electronic supplementary material (esm) - royal...

Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM) The ESM contains the following documents: Supplementary Figures Figures S1-S6: Alternative 1st Dynasty models Figures S7-S11: Naqada and Badarian site models Figure S12: Tarkhan radiocarbon dates Supplementary Tables Table S1: Contextual and analytical details of all samples Table S2: Output data from alternative 1st Dynasty models Table S3: Output data from Naqada and Badarian Models Table S4: Results of chi-square tests Table S5: Tarkhan radiocarbon dates Table S6: Outlier model used for long-lived samples (Charcoal Plus) Table S7: OxCal model coding for main models The raw data used in this article is also available online at: https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/egyptdb/db.php6

Figure S1. Alt Model 1. Accession dates for the first eight rulers of Egypt when all long-lived samples (wood, charcoal and shell) are omitted from the model. The marginal posterior density functions are shown with the corresponding 68% and 95% hpd ranges beneath (see Table S2, for data).

Figure S2. Alt Model 2. Accession dates for the first eight rulers of Egypt when the offset from calibration curve values is set to the unbiased value of 0±10 14C years, instead of the 19±5 14C years used in the main model to account for possible growing season effects in Egypt. The marginal posterior density functions are shown with the corresponding 68% and 95% hpd ranges beneath (see Table S2, for data).

Figure S3. Alt Model 3. Accession dates for the first eight rulers of Egypt when the offset from calibration curve values is completely removed, instead of the 19±5 14C years used in the main model to account for possible growing season effects in Egypt. The marginal posterior density functions are shown with the corresponding 68% and 95% hpd ranges beneath (see Table S2, for data).

Figure S4. Alt Model 4. Accession dates for the first eight rulers of Egypt when Queen Merneith is not allocated a separate reign, but merged with King Den. The marginal posterior density functions are shown with the corresponding 68% and 95% hpd ranges beneath (see Table S2, for data).

Figure S5. Alt Model 5. Accession dates for the first eight rulers of Egypt when each reign is restricted to be no longer than 100 calendar years. The marginal posterior density functions are shown with the corresponding 68% and 95% hpd ranges beneath (see Table S2, for data).

Figure S6. Alt Model 6. Accession dates for the first eight rulers of Egypt when all long-lived samples (wood, charcoal and shell) are treated as termini post quos (using the After function in OxCal). The marginal posterior density functions are shown with the corresponding 68% and 95% hpd ranges beneath (see Table S2, for data).

Figure S7. Naqada Site Model. Dates for the cultural transitions modelled by this research for the site of Naqada. The marginal posterior density functions are shown with the corresponding 68% and 95% hpd ranges beneath (see Table S3, for data).

Figure S8. Cemetery U, Abydos Site Model. Dates for the cultural transitions modelled by this research for the site of Cemetery U, Abydos. The marginal posterior density functions are shown with the corresponding 68% and 95% hpd ranges beneath (see Table S3, for data).

Figure S9. Naga ed-Der Site Model. Dates for the cultural transitions modelled by this research for the site of Naga ed-Der. The marginal posterior density functions are shown with the corresponding 68% and 95% hpd ranges beneath (see Table S3, for data)

Figure S10. Hierakonpolis Site Model. Dates for the cultural transitions modelled by this research for the site of Naga ed-Der. The marginal posterior density functions are shown with the corresponding 68% and 95% hpd ranges beneath (see Table S3, for data)

Figure S11. Badarian Sites Model. Estimates for the start and end activity related to the Badarian Culture at the sites listed. The dates do not imply activity was constant at the sites over the times shown. The dates are more likely to represent the period over which the sites were occasionally occupied. The marginal posterior density functions are shown with the corresponding 68% and 95% hpd ranges beneath (see Table S3, for data)

Figure S12. Tarkhan Radiocarbon Dates Model. Published radiocarbon dates for the site of Tarkhan. The likelihood functions are shown with the corresponding 68% and 95% hpd ranges beneath (see Table S5, for data) !

Lat Long

Type Detail Species Date Error 13C (‰

PDB)

15N (‰

PDB)

Badarian El-Badari OxA-4180 Upper Egypt El-Badari Site 3400, Test 1, Feature 1 Badarian H [31] - Charcoal - - 27.07 31.42 5240 95 - - -

Badarian El-Badari OxA-4181 Upper Egypt El-Badari Site 3400, Test 1, Level 3 Badarian H [31] - Charcoal Soot - 27.07 31.42 5580 80 - - -

Badarian El-Badari OxA-4182 Upper Egypt El-Badari Site 3400, Test 1, Level 3 Badarian H [31] - Charcoal - - 27.07 31.42 5450 85 - - -

Badarian El-Badari OxA-25917 Upper Egypt El-Badari Grave 5342 Badarian M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5.15 Bone Human Human 27.00 31.46 5388 32 -16.3 13.0 Replicate 1.

Badarian El-Badari OxA-X-2457-47 Upper Egypt El-Badari Grave 5342 Badarian M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5.15 Bone Human Human 27.00 31.46 5293 35 -17.8 12.9 Replicate 1. Collagen extracted by Thompson et al. [20]

Badarian El-Badari OxA-X-2457-48 Upper Egypt El-Badari Grave 5394 Badarian M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5.28 Bone Human Human 27.00 31.46 5037 38 -19.5 12.1 Collagen extracted by Thompson et al. [20]

Badarian El-Badari OxA-26045 Upper Egypt El-Badari Grave 5735 Badarian M Ashmolean, Oxford 1925.55 Hair Animal - 27.00 31.46 5049 39 -17.3 14.1 -

Badarian El-Badari OxA-26816 Upper Egypt El-Badari Grave 6004 Badarian M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5.60 Hair Human Human 27.00 31.46 5186 30 -19.8 10.0 -

Badarian El-Badari (TAQ) OxA-23929 Upper Egypt El-Badari Grave 4620 IID M Bolton Museum 1953.26.8 Textile Linen Linum usitatissimum 27.03 31.46 4546 29 -24.1 - -

- OxA-26814 Upper Egypt El-Badari Locality 25/5700 Badarian M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5 Hair Human Human 27.00 31.46 3351 28 -19.3 18.6 Replicate but intrusive - Exclude

- OxA-26815 Upper Egypt El-Badari Locality 25/5700 Badarian M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5 Hair Human Human 27.00 31.46 3368 29 -19.2 18.9 Replicate but intrusive - Exclude

Badarian Hemamieh BETA-35824 Upper Egypt Hemamieh Test Pit 2, Level 6 Badarian H [32] - Charcoal - - 26.92 31.48 5300 60 - - -

Badarian Hemamieh BETA-35825 Upper Egypt Hemamieh Test Pit 2, Level 7 Badarian H [32] - Charcoal - - 26.92 31.48 5440 60 - - -

Badarian Hemamieh WSU-1728 Upper Egypt Hemamieh - Badarian H [33] - Charcoal - - 26.92 31.48 5290 130 - - -

Badarian Hemamieh GrN-223 Upper Egypt Hemamieh - Badarian H [34] - Short-lived Plant Seeds Triticum spp. 26.92 31.48 5110 160 - - -

Badarian Hemamieh (TAQ) BETA-35822 Upper Egypt Hemamieh Test Pit 1, Level 4 IIB - IIC H [32] - Charcoal - - 26.92 31.48 4790 60 - - -

Badarian Hemamieh (TAQ) BETA-35823 Upper Egypt Hemamieh Test Pit 1, Level 6 I - IIB H [32] - Charcoal - - 26.92 31.48 4940 80 - - -

Badarian Mostagedda OxA-23369 Upper Egypt Mostagedda Area 2000 or 2200 Badarian H Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

26889 Short-lived Plant Seeds Barley 27.08 31.38 5395 45 -26.5 - -

Badarian Mostagedda OxA-23967 Upper Egypt Mostagedda Grave 1215 Badarian M Bolton Museum 1930.33.80 Textile Linen Linum usitatissimum 27.08 31.38 5000 29 -25.1 - -

Badarian Mostagedda OxA-26142 Upper Egypt Mostagedda Area 2000 or 2200 Badarian H Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

26884 Short-lived Plant Seeds Emmer 27.08 31.38 5447 35 -25.5 - -

Badarian Mostagedda (TAQ) OxA-23928 Upper Egypt Mostagedda Grave 11725 IIB M Bolton Museum 1930.33.29 Textile Linen Linum usitatissimum 27.08 31.38 3726 26 -25.4 - -

- OxA-23927 Upper Egypt Mostagedda Grave 3538 Badarian M Bolton Museum 1930.33.44 Textile Linen Linum usitatissimum 27.08 31.38 2679 26 -25.4 - Cottom contamination - Exclude

Badarian Mahgar Dendera 2 GrN-22159 Upper Egypt Mahgar Dendera 2 Hearth A, Level B Badarian H [35] - Charcoal - - - - 5480 50 - - -

Badarian Mahgar Dendera 2 GrN-22160 Upper Egypt Mahgar Dendera 2 Hearth E Badarian H [35] - Charcoal - - - - 5480 40 - - -

Badarian Mahgar Dendera 2 Lv-1312 Upper Egypt Mahgar Dendera 2 Hearth Me82/86/1 Badarian H [35] - Charcoal - - - - 5110 90 - - -

Badarian Mahgar Dendera 2 GrN-22158 Upper Egypt Mahgar Dendera 2 Tree stump N 17/E4 Badarian H [35] - Wood - - - - 5170 35 - - -

Badarian Mahgar Dendera 2 Gif-7683 Upper Egypt Mahgar Dendera 2 Tree stump N 17/E4 Badarian H [35] - Wood - - - - 5130 70 - - -

Badarian Mahgar Dendera 2 (TAQ) Lv-1236 Upper Egypt Mahgar Dendera 2 Hearth I - III H [36] - Charcoal - - - - 4810 50 - - -

1st Dynasty (TPQ) OxA-25521 Levant Tell es-Sakan Hearth, Stratum A-7 IIIA - IIIB H Excavation of de Miroschedji

TS A 10076 Short-lived Plant Charred seed Hordeum 31.47 34.41 4533 30 -23.2 - -


TS A 10133 Short-lived Plant Charred seed Hordeum vulgare 31.47 34.41 4439 27 -22.8 - -

1st Dynasty (TPQ) OxA-25525 Levant Tell es-Sakan Hearth, Stratum A-7, Locus 1074 IIIA - IIIB H Excavation of de Miroschedji

TS A 10175 Short-lived Plant Two seeds Cereal 31.47 34.41 4423 28 -21.4 - -


TS A 10219 Short-lived Plant Charred seed Hordeum 31.47 34.41 4467 28 -24.4 - Replicate 2


TS A 10219 Short-lived Plant Multiple seeds Hordeum 31.47 34.41 4519 29 -23.9 - Replicate 2


TS A 10219 Short-lived Plant Humic acids Hordeum 31.47 34.41 4411 34 -23.3 - Replicate 2


TS A 10258 Short-lived Plant Single seed Hordeum vulgare 31.47 34.41 4443 28 -23.6 - -

1st Dynasty BM-228 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3357 Aha - Djet M [37] - Short-lived Plant Reed - 29.88 31.22 4300 65 - - -

Stable Isotopes Further InfoNaqada Assignment or Reign Habitation or Mortuary

Collection (New Dates) or Publication

(Previous Dates, see Additional References

below)

Excavation or Accession No.

Sample Material 14C MeasurementContext

Table&S1:&Contextual&and&Analytical&Details&of&the&Samples

Model In which Date Used Lab No. Region Site

Lat Long


PDB)

15N (‰

PDB)




below)


Sample Material 14C MeasurementContextModel In which Date Used Lab No. Region Site

1st Dynasty ETH-13612 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3357 Aha - Djet M [38] 212 Charcoal - - 29.88 31.22 4222 60 - - -

1st Dynasty LJ-1490 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3357 Aha - Djet M [39] - Short-lived Plant Reed - 29.88 31.22 4370 50 - - -

1st Dynasty UCLA-1200 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3357 Aha - Djet M [40] - Short-lived Plant Reed - 29.88 31.22 4500 60 - - -

1st Dynasty UCLA-1201 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Tomb 3503 (Mer-Neith) Djer - Semerkhet M [40] - Short-lived Plant Reed & Wood - 29.88 31.22 4290 60 - - -

1st Dynasty BM-229 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Tomb 3503 (Mer-Neith) Djer - Semerkhet M [37] - Short-lived Plant Reed & Straw - 29.88 31.22 4520 65 - - -

1st Dynasty LJ-1459 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Tomb 3503 (Mer-Neith) Djer - Semerkhet M [39] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4360 80 - - -

1st Dynasty DRI-2970 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3471 Djer - Merneith M [38] 220 Short-lived Plant Reed - 29.88 31.22 4346 36 - - -

1st Dynasty ETH-13620 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3471 Djer - Merneith M [38] 220 Short-lived Plant Reed - 29.88 31.22 4460 52 - - -

1st Dynasty BM-319 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3504 Djet - Den M [41] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4225 70 - - Replicate 3

1st Dynasty GrN-1100 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3504 Djet - Den M [41] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4360 60 - - Replicate 3

1st Dynasty GrN-1109 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3504 Djet - Den M [41] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4460 55 - - Replicate 3

1st Dynasty P-215 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3504 Djet - Den M [42] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4594 91 - - Replicate 3

1st Dynasty BM-320 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3504 Djet - Den M [41] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4206 80 - - -

1st Dynasty BM-321 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3504 Djet - Den M [41] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4496 80 - - Replicate 4

1st Dynasty SRR-5 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3504 Djet - Den M [43] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4656 60 - - Replicate 4

1st Dynasty BM-322 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3504 Djet - Den M [41] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4349 70 - - -

1st Dynasty DRI-2968 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3504 Djet - Den M [38] 227 Short-lived Plant Reed & Twig - 29.88 31.22 4486 89 - - Replicate 5

1st Dynasty ETH-13627 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3504 Djet - Den M [38] 227 Short-lived Plant Reed & Twig - 29.88 31.22 4469 52 - - Replicate 5

1st Dynasty ETH-13626 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3504 Djet - Den M [38] 226 Short-lived Plant Reed & Twig - 29.88 31.22 4236 57 - - -



1st Dynasty BM-230 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3035 Grave of Hemaka Merneith - Semerkhet M [37] - Short-lived Plant Reed - 29.88 31.22 4380 65 - - -

1st Dynasty BM-27 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3035 Grave of Hemaka Merneith - Semerkhet M [41] - Wood - Acacia (probably A. nilotica L)

29.88 31.22 4100 150 - - Replicate 6

1st Dynasty P-214 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3035 Grave of Hemaka Merneith - Semerkhet M [42] - Wood - Acacia (probably A. nilotica L)

29.88 31.22 4447 150 - - Replicate 6

1st Dynasty BM-323 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3035 Grave of Hemaka Merneith - Semerkhet M [41] - Wood - Acacia (probably A. nilotica L)

29.88 31.22 4342 70 - - Replicate 6

1st Dynasty ETH-13605 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3035 Grave of Hemaka Merneith - Semerkhet M [38] 205 Charcoal - 29.88 31.22 4242 56 - - -

1st Dynasty ETH-13608 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3035 Grave of Hemaka Merneith - Semerkhet M [38] 206 Short-lived Plant Reed - 29.88 31.22 4236 56 - - -

1st Dynasty ETH-13610 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3035 Grave of Hemaka Merneith - Semerkhet M [38] 210 Charcoal - - 29.88 31.22 4142 60 - - -

1st Dynasty C-267 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3035 Grave of Hemaka Merneith - Semerkhet M [44] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4883 200 - - Replicate 7

1st Dynasty TF-563 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3035 Grave of Hemaka Merneith - Semerkhet M [45] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4580 60 - - Replicate 7

1st Dynasty TF-563a Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3035 Grave of Hemaka Merneith - Semerkhet M [46] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4585 60 - - -

1st Dynasty TF-563b Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3035 Grave of Hemaka Merneith - Semerkhet M [46] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4550 60 - - -

1st Dynasty TF-563c Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3035 Grave of Hemaka Merneith - Semerkhet M [46] - Wood - - 29.88 31.22 4485 60 - - -

1st Dynasty UCLA-1202 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3035 Grave of Hemaka Merneith - Semerkhet M [40] - Short-lived Plant Reed - 29.88 31.22 4235 60 - - -

1st Dynasty GrN-689 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3507 Merneith - Semerkhet M [47] - Wood - - 29.87 31.22 4450 100 - - -

1st Dynasty SMU-1358 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3505 Qa'a - Mid 2nd Dynasty M [38] ARCE 71 Charcoal - - 29.87 31.22 4482 37 - - -

1st Dynasty BM-231 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3505 Qa'a - Mid 2nd Dynasty M [41] - Short-lived Plant Reed - 29.87 31.22 4270 65 - - -

Lat Long


PDB)

15N (‰

PDB)




below)



1st Dynasty GrN-902 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3505 Qa'a - Mid 2nd Dynasty M [47] - Wood - - 29.87 31.22 4145 70 - - -

1st Dynasty UCLA-1203 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3505 Qa'a - Mid 2nd Dynasty M [40] - Short-lived Plant Reed - 29.87 31.22 4140 60 - - -

1st Dynasty (TAQ) BM-232 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3046 Mid 2nd Dynasty - Sekhemkhet (3rd Dynasty)

M [46] - Short-lived Plant Reed - 29.88 31.22 4230 65 - - -

1st Dynasty (TAQ) UCLA-1204 Lower Egypt North Saqqara Mastaba 3046 Mid 2nd Dynasty - Sekhemkhet (3rd Dynasty)

M [46] - Short-lived Plant Reed - 29.88 31.22 4190 60 - - -

1st Dynasty (TAQ) OxA-17850 Lower Egypt Saqqara Step Pyramid Complex Mid 2nd Dynasty - Sekhemkhet (3rd Dynasty)

M [16] Short-lived Plant Seeds Scorpiurus muricatus l 29.87 31.22 4084 32 - - -


M [16] Short-lived Plant Seeds Vicia Lutea 29.87 31.22 4177 28 - - -


M [16] Short-lived Plant Seeds Lathyus Hirsutus 29.84 31.22 4108 30 - - -


M [16] Short-lived Plant Grass Lolium Temulentum 29.84 31.22 4135 30 - - -


M [16] Short-lived Plant - Wheat 29.88 31.22 4145 32 - - -


M [16] Short-lived Plant - Wheat 29.88 31.22 4168 27 - - -


M [16] Wood - Commiphora wood? 29.89 31.22 4081 29 - - Replicate 8





Abydos Preynastic Bln-4679 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-503a, Matwork IB M [48] - Short-lived Plant Reed - 26.18 31.92 4837 87 - - -

Abydos Preynastic Bln-4676 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-263, prob fragments of matwork

IC M [48] - Short-lived Plant Reed - 26.18 31.92 4802 50 - - -

Abydos Preynastic Bln-4465 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-133, plank fromNE cnr; Tomb yielded >20 pots

IID M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4624 64 - - -

Abydos Preynastic Bln-4493 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-149, E part of shrine IID M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4676 44 - - -

Abydos Preynastic Bln-4466 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-149, roof (cellulosic) IID M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4691 41 - - Replicate 9

Abydos Preynastic Bln-4466 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-149, roof (humic) IID M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4688 40 - - Replicate 9

Abydos Preynastic Bln-4494 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-207, E part of coffin IID M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4667 40 - - -

Abydos Preynastic Bln-4467 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-210, tomb lining, N Site IID M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4421 43 - - -

Abydos Preynastic Bln-4463 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-547, plank from SE cnr IID M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4688 48 - - -

Abydos Preynastic Bln-4672 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-224, prob a piece of roof IID M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4607 48 - - -

Abydos Preynastic Bln-4673 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-287, fragments from a coffin IID M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4591 41 - - -

Abydos Preynastic & 1st Dynasty (TPQ)

Bln 4464 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-a, fragments from a shrine IIIA M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4526 40 - - -


Bln 4461 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-qq, from roof IIIA M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4528 40 - - -


Bln 4462 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-qq, from roof IIIA M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4608 40 - - -


Bln 4671 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-pp, fragments from SE cnr IIIA M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4679 40 - - -


Hd-12953 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-j, chamber 6, sample 1 IIIA M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4470 30 - - -


Hd-12954 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Cemetery U Tomb U-j, chamber 6, sample 2 IIIA M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4595 25 - - -

1st Dynasty Hd-12947 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb B19, fragment of shrine Aha M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4505 20 - - -

1st Dynasty Hd-12926 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb B19, rectangular beam Aha M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4535 40 - - -

1st Dynasty OxA-18511 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb O Djer M [18] BM35555 Short-lived Plant Seeds Ficus carica (fig) 26.18 31.92 4329 33 - - -

1st Dynasty OxA-25595 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb O Djer M Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

1896-1908 E.4034 Residue Charred residue - 26.18 31.92 4344 32 -25.4 - -


1896-1908 E.4065 Residue Charred residue Charred animal fat 26.18 31.92 4307 33 -23.1 - -


1896-1908 E.4066 Residue Charred residue Carbon and charred animal fat

26.18 31.92 4397 29 -24.7 - -

1st Dynasty OxA-23195 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb O Djer M Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford 1901.40.53 Hair Human Human 26.18 31.92 4498 29 -17.7 13.2 -

Lat Long


PDB)

15N (‰

PDB)




below)



1st Dynasty OxA-26831 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb O Djer M Natural History Museum, London

Af.11.4.406 (PAHR 5958)

Bone (cranium) Human Human 26.18 31.92 4387 32 -17.6 14.9 -

1st Dynasty OxA-26824 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb O Djer M Musee de Chateaudun 83 SDA 327 Hair Human Human 26.18 31.92 4436 30 -17.3 13.4 -



1st Dynasty OxA-26832 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb O (13) Djer M Natural History Museum, London

Af.11.4.409 (PAHR 5957)


1st Dynasty OxA-27253 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb O Djer M Natural History Museum, London

Af.11.4.414 (PAHR 5968)


1st Dynasty OxA-27250 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb O (22) Qa'a M Natural History Museum, London

Af.11.4.412 (PAHR 5949)

Bone Human Human 26.18 31.92 4476 32 -16.5 16.0 -

1st Dynasty OxA-26835 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Grave W57b Djet M Natural History Museum, London

Af.11.4.440 (PAHR 5989)


1st Dynasty Hd-12952 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb T Den M [49] - Wood 26.18 31.92 4495 35 - - -

1st Dynasty OxA-23196 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb T Den M Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford 1901.40.78 .1 Hair Human Human 26.18 31.92 4359 29 -19.0 12.9 -

1st Dynasty OxA-23197 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb T Den M Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford 1901.40.78 .2 Hair Human Human 26.18 31.92 4389 28 -18.3 13.2 -

1st Dynasty OxA-23151 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb T Den M Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford 1901.40.89 .3 Short-lived Plant Reed arrow shaft - 26.18 31.92 4306 27 -22.1 - Replicate 10

1st Dynasty OxA-23152 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb T Den M Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford 1901.40.89 .3 Short-lived Plant Reed arrow shaft - 26.18 31.92 4324 26 -22.1 - Replicate 10

1st Dynasty OxA-23150 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb T Den M Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford 1901.40.76 Short-lived Plant Basketry - 26.18 31.92 4368 26 -27.1 - -

1st Dynasty OxA-26836 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Grave X52 Anedjib M Natural History Museum, London

Af.11.4.452 (PAHR 5944)

Bone (radius) Human Human 26.18 31.92 4250 31 -17.6 14.9 Replicate 11

1st Dynasty OxA-26837 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Grave X52 Anedjib M Natural History Museum, London

Af.11.4.452 (PAHR 5944)

Bone (radius) Human Human 26.18 31.92 4205 32 -17.6 14.9 Replicate 11

1st Dynasty OxA-X-2497-55 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb U (P) Semerkhet M Natural History Museum, London

Af.11.4.459 (PAHR 5852)

Bone (femur) Human Human 26.18 31.92 4377 31 -18.2 8.6 -

1st Dynasty OxA-26838 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb Q (14) Qa'a M Natural History Museum, London

Af.11.4.460 (PAHR 5993)

Bone (mandible) Human Human 26.18 31.92 4266 32 -17.4 14.4 -


Af.11.4. Q5 (PAHR 5997)

Bone (tibia) Human Human 26.18 31.92 4138 31 -16.9 14.9 -


Af.11.4.428 (PAHR 5974)

Bone (cranium) Human Human 26.18 31.92 4258 33 -19.0 14.3 Replicate 12


Af.11.4.428 (PAHR 5974)

Bone (cranium) Human Human 26.18 31.92 4299 31 -19.0 14.3 Replicate 12

1st Dynasty OxA-27252 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb Q (8), RT6 Qa'a M Natural History Museum, London

Af.11.4 (PAHR 5847) Bone Human Human 26.18 31.92 4329 21 -17.7 11.5 -

1st Dynasty Bln-4680 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb of Qa'a, from royal chamber, 1 Qa'a M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4224 41 - - -

1st Dynasty Bln-4681 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb of Qa'a, from royal chamber, 2 Qa'a M [48] - Wood - - 26.18 31.92 4397 42 - - -

- OxA-19540 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb O Djer M [18] 1901.40.59.1 Short-lived Plant Grass Poaceae leaves/culm 26.18306 31.91833 3031 25 - - Intrusive - Exclude

- OxA-19541 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb O Djer M [18] 1901.40.59.2 Short-lived Plant Grass Poaceae leaves/culm 26.18306 31.91833 2922 25 - - Intrusive - Exclude

- OxA-26823 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb O Djer M Musee de Chateaudun 83 SDA 276 Short-lived Plant Vine branch Vitis (vine) 26.18306 31.91833 1601 26 -23.0 - Intrusive - Exclude

- OxA-25418 Upper Egypt Abydos, Umm el-Qaab, Royal Tombs Tomb 61 Anedjib M Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

1896-1908 E.1259 Short-lived Plant Fruit - 26.18306 31.91833 151 28 -25.2 - Intrusive - Exclude

Predynastic Hierakonpolis BETA-252910 Upper Egypt Hierakonpolis Locality 6, Tomb 16 Complex (T 33) IC - IIA M [50] - Bone - Human 25.10 32.78 4850 40 - - -

Predynastic Hierakonpolis BETA-142094 Upper Egypt Hierakonpolis Locality 6, Tomb 16 Complex (T 19) IC - IIA M [50] - Plant Remains - - 25.10 32.78 4850 60 - - -

Predynastic Hierakonpolis BETA-216824 Upper Egypt Hierakonpolis Locality 6, Tomb 26, adjacent to Tomb 16 Complex

IC - IIA M [50] - Wood - - 25.10 32.78 4930 50 - - -

Predynastic Hierakonpolis BM-1127B Upper Egypt Hierakonpolis Locality 33, (Painted) Tomb 100 IIC M [51] - Shell - - 25.10 32.78 5000 90 - - -

Predynastic Hierakonpolis BETA-142096 Upper Egypt Hierakonpolis Locality 6, Tomb 16 Complex III? M [50] - Wood - - 25.10 32.78 4400 60 - - -

Predynastic Hierakonpolis WIS-1180 Upper Egypt Hierakonpolis Locality 6, Tomb 1 IIIC M [52] - Wood - - 25.10 32.78 4300 80 - - -

Predynastic Naga-ed Der AA 16770 Upper Egypt Naga-ed Der Tomb 7036, Cemetery 7000 IC M [53] 6-12009 Short-lived Plant Reed - 26.37 31.90 4775 90 - - -

Predynastic Naga-ed Der AA 16777 Upper Egypt Naga-ed Der Tomb 7394, Cemetery 7000 IC M [53] 6-12058 Hair Animal - 26.37 31.90 4950 60 - - -

Predynastic Naga-ed Der AA 16771 Upper Egypt Naga-ed Der Tomb 7110, Cemetery 7000 IIA M [53] 6-12021 Tissue Animal Leather 26.37 31.90 4840 85 - - -

Lat Long


PDB)

15N (‰

PDB)




below)



Predynastic Naga-ed Der AA 16784 Upper Egypt Naga-ed Der Tomb 7603, Cemetery 7000 IIA - IIB M [53] 6-12128b Short-lived Plant Reed - 26.37 31.90 4690 85 - - -

Predynastic Naga-ed Der AA 16778 Upper Egypt Naga-ed Der Tomb 7468, Cemetery 7000 IIB M [53] 6-12082 Short-lived Plant - - 26.37 31.90 4560 85 - - -

Predynastic Naga-ed Der AA 16779 Upper Egypt Naga-ed Der Tomb 7491, Cemetery 7000 IIB M [53] 6-12091 Hair Human Human 26.37 31.90 4720 65 - - -

Predynastic Naga-ed Der AA 16775 Upper Egypt Naga-ed Der Tomb 7292, Cemetery 7000 IIB - IIC M [53] 6-12039 Short-lived Plant - - 26.37 31.90 4505 70 - - -

Predynastic Naga-ed Der AA 16773 Upper Egypt Naga-ed Der Tomb 7159, Cemetery 7000 IIC M [53] 6-12025 Short-lived Plant Charred Mixture - 26.37 31.90 4775 75 - - -

Predynastic Naga-ed Der AA 16774 Upper Egypt Naga-ed Der Tomb 7251, Cemetery 7000 IIC M [53] 6-12033 Short-lived Plant - - 26.37 31.90 4615 65 - - -

Predynastic Naga-ed Der AA 16781 Upper Egypt Naga-ed Der Tomb 7522, Cemetery 7000 IIC - IID M [53] 6-12097 Short-lived Plant - - 26.37 31.90 4605 65 - - -

Predynastic Naga-ed Der AA 16780 Upper Egypt Naga-ed Der Tomb 7513, Cemetery 7000 IID M [53] 6-12017 Short-lived Plant - - 26.37 31.90 4525 70 - - -

Predynastic Naga-ed Der AA 16782 Upper Egypt Naga-ed Der Tomb 7526, Cemetery 7000 IIIA - IIID M [53] 6-12105 Short-lived Plant Seeds - 26.37 31.90 4645 70 - - -

Predynastic Naqada OxA-26714 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 1592 IA - IC M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.a.11.5.200 Hair Human Human 25.90 32.72 4970 75 -22.0 9.3 -

Predynastic Naqada OxA-23589 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 1546 IC M Petrie Museum of Egyptology, London

UC 5094 Short-lived Plant Fruit seeds Probably Anacardiaceae

25.90 32.72 4740 40 -28.0 - -

Predynastic Naqada OxA-26820 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 1562 IC M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge


Predynastic Naqada OxA-26818 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 1675 IC M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.2 [891] Hair Human Human 25.90 32.72 4722 31 -20.5 13.6 -

Predynastic Naqada C-814 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 1609 IA - IIB M [44] - Tissue Skin Human 25.90 32.72 5577 300 - - -

Predynastic Naqada OxA-23588 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 1465 IC - IIA M Petrie Museum of Egyptology, London

UC 36101 Short-lived Plant Straw matting Monocotyledon, probably a grass

25.90 32.72 4811 37 -9.8 - -

Predynastic Naqada OxA-25918 Upper Egypt Naqada Graves 1748 & 1754 IC - IIA M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5.233 Bone Human Human 25.90 32.72 4696 31 -18.8 13.9 Replicate 13

Predynastic Naqada OxA-26200 Upper Egypt Naqada Graves 1748 & 1754 IC - IIA M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5.233 Bone Human Human 25.90 32.72 4703 31 -19.0 14.2 Replicate 13

Predynastic Naqada OxA-X-2457-49 Upper Egypt Naqada Graves 1748 & 1754 IC - IIA M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5.233 Bone Human Human 25.90 32.72 4749 34 -20.1 13.2 Replicate 13. Collagen extracted by Thompson et al. [20]

Predynastic Naqada C-810 Upper Egypt Naqada Graves 1487, 1562, 1592, 1816 IC - IIA M [44] - Hair Human Human 25.90 32.72 5744 300 - - -

Predynastic Naqada C-811 Upper Egypt Naqada Graves 1401, 1410, 1729, 1863 IC - IIC M [44] - Hair Human Human 25.90 32.72 5619 280 - - -

Predynastic Naqada C-812 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave T56 IID M [44] - Hair Human Human 25.90 32.72 5020 290 - - -

Predynastic Naqada OxA-25792 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 1364 IC - IIA M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5.138 Bone Human Human 25.90 32.72 4878 34 -19.2 13.2 -

Predynastic Naqada OxA-X-2485-26 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 1487 IIA M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5.181 Skin Human Human 25.90 32.72 4785 32 -22.1 14.3 -

- OxA-26498 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 1410 IIA - IIC M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5.163 Hair Human Human 25.90 32.72 4350 33 -21.7 13.2 Duplicate. High C:N ratio. Contamination - exclude

- OxA-27098 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 1410 IIA - IIC M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5.163 Hair Human Human 25.90 32.72 3756 28 -21.8 11.8 Duplicate. High C:N ratio. Contamination - exclude

Predynastic Naqada OxA-X-2457-50 Upper Egypt Naqada Graves 1787 & 1796 IIA - IIC M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge


Predynastic Naqada OxA-X-2457-51 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave B115 IIB M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge


Predynastic Naqada OxA-X-2458-47 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave B78 IIB M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge


Predynastic Naqada OxA-26819 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 1401 IIC M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge


Predynastic Naqada OxA-25417 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave T5 IIC M Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

1895.525 Residue - Vegetable oil or animal fat

25.90 32.72 4577 35 -25.0 - Replicate 14

Predynastic Naqada OxA-X-2446-41 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave T5 IIC M Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

1895.525 Residue - Vegetable oil or animal fat

25.90 32.72 4543 31 -25.0 - Replicate 14

Predynastic Naqada OxA-X-2458-48 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 1684 IIC M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge


- OxA-X-2485-27 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 1863 IIC M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5.262 Hair Human Human 25.90 32.72 1179 25 High C:N ratio. Contamination - Exclude

Predynastic Naqada OxA-X-2473-57 Upper Egypt Ballas Grave 588 IIC - IID M Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

1895.533 Residue Residue Mix of vegetable oil and animal fat

- - 4582 29 -24.3 - Replicate 15

Predynastic Naqada OxA-26090 Upper Egypt Ballas Grave 588 IIC - IID M Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

1895.533 Residue Residue Mix of vegetable oil and animal fat

- - 4625 31 -24.3 - Replicate 15

Predynastic Naqada C-813 Upper Egypt Naqada Graves 733, 1349 IIC - IID M [44] - Hair Human Human 25.90 32.72 4720 310 - - -

Predynastic Naqada OxA-26817 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 530 IID M Duckworth Collection, Cambridge

AF.11.5.140 [893] Hair Human Human 25.90 32.72 4508 30 -20.0 15.0 -

Lat Long


PDB)

15N (‰

PDB)




below)



Predynastic Naqada and 1st Dynasty (TPQ)

OxA-23629 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 17 IIIA M Petrie Museum of Egyptology, London

UC 5083C Short-lived Plant Fruit Probably a eudicot 25.90 32.72 4498 29 -25.0 - -

Predynastic Naqada and 1st Dynasty (TPQ)

OxA-23630 Upper Egypt Naqada Grave 17 IIIA M Petrie Museum of Egyptology, London

UC 5083A Textile Linen Linum usitatissimum 25.90 32.72 4557 29 -24.3 - -

Key AbbreviationsPublished Dates TPQ = Terminus Post QuemNew Dates TAQ = Terminus Ante QuemIntrusive DatesContaminated Dates

31.$Hedges,$R.$E.$M.,$Housley,$R.$A.,$Bronk$Ramsey,$C.,$&$van$Klinken,$G.$J.$Radiocarbon$dates$from$the$Oxford$AMS$system:$Archaeometry$datelist$18.$Archaeometry,$36(2),$337N37$(1994).$32.$Holmes,$D.$L.$&$Friedman,$R.$F.$$Survey$and$test$excavations$in$the$Badari$region,$Egypt.+Proceedings+of+the+Prehistoric+Society,$60,$105N142$(1994).33.$Hassan,$F.$A.$Radiocarbon$chronology$of$Neolithic$and$Predynastic$sites$in$Upper$Egypt$and$the$Delta.$African+Archaeological+Review,$3,$95N116$(1985).34.$de$Vries,$H.$G.,$&$Barendsen,$G.$W.$Measurements$of$age$by$the$CN14$technique.$Nature,$174,$1138$(1954).35.$Hendrickx,$S.,$MidantNReynes,$B.,$&$Van$Neer,$W.$Mahgar$Dendera$2$(Haute$Egypte),$un$site$d'occupation$Badarien$(Vol.$1).$Leuven:$Leuven$University$Press$(2001).36.$Vermeersch,$P.$M.,$Paulissen,$E.,$Huyge,$D.,$Neumann,$K.,$Van$Neer,$W.,$&$Van$Peer,$P.$Predynastic$hearths$in$Upper$Egypt.$In$R.$Friedman$and$B.$Adams$(eds)$The+Followers+of+Horus:+Studies+Dedicated+to+Michael+Allen+Hoffman,+1944D1990$(1992).37.$Barker,$H.,$Burleigh,$R.,$&$Meeks,$N.$British$Museum$natural$radiocarbon$measurements$VI.$Radiocarbon,$11(2),$278N294$$(1969).38.$Bonani,$G.,$Haas,$H.,$Hawass,$Z.,$Lehner,$M.,$Nakhla,$S.,$&$Nolan,$J.$Radiocarbon$dates$of$Old$and$Middle$Kingdom$monuments$in$Egypt.$Radiocarbon,$43(3),$1297N1320$(2001).39.$Suess,$H.$E.$Zur$chronologie$des$alten$Agypten.$Zeitschrift+fur+Physik,$202,$1N7$(1967).40.$Berger,$R.,$&$Libby,$W.$F.$UCLA$Radiocarbon$dates$VI.$Radiocarbon,$9,$477N504$(1967).41.$Barker,$H.,$Burleigh,$R.,$&$Meeks,$N.$British$Museum$natural$radiocarbon$measurements$VII.+Radiocarbon,$13,$166$(1971).42.$Ralph,$E.$K.$University$of$Pennsylvania$radiocarbon$dates$III.$Radiocarbon,$1,$45N58$(1959)..43.$Harkness,$D.$D.$&$Wilson,$H.$W.$$Scottish$universities$research$and$reactor$rentre$radiocarbon$measurements$I.$Radiocarbon,$15(3),$554N565$(1973).44.$Libby,$W.$F.$Radiocarbon+Dating.$Chicago:$Chicago$University$Press$(1955).45.$Agrawal,$D.$P.,$&$Kusumgar,$S.$Tata$Institute$radiocarbon$date$list$XI.$Radiocarbon,$17(2),$219N225$(1975).$46.$Mellaart,$J.$Egyptian$and$Near$Eastern$chronology:$a$dilemma.$Antiquity,$53,$6N22$(1979).47.$de$Vries,$H.$G.,$&$Waterbolk,$H.$T.$Groningen$radiocarbon$dates$III.$Science,&128(3338),$1550N1556$(1958).48.$Gorsdorf,$J.,$Dreyer,$G.,$&$Hartung,$U.$New$14C$dating$of$the$archaic$royal$necropolis$Umm$elNQaab$at$Abydos$(Egypt).$Radiocarbon$40(2),$641N647$(1998).$49.$Hendrickx,$S.$$La$chronologie$de$la$prehistoire$tardive$et$des$debuts$de$l'histoire$de$l'Egypte.$ArcheoDNil,$9,$13N81$(1999).50.$Friedman,$R.$van$Neer,$W.$&$Linseele,$V.$$The$elite$Predynastic$cemetery$at$Hierakonpolis:$2009N10$update.$In$Origins+III,$Friedman,$R.$and$Fiske,$P.$(eds)$Leuven:$Peeters$(2011)$51.$Burleigh,$R.$Two$radiocarbon$dates$for$freshwater$shells$from$Hierakonpolis:$archaeological$and$geological$interpretations.+Journal+of+Archaeological+Science,$10,$361N367$(1983).52.$Hoffman,$M.$A.$The$Predynastic$at$Hierakonpolis:$an$interim$monograph.$Giza/Macomb:$Cairo$University$Herbarium/Western$Illinois$University$Department$of$Sociology$and$Anthropology$(1982).53.$Friedman,$R.$Spatial$distribution$in$a$Predynastic$cemetery:$NagaNedNDer,$N7000$(Thesis,$University$of$California,$Berkeley,$1981).

Additional$References$(continued$from$main$text)

Main 1st Dynasty Model

Ruler RulersFrom To From To From To From To

Aha (Dyn I) 3111 3045 3218 3035 Aha-Djer 0 45 0 137 Djer 3073 3036 3130 3021 Djer-Djet 57 126 24 168 Djet 2989 2941 3005 2926 Djet-Meretneith 0 40 0 71 Merneith 2946 2916 2970 2910 Meretneith-Den 0 18 0 43 Den 2928 2911 2945 2904 Den-Anedjib 0 23 0 49 Anedjib 2916 2896 2921 2886 Anedjib - Semerkhet 0 10 0 28 Semerkhet 2912 2891 2921 2867 Semerkhet - Qa'a 0 10 0 27 Qa'a 2906 2886 2916 2842 Qa'a - Hetepsekhemwy 0 41 0 100 Hetepsekhemwy (Dyn II) 2893 2852 2901 2761 Length of 1st Dynasty 170 270 153 375

Alt Model 1: Only Short-lived Samples. See Fig. S1.


Aha (Dyn I) 3096 3050 3207 3031 Aha - Djer 0 34 0 114 Djer 3068 3036 3122 3021 Djer - Djet 50 117 20 156 Djet 2995 2946 3007 2930 Djet - Merneith 0 44 0 74 Merneith 2947 2917 2971 2911 Merneith - Den 0 19 0 45 Den 2928 2911 2944 2905 Den - Anedjib 0 21 0 43 Anedjib 2915 2899 2922 2891 Anedjib - Semerkhet 0 9 0 19 Semerkhet 2911 2893 2918 2884 Semerkhet - Qa'a 0 9 0 18 Qa'a 2905 2889 2912 2878 Qa'a - Hetepsekhemwy 0 35 0 66 Hetepsekhemwy (Dyn II) 2893 2859 2904 2832 Length of 1st Dynasty 169 235 146 341

Alt Model 2: Unbiased Seasonal Effect (0±10 years). See Fig. S2.



Alt Model 3: No Seasonal Effect. See Fig. S3.



Alt Model 4: No Separate Reign for Merneith. See Fig. S4.


Aha (Dyn I) 3135 3045 3237 3031 Aha - Djer 0 59 0 153 Djer 3077 3034 3127 2946 Djer - Djet 58 135 0 170 Djet 2979 2931 3002 2921 Djet - Den (Merneith) 0 48 0 78 Den (Merneith) 2931 2911 2949 2905 Anedjib 2916 2897 2922 2886 Den (Merneith) - Anedjib 0 25 0 54 Semerkhet 2912 2892 2921 2862 Anedjib - Semerkhet 0 10 0 31 Qa'a 2907 2887 2916 2831 Semerkhet - Qa'a 0 10 0 31 Hetepsekhemwy (Dyn II) 2894 2846 2901 2753 Qa'a - Hetepsekhemwy 0 47 0 114

Length of 1st Dynasty 174 297 144 410

Alt Model 5: Reigns Restricted to 100 Years. See Fig. S5.



Alt Model 6: No Outlier Anaylsis and long-lived samples treated as termini post quos. See Fig. S6.



Accession Date (BCE) Intervals (Years)68% 95% 68% 95%



Table S2: Outputs of 1st Dynasty Models

Intervals (Years)Accession Date (BCE)

Accession Date (BCE) Intervals (Years)

68% 95% 68% 95%

Intervals (Years)68% 95%

Accession Date (BCE)68% 95%

68% 95%

68% 95% 68% 95%Accession Date (BCE) Intervals (Years)

68% 95%

Naqada (and Ballas) Model(See Fig. S7.)

TransitionsFrom To From To

Start IA 3952 3712 4213 3640IB/IC 3712 3594 3804 3545IIB/IIC 3488 3408 3522 3380IID/IIIA 3347 3279 3367 3211IIIA/IIIB 3262 3082 3325 2941

Abydos Cemetery U Model(See Fig. S8.)


IA/IB 3757 3565 3886 3391IB/IC 3647 3533 3716 3383IC/IIA 3575 3471 3603 3373IIC/IID 3489 3366 3522 3343IID/IIIA 3366 3308 3398 3257IIIA/IIIB 3322 3196 3346 3088

Naga ed-Der Model(See Fig. S9.)


IB/IC 3739 3580 3850 3505IIB/IIC 3513 3403 3575 3365IID/IIIA 3356 3215 3402 3124End III 3238 2965 3358 2722

Hierakonpolis Model(See Fig. S10.)


IB/IC 3751 3622 3832 3535IIA/IIB 3649 3515 3686 3434IIB/IIC 3595 3376 3639 3202IIC/IID 3447 3130 3561 2965IID/III 3178 2889 3382 2736

el-Badari

Date of Activity*From To From To

Start 4458 4233 4552 4089End 3896 3728 3929 3602

Hemamieh


Start 4344 4085 4493 3942End 4124 3830 4214 3672

Mahgar Dendera 2


Start 4494 4221 4596 3866End 3887 3684 3956 3570

Mostagedda


Start 4439 4270 4678 4186End 3887 3580 4300 3322

*These Start and End dates provide estimates for the likely earliest and latest dates of Badarian activity at these sites and do not imply such activity was continuous in between

68%

68%

Transition Date (BCE)

Transition Date (BCE)68% 95%


68% 95%

68% 95%


Table S3: Outputs of Predynastic Site-Based Models


Transition Date (BCE)95%


95%

Outputs of Badarian Site-Based Models (see Fig. S11)


df t χ2-Test (5%) Pass/FailReplicate 1 OxA-25917 5388 32Replicate 1 OxA-X-2457-47 5293 35

5345 25 1 4.0 3.8 Fail *

Replicate 2 OxA-25526 4467 28Replicate 2 OxA-25527 4519 29Replicate 2 OxA-26140 4411 34

4471 20 2 5.9 6.0 Pass

Replicate 3 BM-319 4225 70Replicate 3 GrN-1100 4360 60Replicate 3 GrN-1109 4460 55Replicate 3 P-215 4594 91

4399 34 3 12.4 7.8 Fail *

Replicate 4 BM-321 4496 80Replicate 4 SRR-5 4656 60

4599 49 1 2.5 3.8 Pass

Replicate 5 DRI-2968 4486 89Replicate 5 ETH-13627 4469 52

4473 46 1 0.0 3.8 Pass

Replicate 6 BM-27 4100 150Replicate 6 P-214 4447 150Replicate 6 BM-323 4342 70

4323 59 2 2.9 6.0 Pass

Replicate 7 C-267 4883 200Replicate 7 TF-563 4580 60

4606 59 1 2.2 3.8 Pass

Replicate 8 OxA-20767 4081 29Replicate 8 OxA-20768 4172 28Replicate 8 OxA-20736 4115 32

4125 19 2 5.2 6.0 Pass

Replicate 9 Bln-4466 4691 41Replicate 9 Bln-4466 4688 40

4689 30 1 2.2 3.8 Pass

Replicate 10 OxA-23151 4306 27Replicate 10 OxA-23152 4324 26

4315 21 1 0.2 3.8 Pass


4228 24 1 1.0 3.8 Pass


4280 24 1 0.8 3.8 Pass

Replicate 13 OxA-25918 4696 31Replicate 13 OxA-26200 4703 31Replicate 13 OxA-X-2457-49 4749 34

4714 21 2 1.5 6.0 Pass

Replicate 14 OxA-25417 4577 35Replicate 14 OxA-X-2446-41 4543 31

4558 25 1 0.5 3.8 Pass

Replicate 15 OxA-X-2473-57 4582 29Replicate 15 OxA-26090 4625 31

4602 23 1 1.0 3.8 Pass

*These samples were included in models as if they had been made on separate samples. Replicate 1 comprised one date on a pre-prepared collagen submission and a new extraction on a bone from the same grave. The variance was considered too small to omit the dates. Replicate 3 were all previously published dates on the same block of wood; however, only exactly the same tree-rings should produce exactly equivalent results, so these dates were also deemed usable.

Table S4: Chi-Square Tests

Lab Ref Tomb

From To

OxA-25419 (Replicate 1) 162 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Reed 4113 34OxA-26145 (Replicate 1) 162 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Reed 4179 32Average OxA-25419, 26145 4148 25 2871 2582OxA-23966 Mastaba of Senar (1060) Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4440 29 3321 2921OxA-18060 Mastaba of Senar (1060) Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4329 30 3014 2886OxA-27041 Mastaba 2038 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4465 33 3335 2933OxA-18061 (Replicate 2) Mastaba 2038 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4394 31OxA-18062 (Replicate 2) Mastaba 2038 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4315 31Average OxA-18061, 18062 4355 24 3016 2901OxA-27042 2040 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4417 31 3263 2916Birm-20 (Replicate 3) Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4224 97BIRM 20b (Replicate 3) Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4206 68UCLA-739 (Replicate 3) Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4265 80NPL-5 (Replicate 3) Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4310 90A-569 (Replicate 3) Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4200 90BM-248 (Replicate 3) Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4160 110BM-203 (Replicate 3) Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4150 110LJ-1448 (Replicate 3) Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4388 50ANTW-104 (Replicate 3) Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4390 130Fra-51 (Replicate 3) Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4245 120LJ-1288 (Replicate 3) Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4370 50TB-38 (Replicate 3) Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4330 160Average 12 Measurements 4300 25 2920 2879OxA-27043 Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 4245 34 2910 2680BM-1496 Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 3700 40 2197 1949BM-1497 Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Linen 3850 50 2465 2141OxA-18555 Mastaba 2050 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Leaves 4115 30 2862 2500OxA-19142 2054 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Reed 4139 29 2866 2579OxA-566 2053 Djer-Den or Naqada IIIC2 Animal 4390 130 3489 2634

Table S5: Radiocarbon Dates from Tarkhan (see Fig. S12)

95% RangeCalibrated Date (BCE )Sample Material 14C

Measurement

(14C Years)

Historical Allocation Error (1-sigma)

Time Probability-10 0.00004-9.9 0.00005-9.8 0.00005-9.7 0.00006-9.6 0.00006-9.5 0.00007-9.4 0.00008-9.3 0.00009-9.2 0.00010-9.1 0.00011-9 0.00012

-8.9 0.00013-8.8 0.00014-8.7 0.00016-8.6 0.00017 Probability-8.5 0.00019-8.4 0.00021-8.3 0.00024-8.2 0.00026-8.1 0.00029-8 0.00032

-7.9 0.00035-7.8 0.00039-7.7 0.00043-7.6 0.00048-7.5 0.00053-7.4 0.00058-7.3 0.00064-7.2 0.00071-7.1 0.00078-7 0.00087

-6.9 0.00096-6.8 0.00106-6.7 0.00117-6.6 0.00129-6.5 0.00143-6.4 0.00158-6.3 0.00174-6.2 0.00193-6.1 0.00213-6 0.00235

-5.9 0.00260-5.8 0.00288-5.7 0.00318-5.6 0.00351-5.5 0.00388-5.4 0.00429-5.3 0.00474-5.2 0.00524-5.1 0.00579 Time-5 0.00640

-4.9 0.00707-4.8 0.00782-4.7 0.00864-4.6 0.00955-4.5 0.01055-4.4 0.01166-4.3 0.01289-4.2 0.01425-4.1 0.01574-4 0.01740

-3.9 0.01923-3.8 0.02125-3.7 0.02349-3.6 0.02596-3.5 0.02869-3.4 0.03170-3.3 0.03504-3.2 0.03872-3.1 0.04280-3 0.04730

-2.9 0.05227-2.8 0.05777-2.7 0.06385-2.6 0.07056-2.5 0.07798-2.4 0.08618-2.3 0.09525-2.2 0.10526-2.1 0.11633-2 0.12857

-1.9 0.14209-1.8 0.15703-1.7 0.17355-1.6 0.19180-1.5 0.21197-1.4 0.23427-1.3 0.25891-1.2 0.28613-1.1 0.31623-1 0.34949

-0.9 0.38624-0.8 0.42686-0.7 0.47176-0.6 0.52137-0.5 0.57620-0.4 0.63680-0.3 0.70378-0.2 0.77779-0.1 0.85960

0 0.950000.1 0.045240.2 0.040940.3 0.037040.4 0.033520.5 0.030330.6 0.027440.7 0.024830.8 0.022470.9 0.020331 0.01839

1.1 0.01664

Table S6: Charcoal Plus Outlier Model

Note: t is not time strictly-speaking, as the Charcoal Plus model is scaled during calculation - t is a factor in the time

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

1.2 0.015061.3 0.013631.4 0.012331.5 0.011161.6 0.010091.7 0.009131.8 0.008261.9 0.007482 0.006772.1 0.006122.2 0.005542.3 0.005012.4 0.004542.5 0.004102.6 0.003712.7 0.003362.8 0.003042.9 0.002753 0.002493.1 0.002253.2 0.002043.3 0.001843.4 0.001673.5 0.001513.6 0.001373.7 0.001243.8 0.001123.9 0.001014 0.000924.1 0.000834.2 0.000754.3 0.000684.4 0.000614.5 0.000564.6 0.000504.7 0.000454.8 0.000414.9 0.000375 0.000345.1 0.000305.2 0.000285.3 0.000255.4 0.000235.5 0.000205.6 0.000185.7 0.000175.8 0.000155.9 0.000146 0.000126.1 0.000116.2 0.000106.3 0.000096.4 0.000086.5 0.000086.6 0.000076.7 0.000066.8 0.000066.9 0.000057 0.000057.1 0.000047.2 0.000047.3 0.000037.4 0.000037.5 0.000037.6 0.000037.7 0.000027.8 0.000027.9 0.000028 0.000028.1 0.000028.2 0.000018.3 0.000018.4 0.000018.5 0.000018.6 0.000018.7 0.000018.8 0.000018.9 0.000019 0.000019.1 0.000019.2 0.000019.3 0.000009.4 0.000009.5 0.000009.6 0.000009.7 0.000009.8 0.000009.9 0.0000010 0.00000

Table S7: OxCal Model Code 1st Dynasty Model Options() { kIterations=100; }; Plot() { Delta_R("Seasonal Effect", 19, 5); Outlier_Model("IA",Prior("Charcoal_Plus"),U(0,3),"t"); Outlier_Model("SL",T(5),U(0,4),"t"); Sequence("ED Model") { Boundary("Predynastic"); Phase("Dyn 0 (Tell es-Sakan, Abydos and Naqada)") { R_Date("Bln 4464", 4526, 40) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln 4461", 4528, 40) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln 4462", 4608, 40) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln 4671", 4679, 40) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Hd-12953", 4470, 30) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Hd-12954", 4595, 25) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-23629", 4498, 29) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("OxA-23630", 4557, 29) {

Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; Delta_R("No Seasonal Effect"); R_Date("OxA-25521", 4533, 30) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=31.47; longitude=34.41; }; R_Date("OxA-25522", 4439, 27) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=31.47; longitude=34.41; }; R_Date("OxA-25525", 4423, 28) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=31.47; longitude=34.41; }; R_Combine(8) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); R_Date("OxA-25526", 4467, 28) { latitude=31.47; longitude=34.41; }; R_Date("OxA-25527", 4519, 29) { latitude=31.47; longitude=34.41; }; R_Date("OxA-26140", 4411, 34) { latitude=31.47; longitude=34.41; }; }; R_Date("OxA-25523", 4443, 28) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=31.47; longitude=34.41; }; }; Boundary("Narmer"); Boundary("Aha (Dyn I)") { color="Red"; }; Phase("Aha Phase") { R_Date("Hd-12947", 4505, 20) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Hd-12926 ", 4535, 40) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333;

}; Interval("Aha Interval"); }; Boundary("Djer") { color="Red"; }; Phase("Djer Phase") { R_Date("OxA-18511", 4329, 33) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-25595", 4344, 32) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-26044", 4307, 33) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-26091", 4397, 29) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-23195", 4498, 29) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-26831", 4387, 32) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-26824", 4436, 30) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-26825", 4418, 29) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-26826", 4441, 30) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-26832", 4420, 32) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056;

longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-27253", 4477, 21) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-27250", 4476, 32) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; Interval("Djer Interval"); }; Boundary("Djet") { color="Red"; }; Phase("Djet Phase") { R_Date("OxA-26835", 4465, 35) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; Interval("Djet Interval"); }; Boundary("Meretneith") { color="Red"; }; Phase("Meretneith Phase") { Interval("Meretneith Interval"); }; Boundary("Den") { color="Red"; }; Phase("Den Phase") { R_Date("Hd-12952", 4495, 35) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-23196", 4359, 29) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-23197", 4389, 28) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-23151", 4306, 27) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333;

}; R_Date("OxA-23152", 4324, 26) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-23150", 4368, 26) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; Interval("Den Interval"); }; Boundary("Anedjib") { color="Red"; }; Phase("Anedjib Phase") { R_Combine("OxA-26836, 26837", 8) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); R_Date("OxA-26836", 4250, 31) { latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-26837", 4205, 32) { latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; }; Interval("Anedjib Interval"); }; Boundary("Semerkhet") { color="Red"; }; Phase("Semerkhet Phase") { R_Date("OxA-X-2497-55", 4377, 31) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; Interval("Semerkhet Interval"); }; Boundary("Qa'a") { color="Red"; }; Phase("Qa'a Phase") { R_Date("OxA-26838", 4266, 32) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-26830", 4138, 31) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056;

longitude=31.918333; }; R_Combine("OxA-26833, 26834", 8) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); R_Date("OxA-26833", 4258, 33) { latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("OxA-26834", 4299, 31) { latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; }; R_Date("OxA-27252", 4329, 21) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln-4680", 4224, 41) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln-4681", 4397, 42) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; Interval("Qa'a Interval"); }; Boundary("Hetepsekhemwy (Dyn II)") { color="Red"; }; Phase("Dyn II Phase") { R_Date("BM-232", 4230, 65) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("UCLA-1204", 4190, 60) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; }; Boundary("Mid Dyn II"); Phase("Khasekhemwy-Djoser (Dyn III) Phase") { R_Date("OxA-17850", 4084, 32) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.871; longitude=31.217; }; R_Date("OxA-18500", 4177, 28) {

Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.87; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("OxA-18053", 4108, 30) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.839; longitude=31.216; }; R_Date("OxA-18406", 4135, 30) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.839; longitude=31.216; }; R_Date("OxA-18957", 4145, 32) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.87; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("OxA-19005", 4168, 27) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.839; longitude=31.216; }; R_Combine("OxA-20767, 20768, 20736", 8) { Outlier("IA", 1); R_Date("OxA-20767", 4081, 29) { latitude=29.839; longitude=31.216; }; R_Date("OxA-20768", 4172, 28) { latitude=29.87; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("OxA-20736", 4115, 32) { latitude=29.839; longitude=31.216; }; }; Interval("Khasekhemwy-Djoser Interval"); }; Boundary("Dyn III"); }; Sequence("North Saqqara Official of Aha") { Boundary("=Aha"); Phase("Official of Aha Phase") { R_Date("BM-228", 4300, 65) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.875; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("ETH-13612", 4222, 60) {

Outlier("IA",1); latitude=29.875; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("LJ-1490", 4370, 50) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.875; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("UCLA-1200", 4500, 60) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.875; longitude=31.221; }; }; Boundary("=Meretneith"); }; Sequence("North Saqqara Official of Djer") { Boundary("=Djer"); Phase("Djer Official Phase") { R_Date("DRI-2970", 4346, 36) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.877; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("ETH-13620", 4460, 52) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.877; longitude=31.221; }; }; Boundary("=Den"); }; Sequence("North Saqqara Official of Djet") { Boundary("=Djet"); Phase("Djet Official Phase") { R_Date("GrN-1109", 4460, 55) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=29.877; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("BM-319", 4225, 70) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=29.876; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("P-215", 4594, 91) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=29.877; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("GrN-1100", 4360, 60) { Outlier("IA", 1);

latitude=29.877; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("BM-320", 4206, 80) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=29.876; longitude=31.221; }; R_Combine("BM-321, SRR-5", 8) { Outlier("IA", 1); R_Date("BM-321", 4496, 80) { latitude=29.877; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("SRR-5", 4656, 60) { latitude=29.877; longitude=31.221; }; }; R_Date("BM-322", 4349, 70) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=29.876; longitude=31.221; }; R_Combine("DRI-2968, ETH-13627", 8) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); R_Date("DRI-2968", 4486, 89) { latitude=29.877; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("ETH-13627", 4469, 52) { latitude=29.877; longitude=31.221; }; }; R_Date("ETH-13626", 4236, 57) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.876; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("ETH-13629", 4311, 53) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.877; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("ETH-13632", 4319, 56) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.877; longitude=31.221; }; }; Boundary("=Anedjib"); }; Sequence("North Saqqara Official of Meretneith or Den")

{ Boundary("=Meretneith"); Phase("Meretneith or Den Official Phase") { R_Date("BM-230", 4380, 65) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; R_Combine("BM-27, P-214, BM-323", 8) { Outlier("IA", 1); R_Date("BM-27", 4100, 150) { latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("P-214", 4447, 150) { latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("BM-323", 4342, 70) { latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; }; R_Date("ETH-13605", 4242, 56) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("ETH-13608", 4236, 56) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("ETH-13610", 4142, 60) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; R_Combine("C-267, TF-563", 8) { Outlier("IA", 1); R_Date("C-267", 4883, 200) { latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("TF-563", 4580, 60) { latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; }; R_Date("TF-563a", 4585, 60) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=29.878;

longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("TF-563b", 4550, 60) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("TF-563c", 4485, 60) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("UCLA-1202", 4235, 60) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.878; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("GrN-689", 4450, 100) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=29.873; longitude=31.22; }; }; Boundary("=Qa'a"); }; Sequence("North Saqqara Official of Djer, Djet, Meretneith or Den") { Boundary("=Djer"); Phase("Official of Djer, Djet, Meretneith or Den Phase") { R_Date("UCLA-1201", 4290, 60) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.876; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("BM-229", 4520, 65) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.876; longitude=31.221; }; R_Date("LJ-1459", 4360, 80) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=29.876; longitude=31.221; }; }; Boundary("=Qa'a"); }; Sequence("North Saqqara Official of Qa'a") { Boundary("=Qa'a"); Phase("Qa'a Official Phase") { R_Date("SMU-1358", 4482, 37) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=29.872;

longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("BM-231", 4270, 65) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.872; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("GrN-902", 4145, 70) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=29.872; longitude=31.22; }; R_Date("UCLA-1203", 4140, 60) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=29.872; longitude=31.22; }; }; Boundary("=Mid Dyn II"); }; };

Naqada and Ballas Model Options() { kIterations=100; }; Plot() { Delta_R("Seasonal Effect", 19, 5); Outlier_Model("SL",T(5),U(0,4),"t"); Sequence() { Boundary("Start IA", U(-5000,-2000)) { color="Red"; Start("Start of Start IA"); Transition("Period of Start IA", U(0,500)); End("End of Start IA"); }; Phase("IA-IC Phase") { R_Date("OxA-26714", 4970, 75) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("OxA-26820", 4617, 30) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("OxA-26818", 4722, 31) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666;

}; R_Date("OxA-23589", 4740, 40) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; Date("IC") { color="Green"; }; Interval("Duration IC"); }; Boundary("IC/IIA") { color="Red"; Start("Start of IC/IIA"); Transition("Period of IC/IIA", U(0,500)); End("End of IC/IIA"); }; Phase("IIA-IIB Phase") { R_Date("OxA-X-2485-26", 4785, 32) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("OxA-X-2457-51", 4802, 34) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("OxA-X-2458-47", 4746, 29) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; Date("IIA-IIB") { color="Green"; }; Interval("Duration IIA-IIB"); }; Boundary("IIB/IIC") { color="Red"; Start("Start of IIB/IIC"); Transition("Period of IIB/IIC", U(0,500)); End("End of IIB/IIC"); }; Phase("IIC-IID Phase") { R_Combine("OxA-25417, X-2446-41", 8) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); R_Date("OxA-25417", 4577, 35) { latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; };

R_Date("OxA-X-2446-41", 4543, 31) { latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; }; R_Date("OxA-X-2458-48", 4686, 29) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("OxA-26819", 4770, 31) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("OxA-26817", 4508, 30) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("C-812", 5020, 290) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("C-813", 4720, 310) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Combine("OxA-26090, X-2473-57", 8) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); R_Date("OxA-26090", 4625, 31); R_Date("OxA-X-2473-57", 4582, 29); }; Date("IIC-IID") { color="Green"; }; Interval("Duration IIC-IID"); }; Boundary("IID/IIIA") { color="Red"; Start("Start of IID/IIIA"); Transition("Period of IID/IIIA", U(0,500)); End("End of IID/IIIA"); }; Phase("IIIA Phase") { R_Date("OxA-23629", 4498, 29) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; };

R_Date("OxA-23630", 4557, 29) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; Date("IIIA") { color="Green"; }; Interval("Duration IIIA"); }; Boundary("IIIA/IIIB", U(-5000,-2000)) { color="Red"; Start("Start of IIIA/IIIB"); Transition("Period of IIIA/IIIB", U(0,500)); End("End of IIIA/IIIB"); }; }; Sequence("Further Dates 1") { Boundary("=Start IA"); Phase("IA-IIB Phase") { R_Date("C-814", 5577, 300) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("OxA-23588", 4811, 37) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("OxA-25792", 4878, 34) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("C-810", 5744, 300) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Combine("OxA-25918, 26200, X-2457-49", 8) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); R_Date("OxA-25918", 4696, 31) { latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("OxA-26200", 4703, 31) { latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("OxA-X-2457-49", 4749, 34) {

latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; }; }; Boundary("=IIB/IIC"); }; Sequence("Further Dates 2") { Boundary("=Start IA"); Phase("IA-IID Phase") { R_Date("C-811", 5619, 280) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; R_Date("OxA-X-2457-50", 4843, 37) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.9; longitude=32.716666; }; }; Boundary("=IID/IIIA"); }; };

Abydos Cemetery U Model Options() { kIterations=100; }; Plot() { Delta_R("Seasonal Effect", 19, 5); Outlier_Model("IA",Prior("Charcoal_Plus"),U(0,3),"t"); Outlier_Model("SL",T(5),U(0,4),"t"); Sequence("Abydos Predynastic Model") { Boundary("IA/IB", U(-5000,-2000)) { color="Red"; Start("Start of IA/IB"); Transition("Period of IA/IB", U(0,500)); End("End of IA/IB"); }; Phase("IB-IC Phase") { R_Date("Bln-4679", 4837, 87) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln-4676", 4802, 50) { Outlier("SL",0.05);

latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; Date("IB-IC") { color="green"; }; Interval("Duration IB-IC"); }; Boundary("IC/IIA") { color="Red"; Start("Start of IC/IIA"); Transition("Period of IC/IIA", U(0,500)); End("End of IC/IIA"); }; Boundary("IIC/IID") { color="Red"; Start("Start of IIC/IID"); Transition("Period of IIC/IID", U(0,500)); End("End of IIC/IID"); }; Phase("IID Phase") { R_Date("Bln-4465", 4624, 64) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln-4493", 4676, 44) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Combine("Bln-4466 (1 & 2)", 8) { Outlier("IA", 1); R_Date("Bln-4466 Sample 1", 4691, 41) { latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln-4466 Sample 2", 4688, 40) { latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; }; R_Date("Bln-4494", 4667, 40) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln-4467", 4421, 43) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; };

R_Date("Bln-4463", 4688, 48) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln-4672", 4607, 48) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln-4673", 4591, 41) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; Date("IID") { color="green"; }; Interval("Duration IID"); }; Boundary("IID/IIIA") { color="Red"; Start("Start of IID/IIIA"); Transition("Period of IID/IIIA", U(0,500)); End("End of IID/IIIA"); }; Phase("IIIA Phase") { R_Date("Bln 4464", 4526, 40) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln 4461", 4528, 40) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln 4462", 4608, 40) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Bln 4671", 4679, 40) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Hd-12953", 4470, 30) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; R_Date("Hd-12954", 4595, 25) { Outlier("IA", 1);

latitude=26.183056; longitude=31.918333; }; Date("IIIA") { color="green"; }; Interval("Duration IIIA"); }; Boundary("IIIA/IIIB", U(-5000, -2000)) { color="Red"; Start("Start of IIIA/IIIB"); Transition("Period of IIIA/IIIB", U(0,500)); End("End of IIIA/IIIB"); }; }; };

Naga ed-Der Model Options() { kIterations=100; }; Plot() { Delta_R("Seasonal Effect", 19, 5); Outlier_Model("SL",T(5),U(0,4),"t"); Sequence("Naga ed-Der Model") { Boundary("Start IB/IC", U(-5000,-2000)) { color="Red"; Start("Start of IB/IC"); Transition("Period of IB/IC", U(0, 500)); End("End of IB/IC"); }; Phase("IC Phase") { R_Date("AA 16770", 4775, 90) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=26.366667; longitude=31.9; }; R_Date("AA 16777", 4950, 60) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=26.366667; longitude=31.9; }; }; Boundary("IC/IIA") { color="Red"; Start("Start of IC/IIA"); Transition("Period of IC/IIA", U(0, 500)); End("End of IC/IIA"); }; Phase("IIA-IIB Phase") { R_Date("AA 16771", 4840, 85)

{ Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.366667; longitude=31.9; }; R_Date("AA 16784", 4690, 85) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.366667; longitude=31.9; }; R_Date("AA 16778", 4560, 85) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.366667; longitude=31.9; }; R_Date("AA 16779", 4720, 65) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.366667; longitude=31.9; }; }; Boundary("IIB/IIC") { color="Red"; Start("Start of IIB/IIC"); Transition("Period of IIB/IIC", U(0, 500)); End("End of IIB/IIC"); }; Phase("IIC-IID Phase") { R_Date("AA 16773", 4775, 75) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.366667; longitude=31.9; }; R_Date("AA 16774", 4615, 65) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.366667; longitude=31.9; }; R_Date("AA 16781", 4605, 65) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.366667; longitude=31.9; }; R_Date("AA 16780", 4525, 70) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.366667; longitude=31.9; }; }; Boundary("IID/IIIA") { color="Red"; Start("Start of IID/IIIA"); Transition("Period of IID/IIIA", U(0, 500)); End("End of IID/IIIA"); };

Phase("IIIA-IIID Phase") { R_Date("AA 16782", 4645, 70) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=26.366667; longitude=31.9; }; }; Boundary("End IIID", U(-5000,-2000)) { color="Red"; Start("Start of End IIID"); Transition("Period of End IIID", U(0, 500)); End("End of End IIID"); }; }; Sequence("Further Dates 1") { Boundary("=IC/IIA"); R_Date("AA 16775", 4505, 70) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=26.366667; longitude=31.9; }; Boundary("=IID/IIIA"); }; };

Hierakonpolis Model Options() { kIterations=100; }; Plot() { Delta_R("Seasonal Effect", 19, 5); Outlier_Model("IA",Prior("Charcoal_Plus"),U(0,3),"t"); Outlier_Model("SL",T(5),U(0,4),"t"); Sequence("HK Model") { Boundary("IB/IC", U(-5000,-2000)) { color="Red"; Start("Start of IB/IC"); Transition("Period of IB/IC", U(0,500)); End("End of IB/IC"); }; Phase("IC-IIA Phase") { R_Date("BETA-252910", 4850, 40) { Outlier("SL",0.05); latitude=25.097222; longitude=32.779444; }; R_Date("BETA-142094", 4850, 60) { Outlier("SL",0.05);

latitude=25.097222; longitude=32.779444; }; R_Date("BETA-216824", 4930, 50) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=25.097222; longitude=32.779444; }; Date("IC-IIA") { color="green"; }; Interval("Duration IC-IIA"); }; Boundary("IIA/IIB") { color="Red"; Start("Start of IIA/IIB"); Transition("Period of IIA/IIB", U(0,500)); End("End of IIA/IIB"); }; Boundary("IIB/IIC") { color="Red"; Start("Start of IIB/IIC"); Transition("Period of IIB/IIC", U(0,500)); End("End of IIB/IIC"); }; Phase("IIC Phase") { R_Date("BM-1127B", 5000, 90) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=25.097222; longitude=32.779444; }; Date("IIC") { color="green"; }; Interval("Duration IIC"); }; Boundary("IIC/IID") { color="Red"; Start("Start of IIC/IID"); Transition("Period of IIC/IID", U(0,500)); End("End of IIC/IID"); }; Boundary("IID/IIIA") { color="Red"; Start("Start of IID/IIIA"); Transition("Period of IID/IIIA", U(0,500)); End("End of IID/IIIA"); }; Phase("IIIA-IIIC Phase") { R_Date("BETA-142096", 4400, 60) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=25.097222;

longitude=32.779444; }; R_Date("WIS-1180", 4300, 80) { Outlier("IA",1); latitude=25.097222; longitude=32.779444; }; Date("IIIA-IIIC") { color="green"; }; Interval("Duration IIIA-IIIC"); }; Boundary("End IIIC", U(-5000,-2000)) { color="Red"; Start("Start of End IIIC"); Transition("Period of End IIIC", U(0,500)); End("End of End IIIC"); }; }; };

Badarian 4-Site Model Options() { kIterations=100; }; Plot() { Delta_R("Season Effect", 19, 5); Outlier_Model("IA",Prior("Charcoal_Plus"),U(0,3),"t"); Outlier_Model("SL",T(5),U(0,4),"t"); Sequence("Badarian Model") { Boundary("Start Badarian", U(-6000, -2500)) { color="Red"; }; Phase("Badarian Phase") { Sequence("El-Badari Site") { Boundary("Start El-Badari") { color="Red"; }; Phase("El-Badari Phase") { R_Date("OxA-4180", 5240, 95) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=27.066667; longitude=31.416667; }; R_Date("OxA-4181", 5580, 80) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=27.066667; longitude=31.416667; };

R_Date("OxA-4182", 5450, 85) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=27.066667; longitude=31.416667; }; R_Date("OxA-25917", 5388, 32) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27; longitude=31.46; }; R_Date("OxA-X-2457-47", 5293, 35) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27; longitude=31.46; }; R_Date("OxA-X-2457-48", 5037, 38) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27; longitude=31.46; }; R_Date("OxA-26045", 5049, 39) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27; longitude=31.46; }; R_Date("OxA-26816", 5186, 30) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27; longitude=31.46; }; Date("El-Badari") { color="Green"; }; }; Boundary("End El-Badari") { color="Red"; }; }; Sequence("Hemamieh Site") { Boundary("Start Hemamieh") { color="Red"; }; Phase("Hemamieh Phase") { R_Date("BETA-35824", 5300, 60) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.9167; longitude=31.48333; }; R_Date("BETA-35825", 5440, 60) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.9167; longitude=31.48333;

}; R_Date("WSU-1728", 5290, 130) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.9167; longitude=31.48333; }; R_Date("GrN-223", 5110, 160) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=26.9167; longitude=31.48333; }; Date("Hemamieh") { color="Green"; }; }; Boundary("End Hemamieh") { color="Red"; }; }; Sequence("Mahgar Dendera 2 Site") { Boundary("Start Mahgar Dendera 2") { color="Red"; }; Phase("Mahgar Dendera 2 Phase") { R_Date("GrN-22159", 5480, 50) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=; longitude=; }; R_Date("GrN-22160", 5480, 40) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=; longitude=; }; R_Date("Lv-1312", 5110, 90) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=; longitude=; }; R_Date("GrN-22158", 5170, 35) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=; longitude=; }; R_Date("Gif-7683", 5130, 70) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=; longitude=; }; Date("Mahgar Dendera 2") { color="Green"; }; };

Boundary("End Mahgar Dendera 2") { color="Red"; }; }; Sequence("Mostagedda Site") { Boundary("Start Mostagedda") { color="Red"; }; Phase("Mostagedda Phase") { R_Date("OxA-23369", 5395, 45) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27.083056; longitude=31.383056; }; R_Date("OxA-23967", 5000, 29) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27.083056; longitude=31.383056; }; R_Date("OxA-26142", 5447, 35) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27.083056; longitude=31.383056; }; Date("Mostagedda") { color="Green"; }; }; Boundary("End Mostagedda") { color="Red"; }; }; Date("Badarian") { color="Green"; }; }; Boundary("End Badarian", U(-6000, -2500)) { color="Red"; }; }; Sequence("Constraints El-Badari") { Boundary("=End El-Badari"); Boundary("El-Badari (Predynastic)"); R_Date("OxA-23929", 4546, 29) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27.03; longitude=31.46; }; Boundary("End El-Badari (Predynastic)"); }; Sequence("Constraints Hemamieh") {

Boundary("=End Hemamieh"); Boundary("Start Hemamieh (Predynastic)"); R_Date("BETA-35823", 4940, 80) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.9167; longitude=31.48333; }; R_Date("BETA-35822", 4790, 60) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.9167; longitude=31.48333; }; Boundary("End Hemamieh (Predynastic)"); }; Sequence("Constraints Mahgar Dendera 2") { Boundary("=End Mahgar Dendera 2"); Boundary("Start Mahgar Dendera 2 (Predynastic)"); R_Date("Lv-1236", 4810, 50) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=; longitude=; }; Boundary("End Mahgar Dendera 2 (Predynastic)"); }; Sequence("Constraints Mostagedda") { Boundary("=End Mostagedda"); Boundary("Start Mostagedda (Predynastic)"); R_Date("OxA-23928", 3726, 26) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27.083056; longitude=31.383056; }; Boundary("End Mostagedda (Predynastic)"); }; };

All Badarian Dates Model Options() { kIterations=100; }; Plot() { Delta_R("Season Effect", 19, 5); Outlier_Model("IA",Prior("Charcoal_Plus"),U(0,3),"t"); Outlier_Model("SL",T(5),U(0,4),"t"); Sequence("Badarian Model")

{ Boundary("Start Badarian") { color="Red"; }; Phase("Badarian Phase") { R_Date("OxA-4180", 5240, 95) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=27.066667; longitude=31.416667; }; R_Date("OxA-4181", 5580, 80) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=27.066667; longitude=31.416667; }; R_Date("OxA-4182", 5450, 85) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=27.066667; longitude=31.416667; }; R_Date("OxA-25917", 5388, 32) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27; longitude=31.46; }; R_Date("OxA-X-2457-47", 5293, 35) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27; longitude=31.46; }; R_Date("OxA-X-2457-48", 5037, 38) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27; longitude=31.46; }; R_Date("OxA-26045", 5049, 39) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27; longitude=31.46; }; R_Date("OxA-26816", 5186, 30) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27; longitude=31.46; }; R_Date("OxA-23369", 5395, 45) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27.083056; longitude=31.383056; }; R_Date("OxA-23967", 5000, 29) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27.083056; longitude=31.383056; };

R_Date("OxA-26142", 5447, 35) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=27.083056; longitude=31.383056; }; R_Date("BETA-35824", 5300, 60) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.9167; longitude=31.48333; }; R_Date("BETA-35825", 5440, 60) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.9167; longitude=31.48333; }; R_Date("WSU-1728", 5290, 130) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=26.9167; longitude=31.48333; }; R_Date("GrN-223", 5110, 160) { Outlier("SL", 0.05); latitude=26.9167; longitude=31.48333; }; R_Date("GrN-22159", 5480, 50) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=; longitude=; }; R_Date("GrN-22160", 5480, 40) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=; longitude=; }; R_Date("Lv-1312", 5110, 90) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=; longitude=; }; R_Date("GrN-22158", 5170, 35) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=; longitude=; }; R_Date("Gif-7683", 5130, 70) { Outlier("IA", 1); latitude=; longitude=; }; Date("Badarian") { color="Green"; }; Interval("Duration Badarian"); }; Boundary("End Badarian")

{ color="Red"; }; }; };

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