electrons and orbitals
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Electrons and Orbitals. Quantum Mechanics. Describes the arrangement of electrons in atoms in terms of: Main or principal energy levels (n) Orbitals (space occupied within the atom ) How many electrons in each orbital. Basically, gives an address for every electron in an atom. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Electrons and Orbitals
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Quantum Mechanics
Describes the arrangement of electrons in atoms in terms of:Main or principal energy levels (n)Orbitals (space occupied within the
atom)How many electrons in each orbital.Basically, gives an address for every
electron in an atom.
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Principal Energy Levels (n)
Contain electrons that areClose in energySimilar distance from nucleusHave values of n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6…..
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Orbitals
Orbitals exist within an energy level
All electrons in an orbital have the
same energy
Designated s, p, d, f ..
energy: s<p<d<f
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Electron Locations
Main Energy Orbitals inLevels the energy level
n=4 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f
n=3 3s, 3p, 3d
n=2 2s, 2p
n=1 1s
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S P
D
F
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Electrons Allowed
All electrons in the same orbital have the same energy.
Within orbitals are sub-orbitals (part of an orbital….like apartments in a building). Each sub-orbital holds 2 electrons.
s orbital 1 sub-orbital = 2 electrons max.
p orbital 3 sub-orbitals = 6 electrons max.
d orbital 5 sub orbitals = 10 electrons max.
f orbital 7 sub-orbitals = 14 electrons max.
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S P
D
F
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 2000
Electron Configuration
List of subshells containing electronsWritten in order of increasing energySuperscripts give the number of electrons
Example: Electron configuration of neon
number of electrons
1s2 2s2 2p6
Energy level orbital
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S P
D
F
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Writing Electron Configurations
H
He
Li
C
S
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Writing Electron Configurations
H 1s1
He 1s2
Li 1s2 2s1
C 1s2 2s2 2p2
S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
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Learning Check S2
Which if the following is the correct electron configuration for Chlorine?
A. 1s22s22p63s1
B. 1s22s22p63s23p6
C. 1s22s22p63s23p5
D. 1s22p83s1
E. 1s22s22p63s23p7
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Solution E2
C. 1s22s22p63s23p5
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 2000
Learning Check S3
Using the periodic table, write the complete electronic configuration for each:
A. Be
B. F
C. Mg
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Timberlake LecturePLUS 2000
Solution S3
Using the periodic table, write the complete electronic configuration for each:
A. Be
1s2 2s2
B. F
1s2 2s2 2p5
C. Mg
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
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Orbital
A 3 dimensional space around a nucleus in
which electrons are most likely to be found
Shape represents electron density (not a
path the electron follows)
Each sub-orbital can hold up to 2
electrons.
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s orbitals
1s 2s 3s
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Three p Sub-Orbitals
px pz py
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p orbitals
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d sub-orbitals
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Review Questions
A. Maximum number of electrons in p orbitalsa) 2 b) 3 c) 6
B. Number of suborbitals in a p orbital.a) 1 b) 2 c) 3
C. Maximum number of electrons in an S orbitala) 1 b) 2 c) 6
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Solution
A. Maximum number of electrons in p orbitalsc) 6
B. Number of suborbitals in a p orbital.c) 3
C. Maximum number of electrons in an S orbitalb) 2
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Review Questions
• 1) What scientist discovered the nucleus of the atom?
• 2) Who said that electrons travel in ORBITS around the nucleus, like planets around the sun?
• 3) Where in an atom will you find neutrons? Who discovered them?
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Review Questions
• 1) What scientist discovered the nucleus of the atom? Rutherford
• 2) Who said that electrons travel in ORBITS around the nucleus, like planets around the sun? Bohr
• 3) Where in an atom will you find neutrons? Who discovered them?
• In the nucleus, tightly packed with the protons; Chadwick