electronica ii 2008 2009 andares saida - estt.ipt.pt ii 2008_2009... · amplificador 200w....
TRANSCRIPT
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #1
INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO DE TOMAR
Escola Superior de Tecnologia de TomarDepartamento de Engenharia Electrotécnica
ELECTRONICA II
Eng. Jorge Guilherme
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #2
Bibliografia:• Manuel de Medeiros Silva, "Circuitos com Transístores Bipolares
e MOS", ed. F.C. Gulbenkian, 1999.• Paul Gray, Paul J. Hurst, Stephen H. Lewis and Robert G. Meyer,
Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
• R. Jacob Baker, CMOS Circuit Design, layout and Simula tion”Wiley-IEEE Press 2004 .
• Jack Smith “ Modern Communication Circuits” MacGraw-Hill 1986.
• Sedra/Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford University Press, 1998.
• Herbert Taub and Donald Shilling “ Digital Integrated Electronics”MacGraw-Hill 1977.
• Thomas H. Lee, The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #3
Avaliação:
•Trabalhos 25%•Projecto 15%•Exame 60%
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #4
Andares de saída
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #5
Andares de saídaClasses de funcionamento:
Classe A Classe B
Classe AB Classe C
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #6
Andar em classe A+Vcc
Q1Vi
RL
Vo
I
-Vcc
os
L
o
Tis
cTbe
L
oc
obei
VI
RV
IVV
II
VV
RV
II
VVV
++++
++++====⇒⇒⇒⇒
====
++++====
++++====
ln.ln.
Vo=-I.RL, valor mínimo da tensão Vo
saturação
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #7
(((( )))) LRIIcVccVce −−−−−−−−====
IoVoPL .21====
L
sat
RIVo
VceVccVo
.min
max
====−−−−====
IVceVcc
R satL
−−−−====min
IVcc
RL ====Valores máximos para
(((( ))))IVccP
IVceVccP
s
L
.221
max
====
−−−−====
%25
141
max ====
−−−−========
ηηηη
ηηηηVcc
VcePP sat
s
LRendimento
Para máxima excursão de sinal
Se Vcesat = 0
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #8
(((( )))) (((( ))))(((( ))))(((( ))))
2.
)2cos(12
.
)(sin1.
)sin(1)sin(1
.
1
1
21
1
IVccP
tIVcc
P
tIVccP
tItVccP
IcVceP
c
c
c
c
tr
====
++++====
−−−−====
−−−−++++========
ωωωω
ωωωωωωωωωωωω
Potência dissipada no transístor Q1
Valor médio da potência
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #9
V π r π gm.V π
RL
Vin
Vo
Rs ib
β ib
Modelo incremental
(((( )))) (((( )))) (((( ))))
(((( ))))
(((( ))))(((( ))))
(((( ))))
(((( )))) (((( )))) (((( ))))1
1111
11
11
1
1 1
≈≈≈≈++++++++
≈≈≈≈++++
++++++++
++++
====++++
++++++++
====
++++++++++++++++====
++++++++++++
++++++++
====
++++−−−−====
−−−−++++
++++====→→→→++++====
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
LL
Rgm
RsR
RrRs
R
RrRsR
ViVo
RrRsViR
rRsR
VirRs
R
Vo
rRsVoVi
ib
VoVirRs
RVoibRVo
ββββββββππππ
ββββββββππππ
ββββππππββββ
ππππββββππππ
ββββ
ππππ
ππππββββββββ
LL Rgm
RsR
rRsRo //
1//
1
++++≈≈≈≈
++++++++====
ββββββββππππ
Resistência de saída
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #10
+Vcc
Q1
Vi
RL
Vo
IQ
-Vcc
Amdar de saida em emissor comum
L
OO
cQO
RV
I
III
====
−−−−==== 1
−−−−−−−−==== Q
VV
SLO IeIRV T
i
−−−−−−−−====⇒⇒⇒⇒====
−−−−−−−−====
++++
11
1
T
s
T
be
T
bes
VV
QLOV
V
SQ
QV
VV
SLO
eIRVeII
IeIRV
nsnsssO
T
s
T
s
T
sQLO
VaVaVaVaV
VV
VV
VV
IRV
++++++++++++++++====
++++
++++
++++−−−−====
L
L
33
221
32
61
21
Distorção Harmonica
1
224
23
22
a
aaaaTHD n++++++++++++++++
====L
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #11
Andar em classe B
+Vcc
Q1Vi
RL
Vo
-Vcc
Q2
Distorção de cruzamento
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #12
Vi
Vo
Ic1 Vo/RL
Ic2
-Vo/RL
t
t
t
LS
T
S
RVo
I
dttIcT
I
ππππ1
)(1
0
====
==== ∫∫∫∫Corrente na alimentação
VoR
VccIVccP
LSS ππππ
2.2 ========
LL R
VoP
2
2
====
Potência dissipadana alimentação
(((( ))))%6.78
4
4
max →→→→−−−−====
====
CC
CEsatCC
CC
O
VVV
VV
ππππηηηη
ππππηηηη
Para Vcesat=0
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #13
LD
LLLSD
RVcc
P
RVo
RVoVcc
PPP
2
2
2max
2
2.2
max ππππ
ππππ
====
−−−−====−−−−====
Potência dissipada nos transístores
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #14
11
13 R
VVR
VVI beCCCC
C
−−−−====−−−−====
23
1
1
1
111
111
11
13
1
besatCECCO
LF
beCCO
LbFLCO
ObebCC
beCCCCC
VVVV
RRVV
V
RIRIV
VVRIV
RVV
RVV
I
++++++++−−−−====
++++
−−−−====
========
++++++++====
−−−−====−−−−====
−−−−
++++
++++
++++
ββββ
ββββ
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #15
Simulação de um andar em classe B
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #16
Linearização
+Vcc
Q1
Vi RL
Vo
-Vcc
Q2
D1
D2
IQ
+Vcc
Q1
Vi
RL
Vo
-Vcc
Q2
-Vbe2
Linearização com ampop
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #17
Realização pratica
+Vcc
Q1
Vi
RL
Vo
-Vcc
Q2
IQ
R1
Q3
Q4
Q5
+Vcc
Q1
Vi
RL
Vo
-Vcc
Q2
Q3
Bias
Multiplicador de Vbe
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #18
Transístor composto
Q1
Q2
Vbe
C
E
B
(((( )))) IbIcIc 122 11 ββββββββββββ ≈≈≈≈++++====
+Vcc
Q1
RL
Vo
-Vcc
Q2
Q3
mesmo
dissipador
Vi
Andar quase-complementarDarlington
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #19
Polarização com seguidores de emissor
Andar de saida apenas com transistores NPN
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #20
Amplificador com andar de entrada com ampop
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #21
Amplificador em classe G
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #22
Amplificador em classe G
Quando a amplitude do sinal é maior ligam-se Tr6 e Tr8
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #23
Q1
R1
Q4
I1
Io
Protecção de curto circuito
I1
Io
Vbe/R1
1max RVbe
Io ====
Qa
R1
R2
Qb
Protecção térmica
•Operação normal VR2 < Vbe•Protecção térmica. Vz aumenta com a temperatura o que faz Qb conduzir e desviar corrente de polarização do andar de potência
Limitação da corrente máxima em R1
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #24
Circuito de protecção de curto circuito
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #25
Montagem em ponte
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #26
Montagem em ponte
A A
RL
-1
Vin Vo1 Vo2
+Vcc
-Vcc
+Vcc
-VccVonormalandarL
LLLL P
RVcc
RVcc
RVo
P
VccVo
VoVoVoVoVo
4
22
42
2
2112
222
max
================
====−−−−====⇒⇒⇒⇒−−−−====
Q1
R
Vin
R
+Vcc
-Vcc
V1 = -V2
V2
I
M1
M3 M2
M4
Vdd
Vss
Vo
VinM5
Andar de saída MOS
Circuito para inversão de sinal
Aumento da potência de 4 vezes
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #27
Transístores de potência
Potência dissipada em função da temperatura
Modelo térmico
Pdmax=Vce.IcHipérbole
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #28
WCP
TaTj
DSACSJC /º→→→→
−−−−====++++++++ θθθθθθθθθθθθ
Junção caixa
Caixa dissipador
Dissipador ambiente
Dissipadores:
Função – Escoar o calor gerado pelo dispositivo a fim de não atingir os limites máximos de funcionamento
Modelo térmico
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #29
N1 N2
Amplificador8 ohm 100V
Z2
100V 8 ohm
coluna
100V 8 ohm
coluna
transformadorde linhas
Projecto de sonorizações
Adaptação de impedâncias12
2
1
2
1
2
ZnZ
nN
N
V
V
=
==
Utilizado em sonorizações de espaços amplos.Ex: Estadios, Ruas, Pavilhões, etc
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #30
Simplified internal circuit of the LM380 IC power amplifier
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #31
Amplificador 200W
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #32
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #33
Amplificador 350W com MOS
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #34
Amplificador 2kW
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #35
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #36
Tube amplifier
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #37
Amplificadores áudio comutados
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #38
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #39
Amplificador classe D
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #40
Amplificador misto
Tendências da tecnologia
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #41
DVTT
TVV DD
OFFON
ONDD =
+=0
Amplificador em classe D
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #42
Realimentação utilizando noise shaping
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #43
Operação em montagem ponte
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #44
+Vcc
QVi RL
Vo
RFC
IC
ic
I1
Cc
C L
Amplificador em classe C
)1sin(θθθθIpId ====
(((( ))))
valores restantes 0
21 para sin
<<<<<<<<−−−−
====θθθθωωωωθθθθωωωω tIdtIp
Ic
Ip>Id
[[[[ ]]]]
(((( )))) (((( ))))
(((( )))) (((( ))))[[[[ ]]]]ππππ
θθθθθθθθθθθθππππ
θθθθθθθθθθθθ
ωωωωωωωωθθθθ
ωωωωθθθθ
cossin2
121cos2
)sin(1 /2
/1
−−−−====
−−−−−−−−====
−−−−==== ∫∫∫∫
IpIc
IdIpIc
dtIdtIpT
Ic
Valor médio da corrente Ic
122 θθθθθθθθθθθθ −−−−====
12
θθθθππππθθθθ −−−−====
Ip
Id
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #45
(((( )))) (((( ))))(((( ))))
21
cossin.
.
2 RLIPo
IpVccIcVccPs
====
−−−−======== θθθθθθθθθθθθππππ
I1 – componente fundamental da corrente
(((( )))) (((( )))))2sin(22
)cos()cos(4
1/
0
θθθθθθθθππππ
ωωωωωωωωωωωωθθθθ
−−−−====−−−−==== ∫∫∫∫Ip
dttIdtIpT
I
VccRLIVccVce 21maxmax ≤≤≤≤++++====
(((( )))))cos()sin(4)2sin(2
.1.
θθθθθθθθθθθθθθθθθθθθηηηη
−−−−−−−−============
IcVccIVcc
PsPo
Para θ=90º η=78.5%
(((( )))))cos(18)2sin(2
maxmax
maxmax θθθθππππ
θθθθθθθθ−−−−
−−−−========DD
O
IVP
P
Capacidade de potência
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #46
Exemplo de um amplificador em classe C
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #47
Amplificador em classe D para RF+Vcc
RL
VoId CL
-Vcc
Filtro
Va
+Vcc
-Vcc
Va
ππππVcc
V4
1 ====
Componente fundamental
RLVcc
IdVccPs 2
28.2
ππππ========
-Série Fourier
∫∫∫∫ ========2/
02
4)sin(
4.1 T
RLVcc
dttVcc
RLTId
ππππωωωω
ππππ
Valor médio da corrente
%1008
214
21
2
222
====⇒⇒⇒⇒====
======== ηηηηππππππππ RLVcc
RLVcc
RLV
Po
Considerando o efeito de Ron )sin()(
.4t
RonRLRLVcc
Vo ωωωωππππ ++++
====
)(4
2 RonRLVcc
Id++++
====ππππ )(
82
2
RonRLVcc
Ps++++
====ππππ )RonRL
RL++++
====ηηηη
O filtro deixa passar apenas a componente fundamental da corrente
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #48
Amplificador em classe D push pull
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #49
Amplificador em classe E
Funcionamento em comutaçãoCircuito sintonizado para a saida
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #50
Transistores de potência RF
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #51
Amplificadores monolíticos
gm -K2 K=1Vo
Vd
compensação
LM741
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #52
TL071
Entradas com JFET
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #53
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #54
Ao
ωωωω1 ωωωωa
Afo
Aoωωωω1ωωωω
GBWAo ====1ωωωω
Produto ganho largura de banda
11
)(
ωωωωs
AosA
++++====
as
AfosA
sAsAf
ωωωωββββ ++++
====++++
====1)(.1
)()(
GBWaAfoAo ======== ωωωωωωωω .1
)1(1 Aoa ββββωωωωωωωω ++++====
ββββββββ1
lim.1
====⇒⇒⇒⇒++++
====∞∞∞∞→→→→Ao
AfoAo
AoAfo
Resposta de frequência
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #55
Modelo incremental do amplificador
Resposta de frequência 741
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #56
Exemplos PraticosAmplificadores Audio
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #57
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #58
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #59
70W
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #60
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #61
300W
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #62
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #63
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #64
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Electrónica II
© Jorge Guilherme 2009 #65