct-iis, fruits!Fruct-Ibus, from, &c., fruits.Gen-ua, knees.Gen-uum, of knees.Gen-ibus, to or for knees.Gen-ua, knees.Gen-ua, kmGen-ibus, from, dr., km


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32 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.2. Several nouns of this declension have also forms belonging tothe Second; as, senatus, gen. senatus or senati. Domus is declined

as follows :Plural.Dom-us.

Dom-uum, or domorum.Dom-ibus.Dom-ds {or domus).Dom-iis.Dom-ibus.

Singular.JVom. Dom-us, f,, a house.Gen. Dom-us,*Dat. Dom-ui {rarely domo).Ace. Dom-fim.Voc. Dom-iis.Abl. Dom-5 {rarely domu).06s. 1.Words in -cus (and -cu), and also tribus, a tribe; artus,a joint; partus, a birth; portus, a harbour; vZru, a spit; andone or two others, make the dat. and abl. plur. in -ubus, insteadof -ibus. Portus and veru have also -ibus.

Obs. 2.The following couplet contains those nouns which havealways or usually -ubus in the dat. and abl. plur. :Arcus, acus, portus, quercus, ficus, add, and artus,Tribus, lacus, specus, too ; with vSm, pecu, partus.

LIST OF WORDS TO BE DECLINED.Acus, {., a needle,Arcus, m., a bow.Cantus, m., a song.Cornu, n., a horn.

Currus, m., a carriage.Exercitus, m., an army.Fluctus, m., a billow.Qrddus, m., a step.

ifaniis, f., a hand.NSrus, f., a daughter-in-law.Vullus, m., the face.V?ru, n., a spit.

3. Gender.The nouns of this declension which end in -us aregenerally masc. But the following are feni :-

(a) Names of trees ; as, quercus, an oak.(b) The words

Acus, a needle.Anus, an old woman.Coins, a distaff (also masc.)Domus, a house.Idus, (plur.), the Ides {lZth,

or, in some cases, the 1 5thof the month. )

Manus, a hand.

orNiirus, a daughter-in-laxo.PSnus, gen. -us, or -i (f.

m.,) provisions.Portlcus, a porch.Socrus, a mother-in-law.SpScus, a cave (usually masc,

rarely neut.)Tribus, a tribe.

4. Words in -u are neut. ; as, ge~nu, a knee.* Domi is used in the sense of "at homo.'


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FIFTII DECLENSION. 33

SECTION VI.FIFTH DECLENSION.

1. The nouns of the Fifth Declension have the nom. sing, in -esand the gen. in -ei.

SlNOULAR.Nom. Di-es, m. or f., a day.Gen. Di-ei, of a da;/.Bat. Di-ei, to or for a day.Ace. Di-em, a day.Voc. Di-es, day IAll. Di-e, from, &c, a day.Nom. R-es, f. , a thing.Gen. R-ei, of a thing.hat. R-ei, to or for a thing.Ace. R-em, a thing.Voc. R-es, thing/All R-e,/roro, etc., a thing.

Plural.Di-es, m., days.Di-erum, of days.Di-ebus, to or for days.Di-es, days.Di-es, days IDi-ebus, from, Ac, days.R-es, things.R-erum, of things.R-ebus, to or for things.R-es, things.R-es, things/R-ebus, from, dec., things.

2. Dies and res are the only words of this declension which havethe plur. complete. The seven substantives, acies, effigies, fades,glacies, sSries, species, and spes, have the nom., ace., and voc. plnr.The other substantives of this declension want the plur. altogether.

Ols. 1.In the gen. and dat. sing, the letter e is long when a vowelprecedes it, short when a consonant goes before : as, di-e-i; butr-?-i, fid-S-i.

Obs. 2.All the substantives of this declension end in -ies, exceptthree,res, a thing; spes, hope; and fides, faith, Plebes (anotherform of plebs), the common people, also ends in -es.

3. Gender.The words of the Fifth Declension are all fern., exceptdies, a day, which in the sing, is sometimes masc. and sometimesfern., but in the plur. masc. only. The compound merldies is masc.LIST OF WORDS TO BE DECLINED.*Jeies, an army.Caesaries, a head of hair.

Fades, a face.Fides, faith

Glides, ice.Mdieriet, material.

* See No. 2 of this Section.3


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GENERAL VIEW OF ALL THE DECLENSIONS.

Nom.Gen.Dat.Ace.Voc.All.


1 Decl.Mens-a.Mens-ae.Mens-ae.Mens-am.Mens-a.Mens-a.

2 Decl.Serv-us.Serv-I.Serv-6.Serv-iim.Serv-8.Serv-o.

bINGULAR.3 Decl.Honor.Honor-is.Honor-I.Honor-em.Honor.Honor-e.

Plural.Mens-ae. Serv-I.Mens-arum. Serv-orum.Mens-Is. Serv-Is.Mens-as. Serv-5s.Mens-ae. Serv-I.Mens-Is. Serv-Is.

4 Decl.Fruct-iis.Fruct-iis.Fruct-iii.Fruct-um.Fruct-us.Fruct-ii.

5 Decl.Di-es.Di-ei.Di-ei.Di-eni.Di-es.Di-e.

H6nor-es. Fruct-iis. Di-es.Honor-um. Fruct-uum. Di-erum.Honor-ibiis. Fruct-Ibus. Di-ebus.Honor-es. Fruct-iis. Di-es.Honor-es. Fruct-iis. Di-es.Honor-Ibus. Fruct-ibus. Di-ebus.

CHAPTEE V.ADJECTIVES.SECTION I.

INFLEXION OF ADJECTIVES.1. An adjective is a word \ised with a noun to denote some

quality or attribute, or to indicate some fact : as, bonus puer, agood boy ; tres equi, three horses.

2. Adjectives may be divided into three classes :(1.) Those which have three formsone for each gender: as,

Idnus, masc, good ; bdna, fem., good ; bdnum, neut., good:tener, masc, tender; tenera, fem., tender; tenerum, neut.,tender : celer, masc, swift ; cSleris, fem., swift ; celere,neut., swift.

(2.) Those which have two formsone for the masc. and fem. incommon, and one for the neut. : as, gravis, masc, heavy ;gravis, fem., heavy; grave, neut., heavy: grdvior, masc,heavier ; grdvior, fem., heavier ; gravius, neut., heavier.


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INFLEXION OF ADJECTIVES. 35(3.) Those which have only one form in the nora. for all genders :

as, filix, masc., happy; felix, fern., happy ; ftlix, neut.,happy : par, masc, equal ; par, fern., equal ; far, neut.,equal : sapiens, masc, wise ; sapiens, fern., wise ; sapiens,neut., wise.

CLASS I.3. In adjectives of three forms, in -us, -a, -urn (as bonus), themasc is declined like servus, the fern, like mensa, and the neut. like

malum. Hence these are called adjectives of the First and SecondDeclensions. In those of the Third Declension (as celer), the mascis declined like anser (p. 20), the fern, like hostis (p. 24), and the neut.like rete (p. 22). When the nom. neut. ends in -e, the abl. sing, ends in -i.

Obs. Celer, deer, and such adjectives, have the masc. occasionallyin -is: as, deer or dcris, masc; dcris, fern.; acre, neut.: so celeror ceteris.

BONUS, m., BONA, f., BONUM, n., good.


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INFLEXION OF ADJECTIVES. 37LIST OF WORDS TO BE DECLINED.

(1.) AmaniJ-iis, -a, -urn, (deserving) tobe loved.

Amatilr-us, -a, -urn, about to love.Amat-us, -a, -urn, loved.Gravissim-us, -a, -urn, heaviest.Lat-us, -a, -um, broad.life-us, -u, um, my.*Mull-us, -a, -um, much (many)Parv-us, -a, -um, small.

{2.) Asper, asper-a, asptr-um, rough.

Liber, liber-a, liher-um, free.(3.) Niger, nigra, nigrum, black.

Nostcr, nostra, nostrum, our.Pulc/ier,pukhra, pulchrum, beautiful.

(4.) Acer, or acris, acris, acre, sharp.CelS-ber, or -bris, Celebris, celebre, fa-

mous.Piter, or pulris, puiris, putre, rotten.Vuliicer, or rolucris, volucris, volucre,

swift.

4. The following adjectives of this declension have the gen. sing.in -ius, and the dat. in -i, for all genders ; in the other cases of thesing, and plur. they are like bdnus; viz. :

Ullus, any. Totus, all, whole. Alter, one (of two.)Nullus, none. Onus, one. titer, which (of two.)Solus, alone. Alius, one (of many.) Neuter, neither (of two.)

NULLUS, NULLA, NULLUM, none.SlNQULAR.

Fern. Kent.Null-a. Null-um.Null-Ius. Null-ius.Null-I. Null-i.Null-am. Null-iim.Null-a Null-6.Plural.Niill-ae. Null-a.Null-arum. Null-orum.Null-is. Null-is.Null-as. Null-a.Null-is. Null-is.

5. Alius is similarly declined, except that the nora., ace, andvoc. sing. neut. end in -ud instead of -um.

ALIUS, ALIA, ALIUD, another.Singular.

Masc. Fern. Neut.Nom. Alius. Alia. Aliiid.Gen. Alius. Alius. Alius.Dat. Alii. Alii. Alii.Ace. Alium. Aliam. Aliud.All. Alio Alia. Alio.


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INFLEXION OF ADJECTIVES. 39

(1.) Bvlv-is, -is, -e, short.Dulc-is, -is, -e, sweet.Fort-is, -is, -e, brave.Omn-is, -is, -e, every, all

LIST OF WOUDS TO BE DECLINED.(2.) ISrevi or, -or, -11% shorter.

Docti-or, -or, -us, more learned.Dulci-or, -or, -us, sweeter.Maj-or, -or, -us, greater.

CLASS III.7. Adjectives of one form belong to the Third Declension. Thus,

feliv is declined like lex (p. 23), par like honor (p. 20), and sapienslike frons (p. 25). In the neut. of all these, the rule for thedeclension of neut. nouns (p. 19, 5) of course applies.


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40 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.LEGENS, LEGENS, LEGENS, choosing.


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INFLEXION OF ADJECTIVES. 41SIMPLEX, SIMPLEX, SIMPLEX, simple.


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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 435. The Superlative degree is used to indicate that one individual

(person or thing), or set of individuals, possesses a certain quality orattribute in a greater measure than any other individual or set ofindividuals of the class spoken of; as, magister est doctissimusomnium, the master is the most learned of all.

Obs. 1.It must be noted that the Latins often use the comparativedegree as equal to " rather " or " too " in English : as, callidior,rather cunning, too cunning; i.e., more cunning than one oughtto be.

Ols. 2.In like manner the superlative is used as equal to " very;"as, callidissimus, very cunning.

G. The comparative degree is formed by adding -ior, m., -tor, f.,-ius, n., to the stem of the positive ; as,FOSITIVE.


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44 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.8. Exceptions :(1.) When the positive ends in -r, the superlative takes -rlmus;

as,


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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 45

IRREGULAR COMPARISON.9. Some adjectives form the degrees of

entirely different from those of the positivesPositive.

Bonus, good.Malus, bad.Magnus, great.Parvus, little.Multus, much.Friigi (imlecl.), discreetSenex, old.Juvenis, young.

Obs. \.Nequam, worthless, is regularObs. 2.Plus is used most commonly asace, and gen. sing., and only in theplur. it is a regular adjective, plures,gen. plur-ium, &c.

Comparative.Melior, better.Pejor, worse.Major, greater.Minor, less.Plus, more.Frugalior.Senior.Junior.

comparison from stems; as,

Superlative.Optimus, best.Pessimus, worst.Maximus, greatest.Minimus, least.Plurimus, most.Frugalissimus.Natu maximus.Natu minimus.

,nequ-ior, nequ-issimus.a substantive in the nom.,neut. gender ; but in theplures, plura (or 2)luria),

10. A few adjectives have two forms in the superlative ; as,-Positive. Comparative. Superlative.

Exter-us, -a, -urn, being \ VTtMnr mU fExtremus, (sometimesoutside | exterior, our. -^ extimus,) the last.fPostremus, the last;

(Poster-us), -a, -um, being Posterior, further ) and Postumus, onebehind. back, later. ~S born after hisfather's\ death.

(Supremus, the last (in(Super-us), -a, -um, being 1 Supgrior) higher. < time) ; summus, the' I highest.have no proper positive, but the positiveor other indeclinable words ; as,Comparative. Superlative.Anterior. Citerior. Citimus.Deterior. Deterrimus.Interior. Intimus.Ocior. Ocissimus.Prior. Primus.Propior. Proximus.Sequior, (n. sequius Ulterior, [orsecius. Ultimus.

above.

11. A few adjectivesstem appears in adverbs

Positive.(Ante, before.)(Citra, on this side.)(De, down.)(Intra, within.)(ilKVi, swift.)(Pris, or prae, before.)(Prope, near.)(Secus, otherwise.)(Ultra, beyond.)


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4G ELEMENTAKY LATIN GRAMMAR.

CHAPTER VI.THE NUMERALS.1. An important class of adjectives consists of those indicatingnumber or amount. They are called Numerals.2. The four principal classes of numerals are(1.) The Cardinal, or chief Numerals, which express the number

of tilings absolutely: as, unus, one; duo, two, &c.(2.) The Ordinal Numerals, which express the order in whichsome object stands in a series : as, primus, first (in order) ;

secundus, second (in order), &c.(3.) The Distributive Numerals, indicating how many each time,

or to each individual : as, hint, two at a time, or two each ;deni, ten at a time, or ten each, or by tens.

(4.) Multiplicative, or Adverbial Numerals, which indicate howoften a thing is repeated : as, ter mille, thrice a thousand,i.e., three thousand ; sexies, six times.

3. Of the Cardinals, the first three are declinable ; but all thosefrom four up to one hundred are indeclinable. The hundreds, fromtwo hundred up to one thousand, are regularly declined like the plur.of bonus: as, ducent-i, -ae, -a; ducent-orum, -arum, -orum, &c.The Ordinals are regular adjectives, like bonus : as, terti-us, -a, -um;terti-i, -ae, -i, &c.

4. Unus, one, is thus declined (see p. 37, 4) :


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43 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.CAnniNAi.s.

30. Triginta.40.50.60.70.80.90.

100.101.

102.200.300.400.500.600.700.800.900.

1,000.2,000.

10,000.100,000.

Qu.ldraRlnta.QnlnqaSgtnta.Sexaginta.SeptuiiRinta.Octoglnta.Nontiginta.Centum.Centum etun-"}

us, or cent- \urn unus. jCentum et duo.

Ducentl, ae, a.Trgcenti, ae, a.Quadringenti, )

ae, a. )Quingenti, ae, a.Sexcenti, ae, a.Septlngenti,

ae, a.OctinRenti,

ae, a.Nongenti, ae, a.Mille.Duo millia, or

bis mille,Decern millia.Centum millia.

ORDINALS.' Trieesimus, or tri- 1

gesimus. jQuadruge'simus.Qulnquagesiimis.Sexagesimus.Septuageslmus.Octogesimus.Nonagesimus.Centeslmus.Centeslmus primus.

Centesimus secundus.Ducentesimus.Treeentesimus.

DISTKIBUTIVRS. MIir.TIPLICA-TIV1C3 (ADV.) TricBni. Tricies.QuadragEnl.Quinquageni.Sexageni.Septuageul.Octogeni.Nonageni.CentenL

[ Centeni sin-

Centeni bini.Ducenl.Trecenl.

Quadragles.Qulnquagies.Sexagies.Septuagles.Octogies.Nonagies.Centles.

Centies semel.

Centles bis.Ducenties.Trecenties.

Quadringentesimus. Quadringeni. Quadringenties.Quingenteslmus.Sexcenteslmus.

Quingeni.Sexceni.

Septingentesimus. SeptingenL

}

Octingentesimus.Nongentesimus.Millesimus.Bis millesimus.Decies millesimus.Centies millesimus.

Octingeni.Nongeni.Singula millia.Blna millia.Dena millia.

Quingenties.Sexcenties.Septingentiea.

Octingenties.Nongenties.Millies.

Bis mi Hies.Decies millies.

Centena millia. Centies millies.

7. Mille, one thousand, is indeclinable in the sing., and is usedas an adjective ; e.g., mille milites, one thousand soldiers ; some-times, however, it is used as a substantive,mille militum, onethousand soldiers. But in the plur. it is declined regularly, millia,millium, &c, and is almost always used as a substantive ; e.g., duomillia militum, two thousand soldiers.

06s.When a smaller number follows the thousands, the gen. isnot found ; as, duo wAllia quingenti homines, two thousand fivehundred men.

8. Between twenty and one hundred, if the larger number is putfirst, no conjunction is required; &s,vigi)iti quinque, twenty-five ;but if the smaller number come first, we must say, quinque et viginti,just as in English, five and twenty. Above one hundred the largernumber precedes ; as, centum quadraginta quatuor, or centum etquadraginta quatuor.

9. The two numbers preceding any of the tens,e.g., eighteen,


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NUMERALS. 49nineteen, twenty-eight, twenty-nine, &care best expressed bysubtraction : as, duodeviqinti, two from twenty, i.e., eighteen ;undetriginta, one from thirty, i.e., twenty-nine.

10. In expressing the year in which an event happened, the ordi-nals are used ; e.g., 1865 will be, anno millesimo octingentesimosexagesimo quinto.

11. The Roman symbols to indicate numbers are :ROMAN


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CHAPTER VIIPRONOUNS.1. A Pronoun is a word which is used to supply the place of a

substantive, or to point to some substantive going before or fol-lowing.

2. There are seven classes of Pronouns :I. The Personal or Substantive Pronouns.

II. The Reflexive Pronouns.III. The Possessive Pronouns.IV. The Demonstrative Pronouns.V. The Relative Pronoun.VI. The Indefinite Pronouns.VII. The Interrogative Pronouns.

SECTION I.TEE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

1. The Personal Pronouns are three :(a) Ego, I, nos, we, indicating the person or persons speaking-

first person.(b) Tu, thou, vos, you, indicating the person or persons spoken tosecond person.(c) Se, him, her, it, them, indicating the person or persons, thing

or things, spoken aboutthird person.2. N.B.Se is more frequently a reflexive pronoun than a personal,

since it doe3 not introduce a person independently, but refers tothe subject of its own clause (though sometimes to the subject ofthe principal clause). When a person or thing different fromthat represented by the subject is referred to, him, his, &c, mustbe expressed by the proper case of is, ea, id; ille, ilia, illud; or,hie, haec, hoc. The demonstrative, is, ea, id, is often used as thesubstantive pronoun of the third person.


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PRONOUNS. 51

Norn.Gen.Dat.Ace.Voc.All.


1 Pcrs.1go, /.Mei, of me.Mini, to or for me.Me, me.

Me, with, by, fromor in me.

Nos, we.Nostr-i, or -ura,o/M,Nobis, to or for us.Nos, us.

Nobis, with, from,d-c, us.

Singular.2 l'urs.

Tu, thou.Tui, of thee.Tibi, to or for thee.Te, thee.Tu, Mow.Te, with, d-c, tlice.

Plural.Vos, ye or you.Vestr-i,or -um,ofyou.Vobis, to or for you.Vos, you.Vos, ye or you.Vobis, with, from,

d-c, you.

3 Pel's.

Sui, o/ himself, &c.Sibi/o orfor himself,d-c.Se, himself,herself, itself.

Se, wii/i himself, dc.

Sui,


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SECTION IV.THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

1. A Demonstrative Pronoun is employed to draw special attentionto an object, or the description of an object. The demonstrativesare, hie, haec, hoc, this ; iste, ista, istud, that of yours, or thatnear you ; Hie, ilia, illud, that ; is, ea, id, this ; ipse, ipsa, ipsum,this very person, self; idem, eadem, idem, this person here, thesame.

2. Hie, haec, hoc, this near me, refers to what is near thespeaker, or to what has been most recently mentioned. Hence itis called the demonstrative of the first person. It is declined asfollows :


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54 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.7. Idem, e~adem, idem, this person here, the very man, the same,

is compounded of is, ea, id, and the suffix -dem. It is declinedlike is with -dem attached :


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PRONOUNS. 55

SECTION VI.THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

1. The Interrogative Pronouns are,(a) Quis, quae, quod, or quid, who, which, or what ?(b) Qui, quae, quod, who, which, or what ?(c) Uter, utra, utrum, which of two ?(d) Some compounds ; as, quisnam, ecquis, &c.

2. Quis, who, which, or what, differs little in its inflexion from t'lerelative pronoun :

Singular. Plural.Masc. Fem. Kent Masc. Fem. Neut.

Nom. Quis. Quae, Quod or quid. Qui. Quae. Quae.Gen. Cujus. Cujus. Cujus. Quorum. Quarum. Qudrum.Dat. Cui. Cui. Cui. Quibus. Quibus, Quibus.Ace. Quem. Quam. Quod or quid. Quos. Quas. Quae.All. Qu5. Qua. Quo. Quibus. Quibus. Quibus.3. The interrogative qui is declined exactly as the relative. Itrefers rather to the internal qualities and nature, while quis asks

merely for the name : quis est, who is he ? what is his name 1 qui est,what kind of a person is he ? what is his nature, disposition, &c. ?

SECTION VII.THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

1. The Indefinite Pronouns are used to speak of an individual(person or thing) of which nothing distinct is known or specified.They are,

(1.) Quis, quae, quod, or quid, any one, any; declined like theinterrogative.

(2.) Qui, quae, quod, any one ; declined like the relative.(H.) Aliquis, , aliquid, any one, some one ; used as a sub-stantive.(4.) Aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, any, some ; used as an adjective.(5.) Siquis, . siquid, if any one.(6.) tiiqui, siqua, siquod, if any.


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5G ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.(7.) Quisqvam, , quidquam, any one (no plur.).(8.) Quicunque, quaecvnque, quodcunque, whoever, whichever.(9.) Quisquis, quaequae, quidquid or quicquid, every one who,

whoever.(10.) Quidam, quaedam, qzcoddam or quiddam, a certain one.(11.) Quisque, quaeque, quodque or quidque, every one.(12.) Quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam or quidjriam, any one.(13.) Qulvls, quaevis, quodvis or quidvis, any one you please.(14.) Quilllet, quaelibet, quodlibet or quidlibet, any one you please.(15.) Ncquis, nequa, nequid, lest any one.

0?w. 1. In aliquis and aliqui, siquis and ncquis, those forms whichin the simple pronoun qui or quis end in -ae are made in -a; assiqua, for siquae, &c.

G&s. 2.Quisquam is not used in the sing, fem., nor in any part ofthe plur. It is used for any one, in negative clauses.Obs. 3.For the declension of ullus, nullus, uter, neuter, alius,&c, see pp. 37, 38.

2. Some words in Latin are mutually related, and hence arecalled correlatives. They are often considered as pronouns, though,strictly speaking, they are simple adjectives as,

Demonstrative. Indefinite.Talis, of that (or such a) kind. Qualis or quis, of what kind.Tantus, so great. Quantus, so great as, how great.

( Tot, so many. Quot, so many as, how many; with\ Totidem, just so many. several others.

06s.The indefinites in this list are also used as interrogatives.

CHAPTER VIIITHE VERB.SECTION I.

INTRODUCTORY.1. A VeiIb is that part of speech which is used to make an asser-

tion about something.2. Verbs are divided into two classes, according to their meaning :(1.) Transitive, in which the action or feeling is represented as

directed towards, or "passing over" to some object: as, /strike the dog ; he prawes his friend.


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VERBS. 57(2.) Intransitive,* in which (a) the action or feeling is repre-

sented as not directed towards, or " not passing over" to anobject, but as confined to the subject ; as, I run; I walk ;I reflect, (active intransitive :) or in which (b) a state orcondition is expressed; as, lam; I stand; I rejoice.

3. Verbs have two Voices, the Active and the Passive.t4. X.B.Intransitive verbs have only those parts of the passive voicewhich are used impersonally. Thus, we cannot say, curror, Iam run; but we can say, curritur, it is runthat is, people

run : not yugnatur, he is fought; but pugnatur, it (the battle)is fought.

5. DEroNEXT Verbs are those which have the inflexions of thepassive voice, but the meaning of the active. They are for the mostpart transitive verbs, though some of them are intransitive, andsome reflexive.

6. Neuter Passive Verbs are those which have an active formbut a passive meaning ; as, vCipulo, I am beaten.

7. Semi-deponents are those which have some of their tenses ofthe active form and some of the passive, with an active meaning inall : as, gaudeo, gdv'isus sum, gaudere, to rejoice; fldo, flsus sum,fldere, to trust.

8. A great many verbs of the passive voice are used in a reflexivesense: as, fallor, I deceive myself (i.e., I am deceived); vertor, Iturn myself ; versor, I turn myself, I stay in, or frequent, a place ;vehor, I ridei.e., I am carried.

MOOD.9. The Latin Verb has four Moods ; i.e., modes (modus) of re-

presenting a state or an action viz., the Indicative, Subjunctive,Imperative, and Infinitive.

10. Besides these there are certain forms which partake of the An activs transitive veib does not make complete sense without a noun after it

in the accusative case (or some other case, pen.. d:it., oi abl.), representing the object,whereas an intransitive verb does. Thus, he praises, does not make complete sensetill the person or thing praised is mentioned; but, I run, I walk, require no suchaddition. Many verbs are both transitive and intransitive: thus, exceilo, I go out,is intransitive; but exceda, I exceed, or, go beyond bounds, is transitive.

t Verb is derived from rcrburn, a word; VoiCB, from r-ox, a word, or saying;Activk, from the perf. part, of ago, to do; PASSIVE, from the perf. part, oi potior, tosuffer; Tkaksitivk, from transeo, to pass over.


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58 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.nature of the noun as well as of that of the verb, such as the Supine,Participles, and Gerund.

TENSE.11. Tense means time. All time is divided into three greatperiods-past, present, and future. Hence there are three leadingtenses, to indicate past time, present time, and future time.12. Thus, the leading or principal tenses are, the Present, Present-

Perfect, and Future ; the secondary or subordinate are, the Imper-fect, Pluperfect, and Perfect-Aorist.

13. The present, future, and present-perfect are sometimes calledthe Primary tenses; while the imperfect, perfect-aorist, and plu-perfect, are called the Historical tenses, because most frequentlyemployed in the narration of past events*14. There are two Numbers, Singular and Plural ; and threePersons in each number.15. Verbs are divided, according to their stems and inflexions,into four classes, called Conjugations, which are distinguished by the

termination of the present infinitive ; thus :I. The First Conjugation has -are, as amarg, to love.

II. The Second ... -erg, as monere, to warn.III. The Third ... -grg, as Iggerg, to choose.IV. The Fourth ... -irg, as audire, to hear.

16. The stem of amare is, properly speaking, ama-; of monere,mone-; and of audire, audi-; but for convenience in conjugation,and for the purpose of avoiding confusion, the four classes are printeduniformly as if the stem of each ended in a consonant,i.e., as ifam- were the stem of amare, mon- of monere, and aud- of audire,as leg- is of lege~re.

17. While ama-, as seen in the present imperative, is the primaryand proper stem of the whole verb, it will be found advantageous tomake use of certain secondary stems appearing in different tenses ofthe verb. Thus, while ama- or am- is the stem of all presents and

* But historians often ufe the present tense in narrating past events, to add vivid-ness and life to the story, by representing incidents as if passing before our eyes;us,"When this had been reported to Caesar, he loses no time in starting fromRome; he hastens into further Gaul, and reaches Geneva." Caes. Bell. Gall., Bk. /., 7.


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VERBS. 59imperfects, amav- (perfect) may be taken as a secondary stem run-ning through all the perfects and pluperfects ; and amat-, occurringin supines, future participle Act., and future subjunctives.

18. Thus there are four parts of the verb, which exhibit all thepossible stems (primary and secondary), namely, the Present Indica-tive, Perfect Indicative, Supine, and Present Infinitive. These arecalled the Principal Parts, because when they are once known everyother form of the verb may be readily ascertained.

19. The principal parts of the verbs which represent the fonrconjugations are as follows :


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CO ELEMENTAKY LATIN fiRAMMAl!.SECTION IIREGULAR

ACTIVEPrincipal PartsArao, Amavi,

INDICATIVE.S. Am-o (or -o), / am loving.

Ani-cis, thou art loving.Am-&t, he is loving.

P. Am-amiis, we are loving.Am-atis, ye or you arc loving.Am-ant, they ore loving.

S. Ani-abam, I was loving.Ani-abas, thou wast loving.Ain-abat, he was loving.

P. Am-abanius, we were loving.Aiu-abatis, you were lovirig.Am-iibant, they were loving.

S. Am-afco, / shall love.Am-abls, thou wilt love.Arn-abit, he will love.

P. Am-abimus, we shall love.Am-abitis, you will love.Am-abunt, they will love.

S. Amav-I, I haveAmav-isti, thou hastAinav-it, he has

P. Amav-imus, we haveAmav-istis, you haveAmav-erunt (-ere), they have

S. Amav-eram, / had loved.Amav-8ras, thou hadst loved.Amav-er&t, he had loved.

P. Arnav-Cramus, we had loved.Amav-Sratls, you had, loved.Amav-erant, they had loved.

SUBJUNCTIVE.Am-ein, / may love.Am-es, thou mayst love.Am-et, he may love.Am-emus, we may love.Am-etis, you may love.Am-ent, they may love.Ain-arein, / might or should love.Am-ares, thou miejhtst love.Am-ar5t, he might love.Am-aremfis, ire might love.Am-aretls, you might love.Am-arent, they might love.Amaturus sim, / mayAmaturus sis, thou maystAmaturus sit, he mayAmaturi simus, we mayAmaturi sltis, you mayAmaturi sint, they may

cZ

Amav-erim, I may have -sAmav-eris, thou mayst haveAmav-erit, he may haveAmav-erimiis, wemeiyhave j g,Amav-eritis, you may have 1Amav-erlnt, they may have JAruav-issem, / might or shd.Amav-isses, thou wouldstAmav-Isset, he wouldAraav-issemus, we shouldAmav-Issetls, you wouldAmav-Issent, they would

Amav-fero, I shallAmav-Sris, thou wiltAmav-Srlt, he will

P. Amav-Srimiis, we shallAmav-Sritis, you willAmav-erlnt, they will


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VKRllK. CI

VERBSFIRST CONJUGATION".VOICE.Amatum, Anmre, to love.

IMPERATIVE.


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62 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.REGULAR VERBS

PASSIVEPrincipal PartsAmor, Amatus


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VERBS. 63

FIRST CONJUGATION.VOICE.sum, Amari, to be loved.

IMPERATIVE.


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Gl ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.SECTION III.REGULAR VERBS

ACTIVEPrincipal PartsMonSo, Monui,


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VERBS. G5

SECOND CONJUGATION.VOICE.Monitum, Monere, to advise.

IMPERATIVE.


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CG l'Xr.MKNTAKY LATIN fJUAMMAR.

REGULAR VERBS-PASSIVE

Principal PartsMoncor, Monitus


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VERBS. 67

SECOND CONJUGATION.VOICE.sum, Moneri, to be advised.

IMPERATIVE.


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G8 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.SECTION IV.-REGULAR VERBS

ACTIVEPrincipal PartsLego, Legi,


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VERBS. C9

THIRD CONJUGATION.VOICE.Lecturn, Legere, to choose.

IHP8&ATIYB.


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70 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.REGULAR VERBS-

PASSIVEPrincipal PartsLegor,


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VEKBS. 71

THIRD CONJUGATION.VOICE.Lectus sum, LSgi.

IMPERATIVE.


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72 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.REGULAR VERBS-ACTIVE

Principal PartsCapio,Some Verbs of the Third Conjugation have an i in the Present Indicative,


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VERBS. 73THIRD CONJUGATION.VOICE.Cepi, Captum, Capere.and the tenses derived from it ; such are capio, fodio, facio, &c.

IMPERATIVE.


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74 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.REGULAR VERBS-

passivePrincipal PartsCapior,

PjgonE


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VERBS. 75

THIKD CONJUGATION.VOICE.Captus sum, Capi.

IMPERATIVE.


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7G ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.SECTION V.REGULAR VERBS

ACTIVE


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VERBS.

FOUETH CONJUGATION.VOICE.Audlvi, Auclitum, Aucllre.

IMPERATIVE.


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78 I l.l'.MENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.REGULAR VERBS-

PASSIVEPrincipal PartsAudior,


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VERBS. 79

FOURTH CONJUGATION.VOICE.Auditus sum, Audiri, to be heard.

IMPERATIVE.


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SO ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.

SECTION VI.THE FOURACTIVE

tog


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VERBS. 81

CONJUGATIONS AT ONE VIEW.VOICE.

IMPERATIVE.


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THE FOUR CONJUGATIONSPASSIVE

0)aH


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VERBS. 83

AT ONE VIEW.VOICE.

IMPERATIVE.


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CHAPTER IX.Deponent Verbs are those winch have the inflexions of the Passive Voice

known, as in other Regular Verbs, bySECTION I.FIRST CONJUGATIONHortor, 1

INDICATIVE.


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DErONENT VERBS. 85

DEPONENT VERBS.but the meaning of the Active. The conjugation to which each belongs isthe favourite vowel. (See p. 58, 15, sqq.)admonish. Principal Paets, Hortor, Hortatus sum, Hortari.

IMPERATIVE.


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SG ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.

DEPONENTSECTION III.THIRD CONJUGATIONL8qu-or,

INDICATIVE.


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DEPONENT VERBS. 87

VERBS./ speak. Principal PartsLuquor, Lucutus sum, Luqui.

IMPERATIVE.


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88 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.CHAP. X., SECT. I

Sum is very irregular in those Tonses which are formed from tlie stem of theends, not in -bam, but in -ram, like a pluperfect ; its future, not in -bosum is for csum, sim for cairn, sunt for csunt, &c. In Latin s is oftenVerb, because, being joined with perfect participles, it assists in com-(from substantia, essence, or being), because it denotes existence.

SUM, I am. PrincipalINDICATIVE.


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IRREGULAR VERBS. 89IRREGULAR VERBS.first principal part; i.e., the present indicative. The imperfect indicativeor -am, but in -ro, like a future perfect. The stern is properly es-, so thatchanged into r, so that from is for esam. Sum is called an Auxiliarypleting the tenses of other verbs. It is also called a Substantive Verb

PartsSura, Fui, Esse *1IMPERATIVE.


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SECTION II.Possum is compounded ofpof-, the stem of the adjective pott's, " able," and

is retained ; but when they begin with s, the t is assimilated to s : as,perfect and derived tenses, the / of fui is omitted ; as, pot-ui forused as an adjective. Posse is for pot-csse.

POSSUM, I am able. PrincipalINDICATIVE.

PRES.Cl am able, &c.)S. Possum,* Potes, Potest.P. Possiimus, Potestis, Possunt.

IMPERF.(\ was able,


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IRREGULAR VERBS. 91

IRREGULAR VERBS.sum., " I am." Whenever the parts of sum begin with an c, the t of pot-potes, pot-cram; but possum for pot-sum, possim for pot-aim. In thepot-fid. The imperative is wanting, and the present participle, poiens, is

PartsPossum, Potiii, Posse.IJIPERATIYB.


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-

SECTION HLPEOSOL I am u&pd to, I do good to.

.

- ::...: ::- I : . ". -

"j.i.- - . : ;-: ---- ------. - -. I -i- :i-t ': ---.' z-.--- - -

ht he

::-. : - '


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IEEZGULAZ 7

v.

I : : . ::.."!..:

nr-


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SECTION IV.-EO, J go. Principal

Eo belongs to ihe Fourth Conjugation. Its stem, i-, becomes e- beforeindicative eo for to; third plural present eunt for iunt. The imperfect

INDICATIVE.


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IRREGULAR VERBS. 95

IRREGULAR VERBS.PartsEo, Ivi, Itum, Ire.the vowels a, o, u: thus, present subjunctive earn for iam; presentis ibam, and not i-c-bam ; and the future euds in -bo, and not in -am.

IMPERATIVE.


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9G ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.

SECTION V.Fero is of thi Third Conjugation, but is irregular in the Perfect and

thus, fers for fer-i-s, fert for fer-i-t, ferre for fcr-e-re,ACTIVE

FERO, I bring or bear. PrincipalINDICATIVE.


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IRREGULAR VERBS. 97

IRREGULAR VERBS.Supine and derived tenses. In some parts it omits the connecting vowel:ferris (second singular present passive) for fer-6-ris.

VOICE.PartsFero, Ttili, Latum, Ferre.

IMPERATIVE.


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OS KLEATF.NTARY f.ATTN GRAMMAR.

IRREGULARPASSIVE

Piunoipal PaetsFeror, LatusINDICATIVE.


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IRREGULAR VERBS. 99

VERBS.VOICE.sura, Ferri, to be boime.

IMPERATIVE.


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SECTION VI.VOLO, 7 am willing. Peincipal

This verb is irregular in the present indicative and present infinitive, andrcKre, which was syncopated into vcl're; and this, by assimilationvult and vultis, older writers use volt and voltis.

INDICATIVE.


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IRUEOUIAR VERBS. 101

IRREGULAR VERBS.PartsVolo, Volui, Velle.the tenses derived from them. The full form of the infinitive would beof the liquids I and r, became velle. So vellcm is for vclercm. Instead of

IMPERATIVE.


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IRREGULARNOLO, / am

INDICATIVE.


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IRREGULAR VERB8. 103

VERBS.unwilling(continued.)

IMPERATIVE.


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SECTION IX.FIO, I am made, or I become. Principal

Fio serves as the passive voice of facto, I make. It is of the FourthfUbam, flam, &c. But it is short in the third singular presentas, flercm, fieri, &c.

INDICATIVE.


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IRREGULAR VERBS. 105

IRREGULAR VERBS.PartsFlo, Factus sum, Fieri.Conjugation. The vowel i in fio is long even before another vowel : as,indicative, fit, and in those parts of the verb which contain the letter r ;

IMPERATIVE.


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10G ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.

SECTION X.EDO, I eat. Principal Parts

Edo is a regular verb of the Third Conjugation ; but some of its

INDICATIVE.


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IREKGULAR VERBS. 107

IRREGULAR VERBS.Edo, EdI, Esum, Edere, or Esse.forms are syncopated so as to be identical with certain parts of sum.

IMPERATIVE.


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108 KI.KMKNTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.

SECTION XI.DEFECTIVE VERBS.

1. Defective Verbs are those which want st me of their parts.Tims, volo, malo, &c, are not only Irregular, but also DefectiveVerbs. The following, however, are more largely defective, sincethey either want the present and derived tenses, or have only a fewisolated parts, principally of the present stem. Thus, coepi, Ibegin ; memini, I remember ; odi, I hate ; and novi, I know,have only the perfect (preterite) tense and the forms derived fromit: from which circumstance they are sometimes called PrcteritiveVerbs.

2. The perfects are translated as presents, the pluperfects as per-fects indefinite or imperfects, and the future perfects as futures.The reason of this change is evident when we remember that 'mem-ini literally means, I have called to mind, i.e., I remember; odi,I iiave conceived a hatred, i.e., I hate, &c.


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DEFECTIVE VERBS. 109

Coep-tua.

Coep-turus.

PARTICIPLES.PERFECT.

0-sus {obsolete.) (No-tus.)FUTURE.

0-6urus.3. Ajo or aio I say, I say yes, has only the following parts :

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.S. , Aias, Aiat.P. , , Aiant.

PARTICIPLE PRESENT.Aiens, affirming.

PRESENT INDICATIVE.S. Ajo, Ais, Ait.P. , , Aiunt.

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE.S. Aiebam, Aiebas, Aiebat.P. Aiebamusj Aiebatis, Aiebant.

4. Inquam, I say, is likewise very defective. Of inquam itmust be noticed, (1) that it is only used (like our, says I) in quot-ing the words of a person; and (2) that it never stands as the firstword of a clause :

INDICATIVE.PRESENT.

S. Inquam, Inquis, Inquit.P. Inquimus, Inquitis, Inquiunt.

PERFECT.S. , Inquisti, Inquit.

S.IMPERFECT., Inquiebat.FUTURE.

S. , Inquies, Inquiet.IMPERATIVE.

Pres. Sing. Inque. | Put. Sing. Inquito,5. Fari, to speak, has the fullowing parts :INDICATIVE


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110 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.C. Quacso, I entreat, and quaesumits, we entreat, are the only parts

of tli is verb found. Quaeso is the old form for quaero.7. Avere, to hail, is found only in the infinitive and imperative;

thus : ave (or have), aveto, avete; infinitive, avere.8. Apage, plur. apagete, begone, are the only parts met with.9. Cido plur. cMtte, or cette, give me.10. Salve, salveto, plur. salvete, hail ; infinitive, solvere; future,

salvebis.11. Yale, plur. vdlete, farewell ; infinitive, valere,12. Ausim, ausis, ausit, , , aitsint, for audeam, &c, I may

dare.13. Fax-im, -is, -it, -Imus, -itis, -int, for faciam, I may do ; or

fecerim, I may have done.Also Fax-o, -is, -it, , -itis, -int, for fecero, I shall have done ;

orfaciam, I shall do.

SECTION XII.IMPERSONAL VERBS.

1. Impersonal Verbs are used only in the third person singular,and have no personal subject i.e., have no substantive or substan-tive pronoun as their subject. They are like the English phrases,it snows, it rains, it happens, &c.

2. The third singular of regular verbs is sometimes used imper-sonally ; as, accidit, it happens, from accido, I fall in with, hap-pen on.

3. The following refer to the weather and certain natural pheno-mena :Pluit, it rains.Ningit, it snows.Grandinat, it hails.Lapidat, or lapidatum est, stones

fall from heaven.

Lucescit and illucescit, it dawns.Fulgurat and fulminat, it lightens.Tonat, it thunders.*Vesperascit and advesperascit, itgrows dark.

4. The following six, referring to feelings of the mind, take the* Some of these are occasionally used as personal. Thus we find Jupiter tonal;and in a figurative sense, orator tonat.


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IMPERSONAL VEKBS. Illaccusative of the person experiencing the feeling; as, Miseret metui, I pity you, (literally, It pities me of you) :Miseret (me), I pity; perf. miserit-

uin est, misertum est, or miser-uit.

Piget (me), J regret ; perf. piguit,or pigitum est.Poemtet (me), I repent;perf. poen-ituit.

Piidet (me), I am ashamed; perf.puduit, or puditum est.Taedet (me), I am disgusted; perf.pertaesum est, and rarely taed-uit.

Oportet (me), it is necessary for me,I must; perf. oportuit.

5. Some have a substantive as their subject, and are used in thethird plural, with a neuter plural as subject ; as, Parvum parvadecent:Decet (me), it becomes me; perf.

decuit.Ledecet (me), it docs not become me;

perf. dedecuit.Liquet, it is obvious ; perf. licuit.

Libet, or lnbet (mihi), I Uke,choose; perf. libuit, or libitumest.

Licet (mihi), T am permitted: perf.licuit, or licitum est.

6. Some personal verbs are used impersonally in the third personsingular, and with a meaning more or less different from that of thepersonal forms :Interest and refert, it is of impor-

tance to.Accidit, evenit, contingit, or fit,

it happens.Accedit, it is added to, or in addi-tion to.Attinet and pertinet (ad), it con-

cerns or pertains to.Conducit, it is conducive.Convenit, it suits.Constat, it is known or established.ExpSdit, it is expedient.

Delectat and juvat (me), it delightsme.

Fallit, fug-it, and praeterit (me),it escapes me.

Placet, it pleases; perf. placuit, orplacitum est.Praestat, it is better.Restat, it remains.Vacat, it is wanting.Est, in the sense of licet, it is per-m itted.

7. Most verbs may be used impersonally in the passive voice.This usually happens in the case of intransitive verbs, which other-wise have no passive : as, curritur, they run ; literally, it is run,i.e., running is taking place. Thus, pugnatur, they fight, (the battleis carried on;) pugnabatur, they were fighting; pugnatum est, they


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112 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMA R.fought, &c. : vivitttr, people live, (i.e.. life is maintained:) ventumest, they came, &c.

8. Impersonal verbs of the active form have no passive voice.Most of them have the tenses of the indicative, subjunctive, andinfinitive complete, but no other parts ; thus,

OPORTET, it behoves.Indicative. Subjunctive.

Present. Oportet, it behoves. Oporteat, it may behove.Imperf. Oportebat, it behoved. Oporteret, it might, behove.Future. Oportebit, it will behove. y substan-tives and adjectives, though rarely, if ever, by verbs.

(b) That the dative and accusative are seldom used with anaccusative case following. Thus we can say, Scribendo(ablative) epistolas, by writing letters ; but rarely Chartaest utilis scribendo (dative) epistolas, or, ad scribendumepistolas. In such cases the gerundive should be em-ployed, and be made to agree with the substantive ; as,Charta est utilis scribeadis epistolis; or, ad scribendasepistolas.

(c) The accusative gerund is only used with prepositions, andusually with ad, inter, and ob.

((/) The ablative gerund is most commonly used as the ablativeof the instrument or manner, and after the prepositionsab, de, ex, in; not with sine.

3. The gerund governs the same case as its verb: as,Scribendi epistolas ; of writing letters.Parcendo victis; by sparing the contpuered.

CHAPTER XIV.THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.1. The Imperative Mood is used in principal clauses to express acommand, a wish, an advice, or an exhortation.

Obs.The imperative of nolo is often used with the infinitive of averb, to give force to the command : as,

Noli imputare mihi; don't think of imputing to me.2. In counsels, commands, exhortations, or recpiests, the sub-

junctive mood is very often used in the third person for theimperative ; and also in the second person, especially when usedindefinitely : as,

Aut bibat aut abeat; let him either drink or be off.


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] 36 ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR.

COMPOUND SENTENCES.*CHAPTER XV.PRINCIPAL CLAUSES.

1. Since the Indicative Moodf is employed to represent a stateor an action simply as a fact, cither in an affirmative, or a negative,or an interrogative form, it is used,

(a) In principal clauses stating what is a fact, or assumed tobe a fact : as, Turn Thraces eas regiones tenebant; theThracians at that time possessed those parts, (b) In directquestions

: J as, Quid agis? what are you doing 1 Quotahora est? what o'clock is it?2. Since the subjunctive mood is employed to represent a state or

an .action in a doubtful or contingent manner, it is found in thoseprincipal clauses which partake of this character. These are,(1.) Awish, command, or exhortation : as, Valeas; may you be in goodhealth : (farewell.) Utinam possim ! would that I were able ! Bumvivimus vivamus ; whilst we live, let us live. (2.) A possibility : as,Aliquis dicat; some one may (possibly) say. (3.) A supposition:as, Bies deficiat, si; the time (I suppose) would fail me were I, &c.(4.) A concession: as, Sint haec falsa; (I grant) this may be false.(5.) A question expressed doubtfully : as, Quid agamus ? what canwe do ?

* On the nature of the Compound Sentence and its clauses, see chap, i., p. 117.t With regard to the Tenses of the indicative mood observe, (1.) That the imperfect

is sometimes used as a peifect (perf. Aorist); (2.) That the future is occasionallyemployed as an imperative; (3.) That the pluperfect is often found where we mightexpect the same tense of the subjunctive: as, Truncus illupsus cerebro suslulerat; thetrunk of a tree falling on my cranium would have killed me, (had not,


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SUBORDINATE CLAUSES. 1373. The Imperative Mood is used in principal clauses to express a

command, a wish, an advice, or an exhortation : as,A equam memento servare mentem; remember to maintain an

even mind.Pasce capellas, et potum pastas aqe, et inter agendum occur-

sare capro caveto: feed the she-goats; and drive them,when fed, to water; and whilst driving them, beware ofmeeting the he-goat.

4. The infinitive is sometimes used in principal clauses, instead ofthe indicative. This is called the Historical Infinitive.

CHAPTER XVI.SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.1. The first step to be taken in analysing a Latin sentence, or in

turning an English sentence into Latin, is to decide the characterof each clause of the sentence. This is, in most cases, easily doneby examining the first word* of the clause, whether it be a conjunc-tion, a relative adverb, or a relative pronoun ; but the learner mustremember that the same conjunctive word may express differentideas, and therefore introduce different kinds of clauses: thus quitmmay introduce either a temporal or a causal clause. Hence con-junctive words play an important part in subordinate clauses ; butthe student must carefully guard against the too common error ofsupposing that the conjunctive word governs the mood. In allcases it is the nature

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