element 1 factors affecting quality and reliability of electronic products 1.1factors affecting...
TRANSCRIPT
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Element 1
Factors affecting quality and reliability of electronic
products
1.1 Factors affecting quality are identified, their causes described, and methods of improvement outlined.
1.2 Sources that adversely affect reliability are described.
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1.1 Factors affecting quality are identified, their causes described, and methods of improvement outlined.
Typical factors affecting the quality of electronic products are:
Interference
Noise pickup
Feedback
Distortion
User-unfriendly design
Appearance
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User-unfriendly designDefinition
Design of a product which is difficult to use for intended users
Typical Cause
Lack of research / Incomplete analysis of product requirements / Inadequate testing / Failure to evaluate user response
Method of Improvement
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AppearanceDefinition
The appearance of an object is the result of a complex interaction of the light incident on the object, the optical characteristics of the object, and human perception.
Typical Cause
In appropriate size / colour / shape / texture / weight; Unpleasant feel
Method of Improvement
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InterferenceDefinition
Extraneous energy, from natural or man-made sources, that impedes the reception of desired signals
Typical Cause
Another transmitter at the same frequency / mains frequency (50Hz) interference
Method of Improvement
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FeedbackDefinition
The return of a portion of the output of an active device or system to the input
Typical Cause
Speaker sound re-entering a microphone / coupling between the input/output circuits
Method of Improvement
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DistortionDefinition
Any departure of the output signal waveform from the input signal
Typical Cause
Non-linearities in the devices such as a transistors and op-amps
Method of Improvement
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Noise pickupDefinition
An incoherent emission from a natural or man-made source
Typical Cause
Lightning / Commutator noise / Ignition system noise from petrol engines
Method of Improvement
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1.2 Sources that adversely affect reliability are described.
There are a number of sources which directly contribute to adverse reliability such as:
Intermittent connections
Humidity Temperature
Dust and dirt Radiation
Electronic component failure
Mechanical component failure
Electrostatic discharge
Vibration Shock Corrosion
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Intermittent ConnectionsConnections which spasmodically become a high resistance current path can affect the reliability significantly.
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HumidityHigh humidity can lead to a build up of moisture within equipment leading to short-circuit paths developing and causing equipment to fail.
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TemperatureHigh ambient temperatures can lead to insufficient cooling of electronic components and junction temperatures exceeding their specification, leading to component failure.
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Dust and DirtOften contain carbon or other conducting material, leading to short circuits and equipment failure.
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RadiationCauses electrical interference, leading to distortion of analogue signals or incorrect operation of digital equipment.
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Electronic component failureIf there is no parallel redundancy in the equipment design, component failure produces system failure.
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Mechanical component failureOften leads to electrical failure if:
a failed mechanical joint is also an electrical connection
OR
the failed joint results in an open circuit.
Mechanical failure can result in a broken product which works electrically but cannot be used.
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VibrationVibration can lead to mechanical failure of components which leads to electrical failure and system failure.
ShockCan produce sudden mechanical and electrical failure of components or connections.
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CorrosionCorrosion of components or connections leads to their mechanical and electrical failure.
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Electrostatic DischargeProduces electrical damage of semiconductor components and subsequent system degradation or malfunction.
Sometimes the damage is initially undetected but produces premature failure in the component.
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